赤霉素对2个玛咖品种种子萌发的影响

以黑色玛咖和黄色玛咖的种子为材料,采用不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L、50 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L、400 mg/L)浸种24 h,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、根长等指标,比较不同浓度赤霉素对玛咖种子发芽的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度赤霉素处理均能提高玛咖种子发芽率、发芽指数、根长等指标,当赤霉素浓度为200 mg/L时,对黄色和黑色玛咖种子发芽效果最佳。不同浓度赤霉素浸种后,黄色玛咖种子萌发的各项指标均大于黑色玛咖种子。     

不同处理对黄花远志种子发芽的影响

对黄花远志种子采用砂擦、赤霉素浸种、温水浸种3因素、3水平正交试验设计进行沙藏催芽对比试验。结果表明:经过处理后的种子比未经处理种子平均发芽时间早14.4 d;平均发芽率提高27.4%;温水浸种对种子发芽影响显著,赤霉素浸种、砂擦对种子发芽有一定影响;以中度砂擦+赤霉素1200倍液浸种8 h+50℃温水浸种8 h组合处理后的种子发芽率最高,达93%。     

不同温度、GA_3和NaCl处理对狭叶薰衣草种子萌发的影响

为探究打破种子休眠、提高萌发率的最适方法,以狭叶薰衣草为试材,研究了不同浓度GA_3、不同浓度NaCl溶液及不同温度对狭叶薰衣草种子萌发的影响。结果表明:用浓度为500mg/L GA_3浸种24h,能快速促进狭叶薰衣草种子萌发,显著提高种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数,其值分别为82.22%、61.11%、4.94,且发芽效果最好;盐胁迫处理下,随着NaCl溶液浓度增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,200mg/L时种子发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数最高,分别为40.00%、30.00%、1.36;种子最适宜的萌发温度为30℃,发芽率达23.33%。     

不同温度下赤霉素处理对乌饭树与短尾越橘种子发芽的影响

为了比较分析乌饭树和短尾越橘种子的发芽特性,就不同温度条件下不同浓度赤霉素GA3溶液浸种处理对乌饭树和短尾越橘种子萌发的影响情况进行了恒温培养试验。结果表明:GA3溶液对打破乌饭树和短尾越橘种子休眠、提高发芽率、缩短发芽时间有显著的效果,发芽率比未经处理的高出3～5倍;处理后的乌饭树和短尾越橘种子对温度有很高的敏感度,25℃是最佳发芽温度,温度升高发芽率则降低,25℃时的发芽率是27℃时的3～5倍,是30℃时的10至几十倍;GA3溶液的浓度变化对乌饭树种子发芽率的影响不大,在25℃恒温条件下,用浓度分别为200、600、1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液浸种后的种子其最高发芽率分别为60%、65%和64%;而短尾越橘种子的发芽率随GA3溶液浓度不同而有所变化,用浓度为1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液处理后的种子其发芽率始终最高,在25℃时,用浓度分别为200 mg/L、600 mg/L、1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液浸种后的最高发芽率分别为41%、25%和57%。(4)提高温度,对两者的发芽都有抑制作用,30℃时,乌饭树几乎不发芽,而短尾越橘最终发芽率为16%。说明短尾越橘种子休眠更深,这可能与其自身种皮密实、坚硬等物理特性有关。     

温度和赤霉素对胭脂花种子萌发的影响

该文研究了温度和赤霉素处理对胭脂花种子萌发的影响。结果表明:胭脂花种子在15~25℃均有较高发芽率,且在20℃有最高的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数;30℃的种子发芽率显著低于其它各组。赤霉素能促进胭脂花种子萌发,但各浓度处理间差异不显著;赤霉素浓度为250mg/L时的种子发芽率、发芽势最高,而处理浓度为350mg/L时的种子发芽指数最高。综合认为:在胭脂花播种繁殖时,可采用25℃培养条件下250~350mg/L的赤霉素处理或单用20℃温度对种子进行预处理,促进种子萌发。     

赤霉素对沙枣种子发芽的影响

不同浓度赤霉素和不同浸种时间对沙枣种子发芽情况的影响结果表明:赤霉素浓度和浸种时间都对沙枣种子发芽有不同程度的影响,且时间和浓度呈现交叉影响,长时间浸泡和高浓度赤霉素会降低种子的发芽率。最终确定200 mg/mL的赤霉素浸种8 h的效果最好,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和平均发芽天数分别为96.55%,30.00%,22.19,4.19天。     

“新薰一号”薰衣草在武汉地区高效发芽及移栽研究

以原产于新疆伊犁地区的"新薰一号"薰衣草为试验材料,研究了浸种温度、浸种时间和赤霉素浓度等条件对薰衣草种子活力和发芽率的影响。结果表明,(1)在黑暗条件下,经过浸种温度20℃、浸种时间24 h的处理,薰衣草种子的活力最高,有活力种子占比达到93.30%;(2)用浓度300 mg/L的赤霉素浸泡6 h,种子发芽率最高,达到53.35%;(3)薰衣草种子萌发较适宜于低温环境15~20℃,较高温度即25℃以上虽然可促进种子提早萌发,且发芽相对整齐集中,但其发芽率却降低。     

不同处理方式对草木樨种子萌发的影响

为确定出打破草木樨种子休眠的最适条件,开展不同时间干热处理和不同温度热水浸种对草木樨种子萌发的影响研究。结果表明:干热处理30和60 min的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数显著高于90 min和对照,存在显著差异;80℃为热水浸种最佳温度,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均高于其他处理。     

不同处理对中国沙棘种子萌发的影响

以中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)为试验材料,研究了热水浸种温度、过氧化氢浸种、不同温度处理对中国沙棘种子萌发的影响。结果表明:60℃热水浸种发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别比对照提高22.69%、18.18%,且发芽时间最短。过氧化氢浓度为9%时,发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别比对照提高20.93%、18.67%。中国沙棘最适宜的发芽温度为20～25℃。     

珍稀濒危植物连香树种子萌发的研究

进行了濒危植物连香树种子萌发特性的研究,探讨不同光照条件(12 h,1 500 lux和黑暗)、不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)、不同浓度的赤霉素(0.5 mg.L-1、1 mg.L-1、2 mg.L-1、4 mg.L-1)浸泡连香树种子不同时间(2 h、4 h6、h、8 h)、50℃温水预处理15 min以及不同储藏条件对连香树种子萌发的影响。结果表明:25℃是连香树种子发芽的最适温度;在光照条件下连香树种子的发芽势高,光照可以促进连香树种子发芽迅速、整齐;经过赤霉素处理的干藏种子的发芽率和发芽势比没经过其处理的干藏种子的发芽率和发芽势高,且在一定浓度范围内随着赤霉素浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,发芽率和发芽势逐渐提高;湿藏有助于连香树种子萌发;50℃温水预处理15 min对种子的萌发有促进作用。     

Die Tannenwickler

Summary In Central Poland in Saint Cross Mountains (Góry Swiętokrzyskie) from 1948 takes place a mass appearance of fir budwormChoristoneura murinana Hb. on the area of 2168 ha (8700 acres). Morever it accures over thereErnarmonia (Zeiraphera) rufinitrana HS,Eucosma (Epiblema) nigricana HS and others. The author performed from 1957 detailed investigations concerning these pests. In the present paper he discussed history of present attacks of the pests in Poland, as well as causes of mass appearance and economic significance of damages, listed species of accompanying insects as well as methods of prognosis. On the area of mass appearance the author conducted investigations concerning biology and ecology of the pests, inquired conditions of development of mass increase and experiments of chemical and biological fight. On this area there are conducted also pedological, typological, phenological and biometric studies. The task of these studies is to explain the causes of rise of mass appearance of these insects and elaboration of preventing means.

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Résumé Dans le territoire de la Pologne Centrale sur le terrain des Monts Sainte Croix a lieu à partir de l'année 1948 la gradation (apparition en masse) de la tordeuse du sapin(Choristoneura murinana Hb.) sur la surface de 2168 hectares. L'Ernarmonia (Zeiraphera) rufimitrana H. S., l'Eucosma (Epiblema) nigricana H. S. et autres y paraissent aussi. A partir du 1957 l'auteur conduit des recherches détaillées sur ce nuisible insecte. Il a discute dans un article l'histoire des gradations précédentes de ces insectes en Pologne, causes des origines des gradations, importance économique par rapport aux dommages occasionnés, ainsi que les espéces des insectes accompagnat les tordeuses du sapin et les méthodes de la prognose. Dans les terrains de la gradation l'auteur fait des observations concernant la biologie et l'écologie des insectes précites, explore les conditions des origines des gradations, fait des expériments de la lutte chimique pour les détruire complètement. On y conduit aussi des études du sol, ainsi que les études typologiques, biometriques, fénologiques et autres. Ces études ont pour but de pouvoir approfondir les causes d'origine des gradations ainsi que l'élaboration des mesures préventives.

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Краткое содерж ание В сре дней Польше, на терри тории Свенто кшиских гор, имеет место, начин ая с 1948 г. массовое появление пихтовых листо верток, выступа ющих на площади 2168 га. Главным вредителем являетсяChoristoneura murinana Hb. — Кроме того появляютсяErnarmonia (Zeiraphera) rufimitrana H. S.,Eucosma (Epiblema) nigricana H. S. и другие. Автор ведет с 1957 г. подробнье иссле дования этих вре дителей. В своей статье даетист ориюпоя влений в Польше этих вредителей, имевших место до того времени, причины возникн овениям ассовых появлений, хозяйст венное значение причинен ныхубытков, роды насек омых, сопутст вующихл истоверткам, равно как метод прогноза ихпоявления. Автор ведет на террит ории массовото появления вредителей наблюдения над биологией и экологиейв редителей, изучает усл овия возникнове ниямассовых появлений, ведет опыты над химическойи биологи ческой борьбой с ними. На месте проводятся одновре менно исследо ванияпочвы, типологи ческие, биометри ческие, фенолог ическиеи другие испытания. Все привед енныеиспы тания имеют целью определить причинывоз никновения массовых появлений вредителейи разработать предохранит ельные меры. —

     

Studien über den FichtennestwicklerEpiblema (Epinotia) tedella Cl. in Norddeutschland

Zusammenfassung Am Massenauftreten des FichtennestwicklersEpiblema (Epinotia) tedella Cl. in Norddeutschland, das in den Jahren 1961–1962 anscheinend seinen H?hepunkt erreicht hat, wurden die Beziehung desselben zu stand?rtlichen Faktoren, die ?kologischen Ansprüche des Sch?dlings und einzelne Fragen seiner Biologie studiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit kam ein Teil der bisherigen Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Darstellung. Bemerkenswert erscheinen die folgenden Tatsachen: Sch?dliche Ausma?e erreichte die Massenvermehrung nur auf n? hrstoffarmen, grundwasserfemen Standorten, auf denen die B?ume durch zu dichte Bestockung und verst?rkte Windexposition einen gest?rten Wasserhaushalt aufweisen. Die nicht durch biotische Faktoren bedingte ma? gebende Mortalit?t des Sch?dlings steht mit dem Witterungscharakter w?hrend der Eiablage und des Raupenschlüpfens in engem Zusammenhang. Die Aktivit?t der Falter wird wahrscheinlich vor allem von Licht und Temperatur beeinflu?t. Als Folge dieser vermuteten Abh?ngigkeit wird die Tatsache gedeutet, da? in Dickungen vornehmlich die Wipfel, in ?lteren Best?nden hingegen die untersten Kronenteile mit Eiern belegt werden. Es wird das Verhalten infolge vorzeitigen Kahlfra?es hungernder Raupen in einer Dickung beschrieben und schlie?lich über die Fra?pflanzen betreffende Beobachtungen berichtet. Die Untersuchungen werden fortgesetzt.

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Summary The mass appearance ofEpiblema (Epinotia) tedella Cl. in northern Germany which seems to have reached its climax in 1961–1962 made it possible to study the insect's relationship with factors of site, the ecological requirements of the pest, as well as certain questions of its biology. The present work reveals part of the test results obtained so far. The following facts seem to be noteworthy: Mass increase reached an injurious extent only in places poor in nutritive agents and remote from subsoil water, in which the trees showed an upset water economy because of too dense growth and increased exposure to wind. The determining mortality not caused by biotic factors of the pest is closely connected with the atmospheric character during the period of egg deposit and the slipping of the caterpillars. The activity of the butterflies is probably influenced above all by light and temperature. The fact that eggs are laid mainly in the tops of the crowns in thick stands and in the lowest parts of the crowns in older stands is considered as a consequence of this supposed dependence. The behavior of caterpillars starving because of early bare-feeding of a thick stand is described and finally observations concerning the feeding plants are reported on. The tests are being continued.

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Résumé L'apparition en masse de l'Epiblema (Epinotia) tedella Cl. en Allemagne du Nord, qui semble avoir atteint son apogée dans les années 1961–1962, a permis d'étudier ses relations avec les facteurs du milieu, les exigences écologiques de cet insecte nuisible, ainsi que certaines questions de sa biologie. Le présent travail traite d'une partie des résultats des examens obtenus jusqu'ici. Les faits suivants retiennent l'attention: La multiplication en masse n'atteint une ampleur nociv que sur des terrains pauvres en substances nutritives et éloignés d'eaux souterraines, où les arbres présentent un système d'approvisionnement d'eau perturbé à cause d'une plantation trop dense et d'une plus grande exposition au vent. La mortalité déterminante de cet insecte nuisible qui n'est pas conditionnée par des facteurs biologiques est étroitement liée avec les conditions atmosphériques pendant le dép?t des oeufs et l'éclosion des chenilles. L'activité des papillons est probablement influencée avant tout par la lumière et par la température. Le fait que les oeufs sont déposés principalement sur les cimes dans les forêts épaisses et sur les plus basses sections des houppiers dans les bois plus anciens est interprété comme une conséquence de cette dépendance présumée. Le comportement de chenilles affamées dans un bois épais complètement dévoré pré maturément est décrit et enfin des observations sont soulevées concernant les plantes dé vorées. Les examens se poursuivent.

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Реюме Массовое появле ние словой листо вёртки- иглоедаEpiblema (Epinotia) tedella Cl. в Северной Германии, повидимому доститшее своего апогея в 1961–62 гг., изучалосв в своих отношениях к факторам места обитания, эколо гических требо ваниях вредителя и нек оторых вопросах его биологии. В данной статье изложилясь часть полученных до сих пор резу льтатов узучении. Замечательными являются следую щие факты! Вредных размеров достигло массовое размножение лишь на местях обитания бедных питательных веществ, далеких от грунтовой воды, на которых деревья показывають разру шенный водный режим всл едствие слишком густого нас аждения и усиленной экспозиции к ветрам. Критическая смертность вредителя, не обусловленная биотическими факторами, стоит в тесной связи с характ ером во время яйценесени и вьшупляния гусениц. Активность бабочек вероятно находится под влиянием прежде всего света и темп ературы. След ствием этой предпола ганной зависимости толкуется факт, что в чащах яйца носятся прежде всего на вершины а в старших насаждениях на нижние части крон. Описывается поведение гусениц голо дающих, вслед ствие преждевреме нното сплошн ото объедения в чаще, а в конще сооб щаются наблю дения о расте ниях, которыми кор митсяэто нас екомое. Изуче ния продолжа ются.

     

A mathematical verification of the reinforced-matrix hypothesis using the Mori-Tanaka theory

This article presents a theoretical verification of the reinforced-matrix hypothesis derived from tensor equations, σ ^W = σ ^f + σ ^m and ε ^W = ε ^f = ε ^m (Wood Sci Technol 32:171–182, 1998; Wood Sci Technol 33:311–325, 1999; J Biomech Eng 124:432–440, 2002), using classical Mori-Tanaka theory on the micromechanics of fiber-reinforced materials (Acta Metall 21:571–574, 1973; Micromechanics — dislcation and inclusions (in Japanese), pp 141–147, 1976). The Mori-Tanaka theory was applied to a small fragment of the cell wall undergoing changes in its physical state, such as those arising from sorption of moisture, maturation of wall components, or action of an external force, to obtain 〈σ ^A〉_D = ϕ·〈σ ^F〉_I + (1−ϕ)·〈σ ^M〉_D−I. When the constitutive equation of each constituent material was applied to the equation 〈σ ^A〉_D = ϕ·〈σ ^F〉_I + (1−ϕ)·〈σ ^M〉_D−I, the equations σ ^W = σ ^f + σ ^m and ε ^W = ε ^f = ε ^m were derived to lend support to the concept that two main phases, the reinforcing cellulose microfibril and the lignin-hemicellulose matrix, coexist in the same domain. The constitutive equations for the cell wall fragment were obtained without recourse to additional parameters such as Eshelby’s tensor S and Hill’s averaged concentration tensors A^F and A^M. In our previous articles, the coexistence of two main phases and σ ^W = σ ^f + σ ^m and ε ^W = ε ^f =ε ^m had been taken as our starting point to formulate the behavior of wood fiber with multilayered cell walls. The present article provides a rational explanation for both concepts.     

Über einen weiteren Fall der Massenvermehrung des Hagebuchenspanners (1963, Südwestslowakei)

Summary Outbreaks of larvae of Geometrids(Lepidoptera) were since 1961 reported to occur yearly in Slovakia. Nevertheless, it was not earlier than in May 1963 that the larvae of the Feathered Thorn,Colotois (= Himera) pennaria (L. 1661), were found to be the principal defoliator in at least two Slovak localities (Bratislava, Modra). This pest attacked seriously numerous species of foliaceous trees and shrubs, especially the hornbeam, elm, beech, linden, oak, walnut, crab, maple. A quickly dying off of the larvae could be observed outdoors as well as in the rearing under laboratory conditions. The possible meteorological causes of the outbreak are briefly discussed.

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Résumé Dès 1961, on a signalé an par an une gradation plus ou moins accentuée des chenilles des Lé pidoptères Géométridés en Slovaquie. Mais ce n'était qu'en 1963 que nous avons pu constater — à au moins deux localités slovaques (Bratislava, Modra) — une prédominance des chenilles deColotois (= Himera) pennaria (L. 1761) dans les calamités étudiées. Ce ravageur a attaqué sérieusement de nombreuses essences feuillues forestières, particulièrement le charme, orme, hêtre, tilleul, chêne, noyer, pommier, érable. Un dépérissement rapide des chenilles de l'Arpenteuse du Charme s'observait dans la nature ainsi qu'en élevage dans des conditions du laboratoire. Enfin, on trouvera dans l'article une brève discussion des causes météorologiques éventuelles de la gradation.

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Резюме От 1961 г. ежегодные да нные о массовом ра змножении гусениц пяденниц пяденниц в Словак ии появляются. Однако гусеницы г рабовой пяденниц ы,Colotois(= Himera) pennaria (L. 17617), были опре делены только в мае 1963 — по к райней мере в двух месторождениях Словакии (Братисл ава, Модра) — как основный массовы й вредитель. Серье зные повреждения этии видом встреч ались на многочсл енных лиственных пород ах, особенно грабе, ильме, буке, липе, дубу, ор ехе, яблоне, клене. Б ыстрая патогенная гибел ь гусениц наблюда лась в природе и в разведении в ла бораторных услов иях. Возможные метеор ологические прич ины градации кратко дискутиро вны.

     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from mature forest stands in the boreal forest, Saskatchewan, Canada

Despite the spatial significance of Canada's boreal forest, there is very little known about CH₄ and N₂O emissions from non-peatlands within it. The primary objective of this project was to study the atmosphere–soil exchange of CH₄ and N₂O at three sites in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan. In the summers of 2006 and 2007, CH₄ and N₂O emissions were measured along transects in three different mature forest stands (aspen, black spruce and jack pine) using a sealed chamber method. At the aspen site, the gross rates of mineralization and nitrification, and the relative contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions, were also measured using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Results indicated that the jack pine and black spruce sites were slight sinks of CH₄ (−0.123 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹and −0.017 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ respectively in 2006 and −0.095 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹and 0.045 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ respectively in 2007), whereas the aspen site was a net source (4.40 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2006 and 19.60 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2007). The high CH₄ emissions at the aspen site occurred at depressions that were water-filled due to above-average precipitation levels in 2005–2007. All three sites had very low cumulative N₂O emissions, ranging from −0.002 to 0.014 g N₂O–N m⁻² yr⁻¹ in both years. The ¹⁵N results indicated that N cycling at the aspen site was very conservative, allowing little N to escape the system as N₂O; the emissions that did occur were due primarily to a nitrification-related process.     

Über eine Massenvermehrung der stahlblauen Kieferngespinstblattwespe,Acantholyda erythrocephala Chr., im Steinfeld,Niederösterreich,in den Jahren 1964–1967

Summary The present paper reports on an outbreak of the False Pine Webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) in the Steinfeld of Lower Austria, from its detection in July 1964 up to swarming of wasps in April 1967. The course of gradation and resulting damages are described, and data obtained on development, manner of life, and mortality given. In plantations of predominant Austrian Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) and Scots Pine(Pinus silvestris) the former, too, was attacked though to a considerably lesser extent than the latter. Among mortality factors observed, most important was a nuclear polyhedrosis, which, during the first year of outbreak, killed numerous pseudocaterpillars, but sensibly diminished in lethal effect in the further course of calamity. In connection with the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, some other pest occurrences in the plantations are mentioned. A possible competition effect of a previous outbreak ofNeodiprion sertifer, lasting several years, and one ofDendrolimus pini L., lasting two years, resulting in inhibitions of a more precocious development of the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, and in prevention of a nascent gradation ofPanolis flammea by the multiplication ofAcantholyda taking its course, is particularly referred to. Control experiments were done with the fumigant “Kerfex-Nebelk?rper/rd. An effective control by this product, too, must be carried out soon after emerging of young larvae.

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Résumé Le présent mémoire rend compte d'une pullulation de la Lyde bleue du Pin (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) au Steinfeld en Basse-Autriché, à partir de sa découverte au mois de Juillet 1964 jusqu'à l'essaimage des guépes au mois d'Avril 1967. Le cours de la gradation et ses effets nuisibles sont caracté risés avec des données obtenues sur le développement, la manière de vivre et la mortalité de l'insecte. Dans les plantations où dominaient le Pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) et le Pin sylvestre(Pinus silvestris), le Pin noir a aussi été attaqué, mais à un bien moindre degré que le Pin sylvestre. Parmi les facteurs relevés de mortalité le plus important a été une maladie cubique nucléaire, faisant dépérir de nombreuses fausses chenilles pendant la première année de la calamité, mais ne déployant que peu d'activité pernicieuse au cours ultérieur de la gradation. En rapport avec cette gradation deAcantholyda erythrocephala on mentionne quelques autres apparitions d'insectes nuisibles dans les plantations. On met spécialement en relief des effets possibles de compétition de la part d'une précédente calamité de plusieurs années deNeodiprion sertifer et d'une autre, de deux années, deDendrolimus pini L., par rapport à un ralentissement du développement de l'attaque massive del'Acantholyda erythrocephala et à l'empéchement d'une gradation naissante dePanolis flammea par ie déroulement de la gradation deAcantholyda. Des essais de lutte ont été entrepris avec le fumigant ?Kerfex-Nebelk?rper?. Si la lutte doit être efficace, il faut l'exécuter peu de temps après l'eclosion finie des jeunes larves.

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Резюме Настоящая статья доносит о массовом размножении красноголового общественного пилильщика — ткача,Acatholyda erythrocephala L., в Штейнфельде (Нижняя Австрия), от его открытия в июле 1964г. до роения ос в апреле 1967г. Характеризуются ход градащии и вредные действия так как приводятся информации о развитии, способе жизни и смертности. В культурах, составленных преимущестнно из сосен австрийской (Pinus nigra ssp. austriaca) и обыкновенной (P. silvestris) была поражена и австрийская, хотя в значительно менышей степени, чем обыкновенная. Среди действующих факторов смертиности была важнейшим ядерная полиэдровая болезнь, которая убила в первом году бедствия многочисленных лжегусениц, а в далышем ходу показывала уже мало смертного действия. В связи с градацииAcantholyda erythrocephala упомнаются и другие появления вредителей в культурах. Указывается особенно на возможные конкуренцийные действия предшествующей долголетной градацииNeodiprion sertifer и двухлетной таковойDendrolimus pini L. по отношению к торможениям более ранного развития массового появленияAcontholyda erythrocephala и препятствованию возникающей градацииPanolis flammea протекающим размножением акантолиды. Попытки борьбы были установлены фумигантом ?Керфекс -Небелькерпер?. Борьбу, если должна быть успешной, нужно проводить и этим средством скоро после вылупляния молодых личинок.

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Die vorliegenden Beobachtungen der derzeit noch weiter laufenden Kalamit?t schlie?en mit der Flugperiode 1967 ab. Von H. Schmutzenhofer werden bzw. wurden weitere Untersuchungen zum Auftreten dieses Sch? dlings besonders zur Erlangung kritischer Ei- und Larvenzahlen, zur Kl?rung des Problems des überliegens und Auffindung wirksamer Bek?mpfungsmittel durchgeführt.     

Methane and CO2 exchange over peatland and the effects of afforestation

The exchange of CH₄ and CO₂ over extensive tracts of peatlandhas recently been measured using micrometeorological methods.Fluxes of CH₄ measured in Caithness (UK) during May and June1994 using eddy covariance yielded fluxes in the range –70to +170 µmol CH₄ m^–2 h^–1 with a mean fluxof 39 µmol CH₄ m^–2 h^–1 Landscape emissions of CH₄ from peatland are shown to vary withwater table and temperature, increasing from 25 µmol CH₄m^–2 h^–1 at 5 per cent area to 50 µmol CH₄m^–2 h^–1 with 30 per cent within the footprint occupiedby pool. A positive temperature response of 4.9 µmol CH₄m^–2 h^{–1 {ring}} C^– in the temperature range6–12^{ring}C was also observed The mean day time fluxes of CO₂ during May and June 1994, of—3.6 mmol m^–2 h^–1 were two orders of magnitudelarger than the emission of CH₄ of 40 µmol m^–2 h^–1,while at night (when net radiation is negative) the respirationflux of CO₂ averaged +2.2 mmol m^–2 h^–1approximatelytwo orders of magnitude larger than night-time CH₄ emissionsof 30 µmol m^–2 h^–1.     

Stand-scale transpiration estimates in a Moso bamboo forest: (I) Applicability of sap flux measurements

The applicability of sap flux (F_d) measurements to bamboo forests has not been studied. This study was undertaken to establish an optimal and effective design for stand-scale transpiration (E) estimates in a Moso bamboo forest. To this aim, we validated F_d measurements in Moso bamboos in a cut bamboo experiment. In addition, we analyzed how sample sizes affect the reliability of E estimates calculated from F_d and conducting culm area (A_{S_b}). In the cut bamboo experiments, we found that F_d measurement using a 10 mm probe was a valid means of determining the water-use behavior of a Moso bamboo, although a specific correction was needed. Furthermore, we calculated E from stand A_{S_b} (A_{S_stand}) and mean stand F_d (J_S). Employing Monte Carlo analysis, we examined potential errors associated with sample size in E, A_{S_stand}, and J_S using an original dataset with A_{S_b} and F_d measured for 40 and 16 individuals, respectively. Consequently, we determined the optimal sample size for both A_{S_stand} and J_S estimates as 11. The optimal sample sizes for J_S were almost the same under different vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture conditions. The optimal sample size for J_S at the study site was less than that of a coniferous plantation in the same region probably owing to small individual-to-individual variations in sap flux in the Moso bamboo forest. Our study concludes that sap flux measurements are an applicable technique for assessing water use in Moso bamboo forests.     

Canopy leaching of subtropical mixed forests under acid rain

Leaching of major ions from acid precipitation in a subtropical forest was examined based on an experiment in four sample sites in Shaoshan City, Hunan Province, China, from January 2001 to June 2002. Results clearly show that when rain passed through the canopy, pH increased and the evidence of ion uptake was presented for SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, Mg²⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ ions, especially of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻. The percentages of dissolved SO₄ ²⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ show a decreasing trend with increasing rainfall. Percentages of leaching Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions show an increasing trend as a function of increased pH values. The forest canopy in Shaoshan City has a strong effect on the uptake of SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ ions under acid rain conditions. The decreasing order of ions leaching in the forest canopy is as follows: K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > Mg²⁺ > SO₄ ²⁻ > NO₃ ⁻ > NH₄ ⁺ > Na⁺. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 1–4 [译自: 林业科学]     

Isolation, stability and bioactivity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters

Jatropha curcas seed oil, which can be utilized for biodiesel production upon transesterification, is also rich in phorbol esters (PEs). In this study, PEs from J. curcas oil (Jatropha factors C₁ and C₂ (purified to homogeneity), Jatropha factors C₃ and (C₄ + C₅) (obtained as mixtures) and PE-rich extract (containing all the above stated Jatropha factors) were investigated. The concentrations of Jatropha PEs were expressed equivalent to Jatropha factor C₁. In the snail (Physa fontinalis) bioassay, the order of potency (EC₅₀, μg/L) was: PE-rich extract < factor C₃ mixture < factor C₂ < factor C₁ < factor (C₄ + C₅). In the Artemia salina bioassay, the order of potency (EC₅₀, mg/L) was: factor C₂ < factor C₃ mixture < factor C₁ < factor (C₄ + C₅) mixture. In addition, Jatropha PEs exhibited platelet aggregation (ED₅₀, μM, factor C₂ < factor C₃ mixture < factor C₁ < factor (C₄ + C₅) mixture. The stability of a PE-rich extract was evaluated and found to be low at room temperature but favourable in ethanol over a range of temperatures. By integrating the isolation methodology developed in this study in the Jatropha biodiesel industry, PEs could be obtained as value-added co-products.