生物质炭修复有机物污染土壤的研究进展

生物质炭由于其特殊的多孔性结构、强的吸附性能,以及富含多种营养元素和特殊官能团等特点,成为近年来在农业应用和环境污染治理方面的热点。本文介绍了生物质炭的基本特性,提出生物质炭可能在今后成为活性炭的替代品;综述了生物质炭在修复有机物(石油烃、有机农药、PAHs、PCBs)污染土壤中的研究进展,并探讨了生物质炭应用于污染土壤修复的环境风险。生物质炭在修复有机物污染土壤方面有巨大的潜力,但在大规模应用之前还需要做长期深入的研究。     

农田土壤中生物质炭的老化及其对有机污染物吸附-解吸影响的研究进展

生物质炭独特的表面性质、形貌结构及丰富而离散的孔隙系统使其对有机污染物具有良好的持留与吸附作用,可望用于土壤污染控制与修复。在田间条件下,进入土壤的生物质炭自身不稳定组分会发生转化、淋溶,并与土壤发生相互作用出现老化现象,导致生物质炭的化学与物理性质发生显著变化。生物质炭在土壤中的老化过程具有复杂性和多样性,主要包括:生物质炭化学性质的变化,如无机元素的流失、表面官能团组成的变化以及部分矿化反应;生物质炭物理性质的改变,主要是土壤有机质和矿物质对生物质炭的包覆作用造成生物质炭的孔隙特征发生改变。生物质炭在土壤中的老化可能会导致有机污染物的吸附-解吸行为发生改变,且受土壤、生物质炭以及污染物性质的影响较大。本文综述了生物质炭在农田土壤中的老化机理及主要影响因素研究方面的进展,总结了生物质炭在土壤中的老化对有机污染物吸附-解吸行为的影响,提出了尚待解决的相关前沿科学问题。     

制备条件对生物质炭特性及修复重金属污染农田土壤影响研究进展

生物质炭是生物质废弃物在限氧条件下热解产生的多孔、低密度的富碳材料。前体物质和热解条件在很大程度上决定了生物质炭的表面积和阳离子交换量,影响生物质炭将重金属污染物吸附到其表面的能力,从而影响重金属在农田土壤中的迁移。本文从生物质炭的前体物质种类及热解条件对生物质炭的特性、改良土壤以及修复重金属污染农田土壤的影响等方面进行综述,并提出生物质炭修复重金属污染农田土壤研究的未来发展趋势。     

生物质炭对土壤-水稻系统中Cd迁移累积的影响

探究生物质炭添加对Cd污染土壤中Cd形态、植株对Cd的吸收分配及土壤肥力的影响,为污染稻田粮食安全提供科学依据。在湖南省长沙市Cd污染稻田进行田间定位试验,设置5个生物质炭添加量处理(0,10,20,30,40t/hm^2),分析生物质炭对Cd在土壤中形态转化和水稻器官中分配的影响。结果表明:生物质炭通过将土壤中酸溶态Cd钝化为可还原态Cd以减少在水稻器官中的累积,钝化量随着生物质炭增加而增加,土壤酸溶态Cd较CK降低3.83%～19.08%;且茎对根和糙米对茎的转运系数随生物质炭的添加分别降低4.23%～9.30%和1.39%～8.33%;土壤酸溶态Cd含量直接影响糙米中Cd含量,且受土壤pH和土壤有机碳的调控。Cd污染稻田添加生物质炭可以提高土壤肥力,降低土壤Cd生物有效性,20t/hm^2生物质炭添加量可以作为研究区周边Cd污染稻田修复的参考标准。     

生物质炭土壤改良效应研究进展

生物质炭对全球碳的生物地球化学循环和缓解全球气候变化具有重要的影响,已被认为是大气CO2的重要储库。现有研究表明,施用生物质炭在进行碳固持的同时,还可以通过改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤肥力、修复土壤污染等形式对区域及全球土壤生态系统功能产生影响。本文在文献资料调研的基础上,系统论述了生物质炭的主要性质以及生物质炭用于改良土壤的研究现状,评价了生物质炭化还田技术所具有的突出优势,并提出了今后研究中需要解决的关键问题。     

生物质炭土壤调理剂的研究进展

生物质炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂在农业生产和环境修复中具有广阔的应用前景,因而受到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。论文综述了生物质炭在土壤改良、污染土壤修复、土壤微生物以及对农作物的影响机理等方面的研究成果,分析展望了生物质炭土壤调理剂的发展趋势,提出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

生物质炭改良土壤研究进展

综述了生物质炭的生产原料和基本性质,分析了生物质炭对改善土壤理化性质的作用、改善土壤微生物环境的作用、土壤重金属和有机污染的修复作用等原理及应用,并对其在土壤改良中的应用进行了展望。     

外加镉处理下秸秆生物质炭对土壤酶活性的影响

选取秸秆生物质炭为原料,通过模拟实验,探究外加镉处理下生物质炭的输入对不同类别的土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,外加镉处理为5 mg·kg-1时,土壤碳循环相关的酶在不同生物质炭量的施入时,对Cd污染土壤反应较为敏感的有FDA水解酶及蛋白酶;而土壤氧化还原酶中在土壤受Cd污染的状况下,对不同量的生物质炭的施入具有较强敏感性的酶有脲酶和磷酸酶,其中较为显著者是磷酸酶,其在外加Cd处理下及不加Cd时变化量为79.40%;同时,对土壤中的碳循环酶、氧化还原酶及这2类酶的总体活性各求几何平均数作为衡量其综合活性的指标。其中,土壤碳循环酶酶活综合指数介于0.071~0.235之间,在外加Cd处理的情况下,其值最高为生物质炭用量为2.5%时的0.174,比不加生物质炭及炭用量为5%时分别高出7.4%及19.5%;氧化还原酶综合指数介于0.093~0.202,在外加Cd处理下,其值最高为生物质炭用量2.5%时的0.131,比不加生物质炭及炭用量为5%时分别高出18.50%及28.90%;土壤综合酶指数介于0.077~0.167,在外加Cd处理的情况下,其值最高亦为生物质炭用量2.5%时的0.108,比不加生物质炭及炭用量为5%时分别高出16.26%及28.57%。     

12C6+重离子诱变海迪茨氏菌及其修复柴油污染土壤的研究

应用重离子束辐射改良海迪茨氏菌(Dietzia maris)菌株在降解方面的能力,将离子辐射学与环境修复学相结合,论证该菌在以柴油为代表的污染土壤中的修复能力.利用12C6+重离子能量为80MeV、LET为35.5keV·μm-1、吸收剂量率1Gy· min-1、辐射剂量为5～120Gy辐射具有降解石油烃的代表菌株Dietzia maris,经初选、复选筛选得到了突变菌株DMYR9,并对其在构建污染土壤样品中分解柴油率及修复前后土壤系统中酶活性相关参数与化学改良修复前后污染土壤样品相关数据进行对比分析.结果表明,土壤受柴油污染不久后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性呈现上升趋势,由突变菌体DMYR9修复后的污染土壤系统中脂酶活性呈现最低下降趋势,随着土壤中柴油被DMYR9降解,脂酶活性又不断降低,突变菌体数量及柴油降解率都具有很好的正相关性.突变菌株DMYR9进行生物修复的效果优于化学法修复,这对今后在土壤污染治理中开发利用此突变菌体具有指导意义,并具有较高的后续应用利用价值.     

镉砷复合污染土壤钝化材料研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染严重,尤以镉砷污染最为突出。镉砷复合污染土壤中各元素间表现为拮抗和协同等作用,其有效态含量受土壤pH变化和氧化还原电位等的影响,增加了镉砷复合污染土壤的修复难度,严重威胁我国粮食安全。综述了常见的镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料的优缺点及其对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复效果和机理。常见的钝化材料有生物质炭类、磷酸盐类、金属及其氧化物类、含硅类材料、黏土矿物类、有机肥类和新型材料等。有大量研究表明生物质炭材料对镉有良好的吸附效果,为了同时钝化镉砷,通常使用改性生物质炭或与其他材料配合施用,常见的改性/配施材料有金属及其氧化物、黏土矿物、家禽粪便、复合肥等,其钝化反应机制包括离子交换、共沉淀和表面络合等;磷酸盐类主要与铁盐或铁粉配施,通过吸附和同晶替代钝化镉、点位竞争机制钝化砷;金属及其氧化物类多与生物质炭、石灰和黏土矿物等配施,通过专性吸附和共沉淀钝化镉、氧化还原和络合作用等钝化砷;铁硅肥、硅钙肥、硅钾肥等通过共沉淀钝化镉、专性吸附和点位竞争机制钝化砷;黏土矿物中多施用海泡石,主要与金属氧化物和钙镁磷肥等配施,通过离子交换、沉淀和络合反应钝化镉砷;污泥和动物粪便中含有腐殖化程度较高的有机质,主要通过吸附、氧化还原和有机络合以及微生物作用钝化镉砷;此外,富含巯基和氨基、谷聚多以及富含硫和硒的物质也可有效钝化镉砷。本文对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料进行总结,归纳了镉砷钝化材料特性,以期为镉砷复合污染土壤修复提供一定的指导。     

Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils

Purpose

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with biochar is attracting extensive interest in recent years. Understanding the significance of variable biochar properties and soil types helps elucidating the meticulous roles of biochar in immobilizing/mobilizing metals/metalloids in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

Six biochars were produced from widely available agricultural wastes (i.e., soybean stover, peanut shells and pine needles) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. The Pb-, Cu-, and Sb-contaminated shooting range soils and Pb-, Zn-, and As-contaminated agricultural soils were amended with the produced biochars. The mobility of metals/metalloids was assessed by the standard batch leaching test, principal component analysis and speciation modeling.

Results and discussion

The changes in soil properties were correlated to feedstock types and pyrolysis temperatures of biochars based on the principal component analysis. Biochars produced at 300 °C were more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cu mobility (>93 %) in alkaline shooting range soil via surface complexation with carboxyl groups and Fe-/Al-minerals of biochars as well as metal-phosphates precipitation. By contrast, biochars produced at 700 °C outperformed their counterparts in decreasing Pb and Zn mobility (100 %) in acidic agricultural soil by metal-hydroxides precipitation due to biochar-induced pH increase. However, Sb and As mobility in both soils was unfavorably increased by biochar amendment, possibly due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and competition with phosphate.

Conclusions

It is noteworthy that the application of biochars is not equally effective in immobilizing metals or mobilizing metalloids in different soils. We should apply biochar to multi-metal contaminated soil with great caution and tailor biochar production for achieving desired outcome and avoiding adverse impact on soil ecosystem.

     

四种农业土壤上生物炭-土壤的交互效应

Soils in south-western Australia are highly weathered and deficient in nutrients for agricultural production. Addition of biochar has been suggested as a mean of improving soil C storage, texture and nutrient retention of these soils.~Clay amendment in sandy soils in this region is a management practice used to improve soil conditions, including water repellence.~In this study a woody biochar (Simcoa biochar) was characterised using scanning electron microscopy before, and four weeks after, it was incorporated into each of four soils differing in clay content and organic matter. Scanning electron microscopy of Simcoa biochar after incubation in soil showed different degrees of attachment of soil particles to the biochar surfaces after 28 d. In addition, the effects of three biochars, Simcoa biochar, activated biochar and Wundowie biochar, on soil microbial biomass C and soil respiration were investigated in a short-term incubation experiment. It was hypothesised that all three biochars would have greater potential to increase soil microbial activity in the soil that had higher organic matter and clay. After 28-d incubation in soil, all three biochars had led to a higher microbial biomass C in the clayey soil, but prior to this time, less marked differences were observed in microbial biomass C among the four soils following biochar application.     

Effects of biochars produced from different feedstocks on soil properties and sunflower growth

The use of biochar as a soil amendment is gaining interest to mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. However, studies to date show a great variability in the results depending on raw materials and pyrolysis conditions, soil characteristics, and plant species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of biochars produced from five agricultural and forestry wastes on the properties of an organic‐C‐poor, slightly acidic, and loamy sand soil and on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth. The addition of biochar, especially at high application rates, decreased soil bulk density and increased soil field capacity, which should impact positively on plant growth and water economy. Furthermore, biochar addition to soil increased dissolved organic C (wheat‐straw and olive‐tree‐pruning biochars), available P (wheat‐straw biochar), and seed germination, and decreased soil nitrate concentration in all cases. The effects of biochar addition on plant dry biomass were greatly dependent upon the biochar‐application rate and biochar type, mainly associated to its nutrient content due to the low fertility of the soil used. As a result, the addition of ash‐rich biochars (produced from wheat straw and olive‐tree pruning) increased total plant dry biomass. On the other hand, the addition of biochar increased the leaf biomass allocation and decreased the stem biomass allocation. Therefore, biochar can improve soil properties and increase crop production with a consequent benefit to agriculture. However, the use of biochar as an amendment to agricultural soils should take into account its high heterogeneity, particularly in terms of nutrient availability.     

Plant- and microbe-assisted biochar amendment technology for petroleum hydrocarbon remediation in saline-sodic soils: A review

Soil degradation through salinization and pollution by toxic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs) in the coastal wetlands has become a significant threat to ecosystem health, biodiversity, and food security. However, traditional remediation technologies can generate secondary pollutants, incur high operating costs, and consume significant quantities of energy. Bioremediation, using plants, biochar, and microbes, is an innovative and cost-effective option to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar, as a plant/microbe growth enhancer, is a promising green approach for the sustainable phytoremediation of PHCs in salinized soils. This review therefore summarizes the effect of plant-and microbe-assisted biochar amendment technology for the remediation of PHCs and salinization. Plant-microbe interactions mediated rhizodegradation despite increasing hydrocarbon sorption. Overall, microbial respiration is more active in biochar amendments, due to faster biodegradation of PHCs and improved soil properties. The use of biochar, plants, and microbes is recommended,as it offers a practical and sustainable option, both ecologically and economically, for the remediation of PHCs and excess salinity. Further development of new green technologies is to be encouraged.     

生物炭对土壤可持续健康的影响：探索和热点综述

Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties, decreasing nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.     

New trends in biochar pyrolysis and modification strategies: feedstock,pyrolysis conditions,sustainability concerns and implications for soil amendment

As a waste-derived soil amendment with a long history, biochar has received extensive attention for its capability to improve soil fertility/health; remove or immobilize contaminants in soil, water and air; and mitigate climate change. With the aim of producing engineered biochars with excellent performances, new trends in biochar pyrolytic production and modification strategies have emerged. This review critically summarizes novel pyrolysis methods (e.g., microwave-assisted pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis and wet pyrolysis) and modification approaches (e.g., mineral modification, photocatalytic modification, electrochemical modification) with a focus on (a) the mechanisms involved in environmental remediation processes including soil immobilization, contaminant adsorption and catalytic oxidation; (b) effects of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions on physicochemical properties; (c) sustainability considerations in novel modification and pyrolysis strategies; and (d) the feasibility of extrapolating the results from wastewater treatment to soil remediation. It is argued that in order to achieve the maximum net environmental benefits, ‘greener’ modification methods are warranted, and the risks associated with pyrolysis of contaminated feedstock in soil amendment and contaminant sorption can be minimized through various novel approaches (e.g., co-pyrolysis). Furthermore, novel pyrolysis methods can be combined with emerging modification strategies to synthesize more ‘effective’ biochars. Considering the similar aims of modification (e.g., increase surface area, introduce oxygen-containing functional groups, increase aromaticity), the applicability of several novel approaches could in future can be expanded from contaminant adsorption/degradation in aqueous media to soil remediation/fertility improvement.     

Insight into modified biochars and their immobilizing effects on heavy metal(loid)s in contaminated soils: Mechanisms and influencing factors

Soil contamination by heavy metal(loid)s is a considerable environmental concern, and immobilization is a promising way to reduce toxicity. In recent years, modified/engineered biochars have gained enormous attention for their use in soil remediation, and various studies have reported notable results from their application and their ability to immobilize heavy metal(loid)s. In this review, a summary of publications on the utilization of modified biochars is presented to address the heavy metal(l...     

Sorption of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides on soil and biochar

Sorption and degradation are the primary processes controlling the efficacy and runoff contamination risk of agrochemicals. Considering the longevity of biochar in agroecosystems, biochar soil amendment must be carefully evaluated on the basis of the target agrochemical and soil types to achieve agricultural (minimum impact on efficacy) and environmental (minimum runoff contamination) benefits. In this study, sorption-desorption isotherms and kinetics of triazine (deisopropylatrazine) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, and diazinon) pesticides were first investigated on various soil types ranging from clayey, acidic Puerto Rican forest soil (PR) to heavy metal contaminated small arms range (SAR) soils of sandy and peaty nature. On PR, malathion sorption did not reach equilibrium during the 3 week study. Comparison of solution-phase molar phosphorus and agrochemical concentrations suggested that degradation products of organophosphorus pesticides were bound on soil surfaces. The degree of sorption on different soils showed the following increasing trend: deisopropylatrazine < malathion < diazinon < parathion. While sorption of deisopropylatrazine on SAR soils was not affected by diazinon or malathion, deisopropylatrazine suppressed the sorption of diazinon and malathion. Deisopropylatrazine irreversibly sorbed on biochars, and greater sorption was observed with higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of biochar (4.7-2061 mg g(-1)). The results suggested the utility of biochar for remediation of sites where concentrations of highly stable and mobile agrochemicals exceed the water-quality benchmarks.     

Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils

Pyrogenic carbon (biochar) amendment is increasingly discussed as a method to increase soil fertility while sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). However, both increased and decreased C mineralization has been observed following biochar additions to soils. In an effort to better understand the interaction of pyrogenic C and soil organic matter (OM), a range of Florida soils were incubated with a range of laboratory-produced biochars and CO₂ evolution was measured over more than one year. More C was released from biochar-amended than from non-amended soils and cumulative mineralized C generally increased with decreasing biomass combustion temperature and from hardwood to grass biochars, similar to the pattern of biochar lability previously determined from separate incubations of biochar alone.The interactive effects of biochar addition to soil on CO₂ evolution (priming) were evaluated by comparing the additive CO₂ release expected from separate incubations of soil and biochar with that actually measured from corresponding biochar and soil mixtures. Priming direction (positive or negative for C mineralization stimulation or suppression, respectively) and magnitude varied with soil and biochar type, ranging from −52 to 89% at the end of 1 year. In general, C mineralization was greater than expected (positive priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at low temperatures (250 and 400 °C) and from grasses, particularly during the early incubation stage (first 90 d) and in soils of lower organic C content. It contrast, C mineralization was generally less than expected (negative priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at high temperatures (525 and 650 °C) and from hard woods, particularly during the later incubation stage (250-500 d). Measurements of the stable isotopic signature of respired CO₂ indicated that, for grass biochars at least, it was predominantly pyrogenic C mineralization that was stimulated during early incubation and soil C mineralization that was suppressed during later incubation stages. It is hypothesized that the presence of soil OM stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term. The data strongly suggests, however, that over the long term, biochar-soil interaction will enhance soil C storage via the processes of OM sorption to biochar and physical protection.     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.