改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂基料的制备及表征

以尿素为改性剂,亚硫酸氢钠、过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝到大豆分离蛋白(SPI)上制备改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂基料.研究了尿素浓度及处理时间、引发剂用量、反应温度、单体用量等因素对改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂基料的黏度和耐水性的影响,确定了最佳的工艺条件.最佳工艺条件为:尿素浓度3 mol/L,预处理时间30 min,反应温度50℃,NaHS03、APS和GMA分别占大豆蛋白的质量分数为5％、10％和84％.合成的基料黏度为59.68(mPa.s),胶膜水溶物含量为44.12％,对桦木的拉伸剪切强度为5.85 MPa,基本满足木材胶黏剂要求.红外光谱证明GMA和SPI发生了接枝反应.     

单宁和纳米SiO2改性大豆基胶黏剂的制备及其性能

为制备无甲醛的环保型生物基木材胶黏剂,以单宁和纳米SiO₂改性脱脂豆粉制备大豆基胶黏剂（DSF）,并分析了改性大豆基胶黏剂的性能。研究结果显示：单宁和纳米SiO₂二元复合改性大豆基胶黏剂（DSF-T-SiO₂）在固化过程中能够形成稳定的交联结构;TG分析表明单宁和SiO₂改性显著提高了胶黏剂的热稳定性;单宁改性大豆基胶黏剂（DSF-T）可提高干态和湿态胶合性能,纳米SiO₂改性大豆基胶黏剂（DSF-SiO₂）的干态胶合性能略有提高,但湿态胶合性能无明显改善。经分析以25 g脱脂豆粉、 5 g单宁、 0.1 g纳米SiO₂和70 g去离子水混合均匀搅拌得到的改性胶黏剂DSF-T-SiO₂-2的起始黏度比未改性的DSF降低了79.58%;DSF-T-SiO₂-2的固化胶层水溶解率为（27.5±0.05）%,比对照组DSF下降了28.4个百分点。此外,DSF-T-SiO₂-2...     

利用苯酚液化大豆粉制备耐水性木材胶黏剂

以硫酸/磷酸为催化剂和苯酚液化,将大豆粉转化为胶黏剂的制备原料,并制备得到耐水性木材胶黏剂。采用GPC,HPLC,FTIR等手段结合胶合板压制,对豆粉苯酚液化产物及其与甲醛缩聚得到的胶黏剂进行表征。结果表明:以苯酚/豆粉质量比为3/1～2/1、5%硫酸为催化剂下,将豆粉在130～150℃下液化90min,90%以上的豆粉转化成相对分子质量为250～7250的产物,部分苯酚以1,4-取代和1,2-取代方式与豆粉反应形成结合酚;苯酚液化不仅破坏大豆蛋白的紧密球形结构,还使液化豆粉的活性基团增加,由此通过苯酚液化豆粉与甲醛缩聚,制得低游离甲醛释放的、胶接性能满足国家标准要求的Ⅰ类胶黏剂,由此所制备胶合板的28h煮-烘-煮湿强度在1.24～1.81MPa之间,达到耐候胶合板要求;苯酚/豆粉的比例对液化产物以及苯酚液化豆粉-甲醛胶黏剂的许多特性都有不同的影响,其中以苯酚/豆粉比例为3的胶黏剂胶接强度最好。     

金属离子对大豆基木材胶黏剂胶合性能的影响

使用聚酰胺多胺-环氧氯丙烷树脂(PAE)溶液、脱脂豆粉和金属氯化物溶液调制无醛大豆基木材胶黏剂,采用傅里叶红外光谱、热重分析、胶合板性能评价等方法,探究金属离子种类、用量及其加入方式对大豆胶黏剂胶合性能的影响。结果表明:金属离子对大豆胶黏剂的胶合性能有着重要影响。添加Mg~(2+)与Fe~(3+)能够提高胶接耐水性能,而添加Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)等金属离子会不同程度降低大豆胶黏剂耐水性能;Mg~(2+)可促进大豆蛋白伸展而且不影响PAE树脂的交联特性,使脱脂豆粉能与PAE树脂产生更好的交联反应,赋予大豆胶黏剂更好的胶接耐水性能;当Mg~(2+)添加量为胶黏剂的1.5 wt%(以1 wt%MgCl_2溶液计)时,压制的胶合板28 h"煮-烘-煮"湿强度达到1.16 MPa,较未添加金属离子大豆胶黏剂的湿强度提高11.5%,然而Mg~(2+)的添加顺序对大豆胶黏剂的胶合性能基本无影响。     

环氧树脂-丙烯酸改性豆粕胶黏剂的研究

本试验采用表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)处理豆粕,与顺丁烯二酸酐(MA)接枝后,继而与环氧树脂共混制备胶黏剂.采用正交试验对复合胶黏剂的黏度和胶合强度进行分析与研究,探讨大豆、SDS、MA及环氧丙烯酸酯用量对胶黏剂胶合性能的影响.结果表明:当AGE与MAA质量比为2∶8、温度60℃、豆粕质量20 g时,制备的胶黏剂...     

活性染料对杨木单板染色后胶合性能的影响

为了研究活性染料对染色单板胶合性能的影响,分别采用环保型低毒脲醛树脂胶和单组分湿固化异氰酸酯胶进行杨木染色单板的胶合,测试染色后杨木单板的润湿性和胶合强度,结果得出:染色处理能够在一定程度上增加单板的孔隙度,有利于黏度较低的胶黏剂的铺展,也有利于改善其胶合性能;对于黏度较大的胶黏剂则影响不明显。     

环氧化合物改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制备工艺与性能研究

通过三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(THPTG)交联聚合大豆蛋白降解液制备低黏度大豆蛋白胶黏剂,研究THPTG用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺参数对大豆蛋白胶黏剂黏度、耐水胶合强度和固化性能的影响,优化大豆蛋白胶黏剂制备工艺条件。结果表明:THPTG用量与反应时间对大豆蛋白胶黏剂黏度、耐水胶合强度均有显著影响,而反应温度仅对黏度影响较大;THPTG用量为9%时,大豆蛋白胶黏剂固化温度为130.20℃,固化反应热达到最大值199.7 J/g。大豆蛋白胶黏剂优化的制备工艺条件为THPTG 9%、反应时间50 min、反应温度70℃,制备的胶黏剂黏度为106 mPa·s,耐水胶合强度达到0.76 MPa,满足GB/T 9846—2015对于Ⅱ类胶合板标准要求。     

利用脱脂豆粉制备木材胶黏剂合成工艺初探

由于世界范围内石油资源的紧缺和传统木材用胶黏剂引发的环境问题,使得木材胶黏剂工业重新重视研发豆基胶黏剂。笔者以脱脂豆粉为原料,以尿素、戊二醛为改性试剂制备复合改性木材胶黏剂。分别探讨了尿素浓度、反应温度、反应时间以及戊二醛添加量对改性胶黏剂胶合性能及耐水性的影响,并采用FT-IR分析复合改性胶黏剂样品中活性基团的变化,探索耐水胶合强度增强机理。通过试验结果分析,在试验研究范围内较优合成工艺参数为:尿素浓度为2.0M、反应时间1.0h、反应温度40℃、戊二醛添加量为2.0%(以脱脂豆粉质量为基准)。经30℃热水浸泡处理后,胶合强度达到0.85MPa。     

钠基蒙脱土增强豆胶的耐水性研究

钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)的加入,提高了大豆蛋白胶黏剂的预压性能、粘接强度和耐水性,当Na-MMT的加入量为大豆分离蛋白的1 wt%时,增强效果最好,可以使杨木胶合板的干强度和Ⅱ类湿强度分别提高20.5%和18.8%;利用XRD、TEM、FTIR、接触角等分析方法研究了Na-MMT增强豆胶耐水性的机理。     

大豆基胶黏剂流变性能研究进展

从物理改性和化学改性方面综述了国内外有关大豆基胶黏剂流变性能的研究现状,分析存在的问题,并提出未来研究方向:研究大豆基胶黏剂的流变性能,应该结合大豆基胶黏剂的改性方法,对在不同改性条件下大豆基胶黏剂的流变性能进行多元分析,同时通过改进测量仪器,结合微观分析和仪器分析,表征大豆基胶黏剂的结构和流变性能之间的关系,为大豆基胶黏剂的改性制备提供理论依据。     

The effect of photosynthetic photon flux density on development of frost hardiness in top and roots of Larix leptolepis seedlings

Seedlings of Larix leptolepis were grown in a growth chamber under short day conditions (8 h day) at 4 different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD's). After a period of 8 weeks frost hardiness of the shoot tips and roots, dry matter content, dry weight (dw), content of glucose and starch were determined. The frost hardiness in the shoot tips increased from ‐15°C at a PPFD of 55μmol m^‐2s^‐1 to about ‐35°C at 440 μmol m^‐2s^‐1. No effect of PPFD was found on frost hardiness of the roots. A high PPFD results in a high dry matter content. The effect on dry matter content was most pronounced for the shoot tips and less pronounced for the roots. The total dry weight increased for both root and top with increasing PPFD. The height of the plants increased when the PPFD increased up to 220 μmol m^‐2s^‐1.     

Stock quality and field performance of Pinus patula seedlings produced under two nursery growing regimes during seven different nursery production periods

Two types of containerized P. patula seedlings, referred to as hard and soft seedlings, were raised by droughting and different fertilizer applications. Hard seedlings were raised by applying half the water and a quarter of the fertilizer (0.01 g per seedling 21%N:7.1%P:14.2%K) applied to the soft seedlings. At the end of the nursery cultural treatments the two types of seedlings were morphologically distinct. Hard seedlings had lower heights, height to root collar diameter ratios and seedling dry masses than soft seedlings, but mortality was similar for both seedling types when planted during seven different production periods within the planting season on three sites which differed climatically and geologically. Correlations between mortality and height to root collar diameter ratio (r = 0.76), root to shoot ratio (r = 0.83) and root growth potential (r = --0.69) were obtained indicating that grading of seedlings on these parameters may improve survival. However, it was evident that survival could be significantly improved by identifying the best time of year and conditions for planting, as well as improving stock quality.     

栓皮栎体胚的增殖、成熟和萌发

以栓皮栎实生苗叶片为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生,调查碳水化合物、渗透剂和植物生长调节剂对体胚增殖、成熟和萌发的影响,建立体胚增殖、成熟和萌发的培养基方案.叶片外植体在附加1.0 mg·L-1NAA和0.5mg·L-1BA的起始培养基上诱导形成前胚性团块.这些胚性团块在增殖培养基上培养6周,在附加1 mg·L-1BA、0.25 mg·L-1NAA和3%蔗糖的MS培养基上增殖效果最好.将单个体胚转接到成熟培养基上进行培养,蔗糖浓度对栓皮栎体胚成熟以及后续的萌发有显著影响.成熟培养基中附加5%的蔗糖,体胚成熟率和萌发率分别达到63.5%和33.8%.虽然在成熟培养基中附加ABA有利于体胚成熟,但对体胚的进一步萌发没有促进作用.为了提高萌发率,成熟体胚在附加植物生长调节剂的萌发培养基上进行培养,以及进行预冷处理.成熟体胚4℃冷处理没有促进胚根和上胚轴的发育萌发.在附加0.5 mg·L-1BA和0.25 mg·L-1 IBA的1/2 MS萌发培养基上,体胚萌发率达到65.9%,再生植株转化率达到9.4%.     

Biomass dynamics of Erythrina lanceolata as influenced by shoot-pruning intensity in Costa Rica

Pruning of agroforestry trees, while reducing shade of the crops, usually reduces both biomass production and nitrogen fixation. Short pruning cycles are often not sustainable on the long run, because tree production declines over subsequent pruning cycles. We compared biomass and labile carbohydrate dynamics of Erythrina lanceolata Standley (Papilionaceae) shade trees under total and partial pruning regimes in a vanilla (Vanilla planifolia L.) plantation in South-western Costa Rica. The highest biomass production was measured in the unpruned control, followed by trees with 50% of the leaf pruned every three months, while total pruning every six months resulted in the lowest biomass pruduction. In the more productive treatments, a higher proportion of the production was in branches. Because, the N content of woody branches was high, they were important for nitrogen cycling. In the partial pruning treatment more nitrogen was returned to the soil from litter and woody branches than from pruned leaf. Sugar concentrations were not different between treatments and the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (sugar and starch) seems to depend more on plant phenology than pruning treatment. However, the starch concentrations in the total pruning were lower than in the other treatments.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响

研究了木质纤维原料预处理产生的主要碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响,以及酿酒酵母对玉米秸秆酶水解液的乙醇发酵.碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵毒性依次为:甲酸>乙酸>糠醛>羟甲基糠醛,酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵可耐受的甲酸和乙酸质量浓度分别为1和4 g/L,酿酒酵母NLHl3在2～10 g/L范...     

Effect of water stress conditioning on morphology,physiology and field performance of Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings

Five-month-old Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings were subjected to 4 irrigation treatments for 8 weeks. After the treatments, morphological and physiologicalattributes assessed included height, diameter, dry weight, water relations parameters, and determination of N, P, K, soluble carbohydrates, and starch concentrations. The remaining seedlings were field planted. Survival and height growth were recorded forfour growing seasons after planting. The mostsignificant effect of irrigation was onmorphology. Increased irrigation lead toseedlings with significantly higher height,root collar diameter and shoot and rootbiomass. Starch and soluble carbohydrateconcentrations were also affected byirrigation. However, parameters derived frompressure-volume curves were not significantlydifferent among treatments, nor were N, P, andK concentrations. There were no differencesamong treatments for survival in the field,which was highly related to summer rainfall. Incomparison, absolute and relative heightgrowth showed some significant but minordifferences among treatments.     

长白山岳桦体内碳素供应状况

低温条件常常驱动的碳缺乏导致高海拔处植物生长缓慢,生长季的高寒低温更是限制高海拔地区树木向上分布的关键因素之一。高海拔地区的不利     

Non-structural carbohydrate levels of three co-occurring understory plants and their responses to forest thinning by gap creation in a dense pine plantation

We investigated non-structural carbohydrates(NSC) levels and components(starch,glucose,fructose and sucrose) in the leaves of three typical co-occurring forestfloor plants,moss Eurhynchium savatieri(ES),fern Parathelypteris nipponica(PN) and forb Aruncus sylvester(AS) in a 30-year-old Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaeformis)plantation forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.We also explored their responses to three gap creation treatments(control and two gap creations of 80 and 110 m2) based on NSC levels.PN had the highest leaf NSC level of the three plants,with AS second and ES lowest.Starch was the predominant component of NSC and the contents of glucose were higher than those of fructose or sucrose for all three species.The NSC level of ES in intermediate gaps was significantly higher than at control sites.PN also had higher NSC levels in both small and intermediate gaps than in control sites.But the differences between treatments were not obvious for AS.Our results suggest that ES and PN benefit from gap formation while the two species have different NSC response sensitivities to gap size,but the leaf NSC level of AS is less sensitive to the disturbance.     

After‐effects of drought did not predispose young Picea abies to infection by the bark beetle‐transmitted blue‐stain fungus Ophiostoma polonicum

The defence of Norway spruce against a combined attack of the bark beetle Ips typographus and its associated blue‐stain fungi is based upon a) constitutive resin stored in ducts of the bark and sapwood, and b) induced resinosis in reaction zones surrounding the point of infection. Empirically, beetle epidemics are associated with external stresses, drought being a particularly prominent factor. An attempt was made to mechanistically explain the apparent link between drought and infestations, through studying after‐effects of drought on the induced defence in stressed trees. In the field, 3–5.5 m tall trees were exposed to artificial drought over three growth seasons to investigate whether this treatment would predispose them to fungal infection in a fourth season when drought was absent. Pre‐dawn xylem water potentials down to ‐1.85 MPa and a considerable foliage depletion were recorded. In the fourth season, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonicum, a pathogenic associate of Ips typographus. No difference in susceptibility could be seen between drought stressed trees and unstressed controls. Carbohydrate concentrations of foliage and branch bark were slightly enhanced and mineral nutrient concentrations strongly reduced in stressed trees.     

Pruning enhances the susceptibility of Picea abies to infection by the bark beetle‐transmitted blue‐stain fungus,Ophiostoma polonicum

Defoliation of conifers occasionally precedes bark beetle attacks, suggesting that a severe loss of foliage and ensuing reductions in carbohydrate availability may enhance host tree susceptibility. To shed light on this question, different degrees of defoliation on young Picea abies were simulated by removing whole whorls of branches from below, the trees retaining 100, 50, or 25% of their original crown biomass. After one week or one year, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonkum, a tree‐killing fungus transmitted by Ips typographus.

Fungal proliferation and tree mortality increased with increasing levels of pruning. Pruning reduced stem diameter growth, but not carbohydrate reserves in foliage and bark. Foliar N, P, and Ca increased with increasing pruning. The results lend support to the hypothesis that a reduction in the photosynthesis capacity increases host tree susceptibility to a beetle‐fungus attack, and that induced defence against infection depends on efficient translocation of assimilates to the sites of infection.