黑萨福克和杜泊羊新鲜和冷冻胚胎移植效率的研究

为提高优质肉用种用绵羊胚胎移植的效率,试验选取76只黑萨福克羊和27只杜泊羊作为供体,采用"CIDR+FSH+PMSG"法进行超数排卵处理。选取384只小尾寒羊为受体,采用"CIDR+PMSG"法进行同期发情处理,以探索供体胚胎发育阶段、胚胎冷冻处理、胚胎体外停留时间以及移植给受体时移植侧黄体数量等因素对胚胎移植妊娠率的影响。结果表明:移植新鲜囊胚的妊娠率极显著高于桑椹胚(P0.01);冷冻/解冻囊胚移植妊娠率极显著低于新鲜囊胚(P0.01),而冷冻/解冻桑椹胚移植妊娠率与新鲜桑椹胚无显著差异(P0.05);此外,移植桑椹胚时,移植侧有1个黄体的受体妊娠率极显著低于有2~3个黄体受体妊娠率(P0.01),但移植囊胚时两者间差异不显著(P0.05)。综上可知,子宫角移植桑椹胚和囊胚时,移植新鲜囊胚、移植冷冻桑椹胚效率较高;将新鲜桑椹胚移植给移植侧有2~3个黄体受体效果好于1个黄体受体。     

不同诱导发情对胚胎移植产羔率的影响

在湖北、山东、陕西等地区，对当地的土种山羊采用不同同期发情方法处理，并进行了胚胎移植。移植受体羊359只，产羔218只，产羔率为60.72%。（1）采用PG、CIDR＋PMSG、孕酮海绵栓＋PMSG等方法进行处理时发情率无显著差异；（2）氯前列烯醇组黄体合格率77.78%，显著低于CIDR＋PMSG组黄体合格率（97.70%）、孕酮海绵栓＋PMSG组黄体合格率（97.08%）；氯前列稀醇组移植利用率70％，显著低于CIDR＋PMSG组移植利用率（91.43%）、孕酮少绵栓＋PMSG组移植利用率（97.86%）；（3）氯前列烯醇组受体羊产羔率48.99%，显著低于CIDR＋PMSG组产羔率（67.97%）、孕酮海绵栓＋PMSG组产羔率（62.41%）。     

不同品种山羊作受体对胚胎移植受胎率的影响

在安徽、河南、内蒙古等地区的种羊场,对当地奶山羊、绒山羊采用不同的同期发情方法进行处理并进行了胚胎移植.移植受体羊831只,产羔496只,产羔率为59.69%.结果表明,(1)对绒山羊、奶山羊采用PG、CIDR PMSG PG、孕酮海绵栓 PMSG PG等方法进行处理时发情率无显著差异;(2)奶山羊同期发情后受体羊利用率(87.89%)显著高于绒山羊受体羊利用率(82.50%);(3)奶山羊受体羊胚胎移植后产羔率(68.86%)显著高于绒山羊受体羊产羔率(45.76%).     

绵羊胚胎移植受体同期发情方法的比较

为了比较CIDR＋PG与CIDR＋PG＋PMSG两种激素处理方法对于受体同期发情以及胚胎移植的效果,将103只小尾寒羊作为胚胎移植受体分为两组,分别使用上述两种方法进行同期发情处理。其中,CIDR＋PG组83只,CIDR＋PG＋PMSG组20只。在对供体羊人工输精后第6．5天获取移植囊胚,分别移植到两组受体子宫内。统计受体的发情率、黄体生成情况,以及移植后的妊娠情况。CIDR＋PG组与CIDR＋PG＋PMSG组受体羊发情率分别为87．95％、90．00％;有黄体羊的比例分别为37．35％和75．00％,平均黄体数为1．81和1．93个;两组受体胚胎移植后妊娠率分别为77．41％和86．67％。结果表明,使用CIDR＋PG＋PMSG进行同期发情效果较好,且胚胎移植后妊娠效果较好。     

提高波尔山羊胚胎移植妊娠率研究

本文就波尔山羊胚胎质量、胚胎发育阶段、胚胎数量、受体卵巢黄体数、受体注射LRH-A3、供、受体发情同期化程度以及胚胎移植的方向等因素与受体移植妊娠率的关系进行了研究。结果表明:移植囊胚较移植1枚B级桑椹胚妊娠率高;A级桑椹胚妊娠率显著高于移植1枚B级桑椹胚(P<0.05);移植2枚B级桑椹胚妊娠率比移植1枚B级桑椹胚的高39.4%(P<0.05);受体注射LRH-A3有助于提高妊娠率;供、受体发情同步差在48 h以上组妊娠率显著低于0~24 h和24~48 h组(P<0.05);向子宫角前端方向的移植妊娠率比向子宫角基部方向的高12.2个百分点。     

波尔山羊胚胎移植技术研究与大规模推广应用效果

2003年11～12月份,通过对1 100多只本地山羊进行大规模的波尔山羊胚胎移植技术研究与推广,取得如下结果采用CIDR+FSH方法,对66只周岁波尔山羊进行超数排卵处理,63只超数排卵有效,有效率达到95.45%;平均每只羊冲取胚胎15.35枚,最高个体获得43枚胚胎;采用CIDR+PMSG方法对本地山羊进行同期发情处理,24小时内发情率达到87.67%;对受体羊单胚移植后2个情期的不返情率62.76%,实际产羔率为51.46%.试验结果还表明,受体羊与供体羊的发情时间同步和12小时和24小时以内,对胚胎移植受胎率差异不大,受体羊第二次手术与第一次手术移植,对产羔率影响不大.通过波尔山羊胚胎移植技术研究和推广,建立了规模化胚胎移植的技术体系.     

胚胎移植技术在吐根堡奶山羊扩繁中的应用

选择10只纯种吐根堡奶山羊,采用"CIDR+FSH递减法"超排处理;对100只云上黑山羊受体采用"CIDR+PMSG法"同期发情处理。结果:10只供体回收卵子和胚胎179枚,其中可用胚胎71枚;移植受体36只,23只受体产羔40只,按移植胚胎计算产羔率56.33%(40/71),按移植母羊计算妊娠产羔率63.89%(23/36)。     

受体因素对萨福克羊鲜胚及杜泊羊冻胚移植效果的影响

文章分析了新疆地区一次萨福克羊鲜胚及杜泊羊冻胚的移植实验数据,旨在讨论受体因素对胚胎移植效果的影响。结果表明:受体羊在发情后7 d时移植胚胎,杜泊羊冻胚桑椹胚移植后产羔率显著高于囊胚(P0.05)。萨福克羊鲜胚移植时胚胎发育阶段及移植数量对移植后产羔率无显著影响(P0.05)。受体母羊先前手术次数对萨福克羊鲜胚移植后产羔率有显著影响(P0.05),手术2次及以上次数的母羊产羔率极显著低于初次胚胎移植的母羊(P0.01)。受体母羊卵巢黄体数超过1个后,黄体数对产羔率无显著影响(P0.05)。     

胚胎移植技木对绒山羊的应用效果

利用27只辽宁绒山羊作供体,实施山羊胚胎移植130只。供体超排用进口CIDR和宁波产FSH、LH,受体同期用进口海绵栓和赤峰产PMSG,采胚和移植用输卵管手术法,结果:供体发情同期率100％,出现黄体平均10.24个/只,回收胚胎平均10.28枚/只,可用胚胎平均8.25枚/只;受体发情同期率88.3％,早检妊娠率63.85％,产羔率43.85％。     

杜泊绵羊超数排卵及胚胎移植影响因素分析

为进一步提高杜泊绵羊的超数排卵与胚胎移植效果,本次试验供体超数排卵采用CIDR+FSH+PMSG和CIDR+FSH+PG两种方案,使用开膣器输精+自然交配+开膣器输精的方式,将冲出的胚胎移入同期发情处理的受体。其中CIDR+FSH+PMSG注射法供体平均黄体数11.80个/只、可用胚数7.80枚/只和移植妊娠率50.00%,效果较好(P0.05);不同FSH剂量注射比较发现,剂量在180~230 IU组超排平均黄体数、平均可用胚胎数分别为12.87个/只、9.28枚/只,与其他两组相比效果最好(P0.05);对重复超排、移植不同侧的妊娠率进行了比较,差异不显著(P0.05);繁殖季节(秋季)供体平均黄体数13.00个/只、可用胚10.75枚/只,高于春季(P0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.