Effect of soaking,germination, and enzyme treatment of whole barley on nutritional value and digestive tract parameters of broiler chickens

1. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of soaking at 0°C, soaking at room temperature, germination, or enzyme treatment of whole barley on feeding value and digestive tract parameters of 2‐ to 4‐week old broiler chickens given diets with 700g/kg whole barley.

2. Soaking or germination decreased the soluble and total β‐glucan content (P<0.05) and, except for soaking at 0°C, the acid extract viscosity of the grain also decreased (P< 0.05). Germination and soaking in the presence of enzymes produced the lowest β‐glucan content and viscosity.

3. Except for soaking in cold water, the soaking, germination and enzyme treatments increased weight gain and decreased food: gain ratio (P< 0.05). Correspondingly, the digestibility of protein, fat, and ash, and the digestible energy content, increased (P< 0.05) after enzyme treatment or germination.

4. Chickens fed on enzyme‐treated or germinated barley diets had intestinal contents with a greater proportion of dry matter and lower viscosity than chickens fed on untreated barley (P< 0.05). Consequently, the cages and chickens were cleaner (P< 0.05) and the weight of digestive organs as proportion of live weight was lower.

5. Particle size analysis of excreta revealed that whole barley was efficiently ground by the gizzards of 16‐d‐old chickens, and very few whole kernels were found.     

Smoke Water and Heat Shock Influence Germination of Shortgrass Prairie Species

Smoke or heat from fire can act as a cue that affects seed germination. We examined germination responses of 10 plant species (six forbs, two shrubs, two grasses) native to the southern High Plains in the United States, to smoke, heat, and their interaction in a laboratory experiment. Smoke treatments were applied by soaking seeds in 1∶5, 1∶10, or 1∶100 (v/v) Regen 2000® smoke solution for 20 h. Heat treatments were applied by placing seeds in an oven at 50°C or 80°C for 5 min. Nine species responded to smoke, heat, or both. Results showed that smoke can enhance, inhibit, or not affect seed germination. Germination capacities of Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby and Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. were promoted by 1∶5 and 1∶100 dilutions of smoke water, respectively; Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., G. sarothrae, Salvia reflexa Hornem., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, and Panicum virgatum L. were inhibited by high and/or moderate concentrations of smoke water either in germination percentage or in mean germination time. Germination percentage of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. increased following an 80°C heat treatment. Interaction effects between smoke and heat on germination also were detected. Smoke and heat treatments might be useful as management tools for promoting or suppressing specific target species of shortgrass prairie communities in future habitat management.     

Physical and chemical treatments for enhancing seed germination of Oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)

This study was conducted to improve the seed germination of Oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), which is an important fodder shrub commonly used for revegetation of degraded rangelands in the West Asia and North Africa regions. Seeds with and without their bracts (fruits) were subjected to physical (scarification, water soaking, gamma radiation) and chemical (potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid) treatments. For each treatment, sets of 100 seeds with and without bracts were selected randomly, divided into four equal groups, and incubated in a germinator at 20 ± 1°C. The treatments had a highly significant (P < 0.0001) effect on seed germination. The scarification, potassium nitrate (0.2% concentration), gibberellic acid (100 and 150ppm) and sulfuric acid (25% for 10min, 50% for 10 and 20min) treatments improved seed germination significantly compared to control treatment (4.0%). The different doses of gamma radiation and high concentrations of sulfuric acid (75%) reduced seed germination significantly (P < 0.001). The removal of bracts surrounding the seeds had a highly significant (P < 0.0001) effect on seed germination and averaged 73.5% for washing, 78.0% for scarification, 80.9% and 88.0% for potassium nitrate of 2% and 4% concentration, 88.1% for gibberellic acid of 150ppm, and 70.4% for sulfuric acid of 25% concentration. The results indicate that the inhibiting factors of germination must be located in the bracts. Future work should focus on developing technologies to remove the bracts surrounding the true seed of A. nummularia.     

物理、化学处理方法对矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草种子萌发的影响

采用物理和化学方法处理矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草种子,测定其发芽率。结果表明,NaOH处理对矮生嵩草种子发芽率提高显著(P<0.05),4%NaOH浸泡3h后种子发芽率最高,为86.7%;线叶嵩草经NaOH处理后,4%NaOH浸泡3h、5%NaOH浸泡3、4h后,发芽率均显著提高(P<0.05),5%NaOH浸泡3h后发芽率最高,为18.0%。不同浓度赤霉素(GA)处理对矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草种子的发芽率促进不显著(P>0.05)。低温(4℃)层积30d显著促进矮生嵩草种子萌发(P<0.05),低温层积60d、20℃温水浸泡(10,15和30h)、磨破种皮对2种种子发芽率均无显著促进作用。4%和5%NaOH溶液处理3～5h、低温层积、磨破种皮均提高了矮生嵩草种子发芽指数;4%和5%NaOH溶液处理3～5h提高了线叶嵩草种子发芽指数。     

沙生针茅种子发芽试验

采用不同方法处理沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)种子,测定沙生针茅种子发芽率和种子出苗率,以探明影响沙生针茅种子萌发和播种出苗的制约因素。结果表明:60℃蒸馏水浸泡种子24 h,种子吸水率、发芽率、发芽势分别为26.3%,38.0%和32.0%;-20℃、20℃低温变温处理96 h,发芽率和发芽势分别为46%和48%;用80 mg/L GA_3水溶液浸泡种子24 h,发芽率和发芽势分别为54%和48%;沙埋深度会影响沙生针茅种子发芽和出苗,沙埋0.5 cm沙生针茅的种子发芽率和幼苗出土率最高;埋深超过2cm的深度,发芽率和出苗率降低;埋深6~8 cm,随着沙埋深度增加,出苗率显著减少;当埋深8 cm的深度,沙生针茅出苗率为0。     

5种处理方法对沙生针茅种子萌发影响的研究

为了揭示沙生针茅（Stipa glareosa）种子萌发机理,探索促进其种子萌发的方法,以其种子为材料,采用室内控制试验,测定不同处理对种子萌发的影响。结果显示：60℃蒸馏水浸泡种子24 h,-20℃、20℃低温变温处理96 h,80 mg·L^-1赤霉素（GA₃）水溶液浸泡种子24 h,均能提高种子的发芽率和发芽势,且以80 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理效果最好。     

Seed Germination Strategies of Desmostachya Bipinnata: A Fodder Crop for Saline Soils

Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. (Poaceae), or drub, a perennial grass of near-coastal and inland deserts, is a potential fodder crop for either saline soils or where only brackish water is available for irrigation. The responses of D. bipinnata seeds under various salinity (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM NaCl), temperature (10°–20°, 15°–25°, 20–30°, and 25°–35°C) and light (12∶12-h dark∶light and 24-h dark) regimes were investigated. All seeds germinated under nonsaline conditions, however, increase in salinity resulted in a progressive decrease in germination, and few seeds germinated at 500 mM NaCl. Change in temperature had little effect on seed germination under nonsaline conditions, however, seed germination was inhibited under cooler saline conditions. The germination under saline conditions improved at warmer temperature regimes. Seed germination under nonsaline control in dark was similar to those of seeds germinated in light. However, at high salinities, seed germination was substantially inhibited in dark in comparison to those germinated in light. When ungerminated seeds were transferred to distilled water they germinated immediately, and those from higher salinity and temperature regimes had higher recovery. The ability of seeds to germinate over a range of salinity and temperature regimes suggests possibilities for sustainable use of this species as a cash crop in saline soils.     

Treatment of Ichthyophthiriasis in Rainbow Trout and Common Carp with Common and Alternative Therapeutics

Abstract

The goal of this laboratory study was to provide better knowledge about the treatment of ichthyophthiriasis (causative agent: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliate bacteria) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio. The following questions were investigated: (1) the effectiveness of different chemicals (formalin, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, Perotan, Virkon, Aquahumin, Baycox, and Ivomec) and at different concentrations and durations of application, (2) the number of treatments and the time intervals between treatments that were necessary to remove the parasite, and (3) how treatment effectiveness differed between the two species. The most effective treatment was a 37% stock solution of formalin at 110 μL/L of bath water for 1 h in rainbow trout and for 2 h in common carp. Aquahumin (150 μL/L for 2 h) was effective in slightly or moderately infected rainbow trout and at low water temperatures, but it was not effective for common carp. All other tested chemicals were ineffective. With formalin and Aquahumin, five treatments were necessary to remove I. multifiliis infestation. At 10 ± 1°C, the parasites were eradicated when the treatment was performed at 48-h intervals. At 18 ± 1°C the infestation was eliminated when treatment was performed at 24-h intervals but not at 48-h intervals. At 25 ± 1°C, treatment at 24-h intervals was ineffective; however, shorter intervals between treatments might improve treatment efficacy at this temperature. In contrast, the number of treatment repetitions played a minor role, and parasites were eliminated with five treatments in all experiments when the type of chemical and treatment interval were optimal.     

草原毒害草—黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响因素探讨

黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)是我国西部高寒草甸一种危害严重的毒害草,为明确黄花棘豆种子的萌发特征,本文主要探讨发芽前处理和温度对黄花棘豆种子发芽状况的影响。结果表明:温度对黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响最为显著:在10℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高种子发芽率增大;并且,恒温条件下其发芽率均高于与之对应的变温条件。其中,25℃恒温条件下其发芽率最高为15.3%;10℃/5℃变温时最低,仅为1.3%。另外,随着温度的上升,种子发芽指数增大、发芽时间缩短、硬实率降低:10℃/5℃时其发芽指数最低仅为0.05,平均发芽开始时间长达22.3d,硬实率高达97.2%。再者,发芽前处理对于黄花棘豆发芽状况的效应亦受到温度条件的影响。温度为变温25℃/5℃时,冷水浸种可明显提高种子的发芽指数,缩短种子萌发的开始时间;温度为恒温10℃时,冷水浸种可提高种子发芽率。然而,其他温度条件下其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽开始时间及硬实率与对照均无明显差异。因此,对于高寒草甸年均温较低、昼夜温差大的情况,黄花棘豆依靠种子快速建立种群的机会较小。     

Influence of environmental temperature on experimental infection of redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus, an Australian iridovirus

SUMMARY Experimental transmission of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) to adult redfin perch Perca fluviatilis and juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was undertaken at different water temperatures using intraperitoneal (IP) and bath inoculation. Redfin perch were highly susceptible to EHNV by both routes of infection. Bath inoculation with as few as 0.08 TCID₅₀. _mL^-1 was lethal. The incubation period in redfin perch was about 11 days at a water temperature of 19–21°C but was longer at colder temperatures and disease did not occur at temperatures below 12°C. The longest incubation period recorded in redfin perch was 28 days. Rainbow trout were not susceptible to infection by bath inoculation but the disease was reproduced after IP inoculation with 10^5.6 TCID₅₀ at water temperatures ranging from 8–21°C. The incubation period was 3–10 days at 19–21°C, but was up to 32 days at 8–10°C. Persistent infection with EHNV was detected by virus isolation in a clinically unaffected rainbow trout after 63 days. The implications of these findings in the understanding of the epidemiology of EHNV infection are discussed.     

Egg production response of laying chickens to feather clipping,cool water and aspirin during hot weather conditions

An 8-week trial was conducted between March and May (hot-dry season) to determine effects of water temperature, feather clipping and aspirin on egg production of chickens. The treatments tested were hens given ordinary drinking water (control), cool water (100 g ice block per L) and aspirin (0.3 mg per L of ordinary water) and hens whose feathers were clipped (about two thirds of body feathers clipped). At 32 weeks of age, 120 Lohmann brown layer chickens of similar live weights were randomly divided into 12 groups of ten hens each and assigned to the treatments in triplicate using a completely randomized design. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Data included feed intake, water consumption, hen-day egg production and egg weight. Ambient house temperature, hen’s cloacal temperature and water temperature were monitored daily during the experimental period. Mean daily ambient temperature increased from 28.4 to 35.0 °C during the study period with consequent increase in cloacal temperatures (40.31 to 41.18 °C) of hens, ordinary drinking water and cool water. None of the treatments had any significant (P?>?0.05) effects on feed intake and water consumption of the birds. Hens given cool water produced more (P?P?P?>?0.05). It is concluded that the provision of cool water in a hot-dry climate had a beneficial effect on egg laying performance of chickens.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of moroxydine hydrochloride in gibel carp,Carassius gibelio after oral administration

The pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of moroxydine hydrochloride were studied in gibel carp at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C. Samples (blood, skin, muscle, liver, and kidney) were collected over 10 days after the treatment and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. The results indicated that the influence of water temperature on the metabolism of the drug was significant. The plasma concentration–time data of moroxydine hydrochloride conformed to single‐compartment open model at the two water temperatures. There were higher absorption rate (t_1/2ka) and longer elimination half‐lives (t_1/2ke) at 15 °C (4.29 and 15.87 h, respectively) compared with those at 25 °C (3.02 and 4.22 h, respectively). The maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and the time‐point of maximum plasma concentration (T_p) were 2.98 μg/mL and 10.35 h at 15 °C and 3.12 μg/mL and 4.03 h at 25 °C, respectively. The distribution volume (V_d/F) of moroxydine hydrochloride was estimated to be 4.55 L/kg at 15 °C and 2.89 L/kg at 25 °C. The total body clearance (CL_b) of moroxydine hydrochloride was determined to be 0.25 and 0.49 L/(h·kg) at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively; the areas under the concentration–time curve were 75.89 μg·h/mL at 15 °C and 42.33 μg·h/mL at 25 °C. The depletion of moroxydine hydrochloride in gibel carp was slower with a longer half‐life period, especially at lower water temperature that was tested.     

Germination Ecology of Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.: Effects of Environmental Factors on Seed Germination

Better understanding related to germination and seedling emergence of plant species assists in predicting the potential distribution and provides insight for efficient management. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. has been considered as potential forage species in arid environment due to its high nutritive values, prolific seed production, and tolerance to extreme temperature and prolonged drought conditions. A series of laboratory and greenhouse assays were conducted to determine the effect of different environmental factors, such as temperature, light, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination and seedling emergence of C. biflorus. The maximum germination (95%) was recorded at 35°C/25°C, followed by 40°C/30°C; however, minimum germination was observed at 45°C/35°C (17.5%). Light significantly promoted the germination with maximum percentage (97.5%) when seeds were exposed to altering light and dark conditions (12/12 h). The osmotic potential for the 50% inhibition of C. biflorus germination was –0.4 MPa, although some seed germinated at –0.8 MPa (12.5%). Germination decreased from 97.5% to 12.5% as salinity stress increased from 0 mM to 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) with no germination > 200 mM. Seed germination was significantly affected by pH levels and was between 27.5% and 92.5% at 5–8 pH, respectively. No seedling emerged when seeds were placed on the soil surface; maximum seedling emergence (90%) at 2-cm burial depth and emergence decreased considerably as seeding depth increased above 2 cm. Its tolerance to drought and salinity make C. biflorus a potential candidate to be used as an alternative source during periods of forage scarcity under harsh climatic conditions, and it could possibly be used for rangeland rehabilitation purposes in arid environments.     

Effect of Different Blanket Weights on Surface Temperature of Horses in Cold Climates

The objective of this study was to examine changes in surface temperature of blanketed horses during cold weather. Four mature stock-type horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments included 3 different blanket weights (based on g of fiberfill): light weight (LW; 0 g), medium weight (MW; 200 g), heavy weight (HW; 400 g), and a nonblanketed control (CON). Thermographic images were obtained from a standardized lumbar location before blanketing and immediately after cold exposure. During cold exposure, horses were outside with ad libitum access to grass hay and water for 1 hour. Mean temperature was −23°C with a wind chill of −32°C. After 1 hour, horses were brought inside (15°C) and lumbar images immediately recorded. A 30-minute equilibration period was allowed between each sampling period. Analysis of variance was computed using the general linear model procedure of SAS with statistical significance declared at P values ≤ 0.05. There was an overall treatment effect (P = .02) for lumbar temperatures after horses were outside for 1 hour with temperatures measuring 22.3°C, 26.8°C, 30.3°C, and 31.5°C for CON, LW, MW, and HW, respectively. Lumbar temperature was warmer (P ≤ .009) for HW and MW compared with CON and tended to be warmer (P = .10) in LW compared with CON. Change in lumbar temperature decreased significantly (P ≤ .01) in CON compared with all other treatments. In conclusion, wearing a blanket can increase lumbar surface temperature during cold weather with the degree of warmth influenced by blanket weight.     

Relationship of blood corticosterone, immunoglobulin and haematological values in young crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) to water temperature, clutch of origin and body weight

Objective To examine whether sub-optimal temperature induced stress and immunosuppression in farmed saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) hatchlings. Design A clinico-pathological study. Animals A total of 140 hatchlings were used. Procedure Body weight and length, plasma corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations and total and differential white blood cell counts were measured in 140 hatchlings from five clutches divided between five water temperature treatment groups. Initially all groups were housed at 32°C for 10 weeks, then two groups (L, LC) were changed to low temperature (28°C) and two groups (H, HC) to high temperature (36°C), while one group (C) remained at 32°C. The LC and HC groups were maintained at these temperatures for 10 days, after which the water temperature of both groups was returned to 32°C. Blood samples were collected twice (at 6 and 9 weeks of age) before the initial temperature change, and at 10 days and 4 weeks after the initial temperature change (at 11.5 and 14 weeks of age). Results Except for an increase in plasma corticosterone in the HC group and a decrease in the L group when the temperature change was first introduced, changes in plasma corticosterone were not significant. There were no significant changes in immunoglobulin concentrations. There were, however, significant decreases in the total white cell and lymphocyte counts in the LC group after the temperature was decreased to 28°C, and an increase in these counts after water temperature was returned to 32°C. Clutch of origin had significant effects on body weight and length gains, and there were negative relationships between body weight and corticosterone concentrations and between body weight and immunoglobulin concentrations. Conclusions As haematological changes indicative of stress were not associated with significant changes in serum corticosterone, immunosuppression in young crocodiles may be independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis.     

Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on urinary and plasma 3-methylhistidine in lactating Holstein cows

Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of high ambient temperature and feed restrictions on urinary 3‐methylhistidine (3MH) excretion and plasma 3MH concentrations as a marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating Holstein cows. In a crossover design, four cows were maintained during two 14‐day treatment periods with ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate (18°C) or high (28°C) ambient temperature (Experiment 1), with ad libitum or 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate temperature (Experiment 2), and with 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate or high ambient temperature (Experiment 3). The total digestible nutrients intake was decreased (P < 0.01) under high ambient temperature (Experiment 1) or feed restriction (Experiment 2). Across experiments, urinary 3MH excretion during days 10–14 of each treatment period was not different among treatments. However, the plasma 3MH concentrations at day 14 of treatment were increased significantly under high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding (P < 0.01) or moderate temperature with feed restriction (P < 0.05), and were increased slightly (P = 0.11) under high ambient temperature alone. These results show that the plasma marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating dairy cows was increased at day 14 of treatments of high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding, moderate temperature with feed restriction, or high ambient temperature alone.     

The effect of inhalant anesthetic and body temperature on peri-anesthetic serum concentrations of transdermally administered fentanyl in dogs

Objectives To determine whether moderate hypothermia during anesthesia significantly affects the serum concentration of transdermally delivered fentanyl and whether halothane or isoflurane affect these concentrations. Study Design Randomized cross‐over experimental trial. Animals Six mature, healthy Beagles (three males, three females) weighing 10.6 ± 0.43 kg. Methods A 50‐µg hour^?1 fentanyl patch was applied 36 hours prior to anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced at time 0 (t = 0). Each dog received four treatments: isoflurane + normothermia (ISO‐NORM), isoflurane + hypothermia (ISO‐HYPO), halothane + normothermia (HAL‐NORM), and halothane + hypothermia (HAL‐HYPO). Dogs were intubated and maintained at 1.5 times MAC. Animals in the hypothermia treatments were cooled to 35 °C during anesthesia. Serum fentanyl analysis was performed at ?36, ?24, ?12, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, and 26 hours. Direct arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases were monitored. Results The mean body temperatures (±SEM) during the anesthetic period for the four treatments were: ISO‐NORM = 37.7 ± 0.07 °C, ISO‐HYPO = 35.8 ± 0.1 °C, HAL‐NORM = 37.7 ± 0.06 °C, and HAL‐HYPO = 35.8 ± 0.13 °C. The mean (±SEM) serum fentanyl concentrations (SFC) for both hypothermia treatments were significantly lower than baseline concentrations at t = 1 hour and persisted for the duration of anesthesia for the ISO‐HYPO treatment but only from t = 1 to 2 hours for the HAL‐HYPO treatment. Serum fentanyl concentrations returned to baseline within one hour of the end of anesthesia, regardless of body temperature. There were no significant differences between treatments for systolic or diastolic blood pressure but mean blood pressures were higher during normothermia versus hypothermia during the last hour of anesthesia. Conclusions and clinical relevance Hypothermia during inhalation anesthesia produced a significant reduction in SFC using transdermal administration and was more protracted with isoflurane than halothane anesthesia. While significant reductions in SFC occurred, the SFC were still within the range believed to confer analgesia.     

Haemato-immunological and stress responses of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings: effect of rearing temperature and dietary gelatinized carbohydrate

A feeding trial of 70‐days was carried out to study the haemato‐immunological and stress responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings reared at two water temperatures [ambient (Amb) – 27 °C and 32 °C] fed with graded levels of gelatinized corn carbohydrate (GC). Two hundred and sixteen fingerlings were randomly distributed into six treatment groups in triplicate. Three semi‐purified diets were prepared containing 30% crude protein with graded levels of GC 40%, 50% and 58%. The six treatment groups were T₁ (40% GC × Amb), T₂ (40% GC × 32 °C), T₃ (50% GC × Amb), T₄ (50% GC × 32 °C), T₅ (58% GC × Amb) and T₆ (58% GC × 32 °C). The blood glucose level was significantly (p < 0.05) lowered in groups fed with 58% GC level. Neither dietary GC levels nor temperature had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on serum cortisol and superoxide dismutase activity. Lysozyme activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T₁ during pre‐ and post‐challenge period while temperature alone had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on post‐challenge Nitroblue Tetrazolium and found higher at 32 °C. A significant effect of GC levels and rearing temperature was recorded on WBC in the pre‐ and post‐challenge period. Highest pre‐challenge WBC was observed in T₄ group and in the post‐challenge period T₁ group recorded maximum. Water temperature had significant effect on pre‐challenge haemoglobin content, highest being at 32 °C (T₂). A significant (p < 0.05) effect of rearing temperature and dietary GC level on total serum protein and albumin was also observed. Highest total serum protein and albumin was recorded in T₁ and globulin in T₂. Percentage survival after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila was highest in T₁ followed by T₃ group and lowest in T₆. The results obtained in the present study suggest that L. rohita fingerlings may utilize higher levels of dietary GC at higher temperature (32 °C) but may affect its immunity status.     

浸种处理对圆叶决明种子萌发的影响

摘要：为寻求圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)种子硬实破除技术,开展热水和硫酸浸种处理对2个圆叶决明品种种子萌发的影响试验。结果表明,未浸种条件下闽引圆叶决明、闽引2号圆叶决明种子硬实率分别达56.3%、76.0%。初始温度为100 ℃热水浸种3 min,闽引圆叶决明种子硬实率降至11.7%,发芽率升至42.7%,发芽指数达32.1,高于其他热水浸种处理。不同热水浸种处理闽引2号圆叶决明的种子硬实率无显著差异。98%硫酸浸种10 min,闽引圆叶决明、闽引2号圆叶决明的种子硬实率分别降至1.3%、0,而且发芽指数均达峰值,分别为58.9、37.0,相应的发芽率分别为64.7%、80.0%。     

温度和水分对醉马草种子萌发的影响

为解释醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians(Hance)Keng)种群繁殖扩散机理,并为其开发利用提供理论基础,本文在不同温度和水分条件(PEG6000)下研究醉马草种子的萌发特性。结果表明:30℃、25℃和30/20℃(8h高温/16h低温)温度条件下醉马草种子萌发较快,25/5℃、20/5℃、20/10℃条件下萌发较慢,10℃和15/5℃条件下萌发速率最慢,在5℃条件下无萌发。在供试温度中,发芽率最高的处理为20℃、15℃和25/5℃,在此温度条件下的发芽率分别达96%、94%和94%。结合发芽率和幼苗生长,萌发最佳温度为20℃。醉马草种子的发芽率随着水分渗透势的降低而呈直线下降趋势,当渗透势<-1.5MPa时,无种子萌发。随着水分胁迫的加剧,供试种胚芽长呈逐渐下降趋势,但胚根长呈先增加而后下降的趋势,说明在轻度干旱条件下醉马草更多的生物量用于根部生长,从而能够吸收较深土壤的水分,对其在降雨后地表变干的生境中存活具有重要意义。