无土栽培基质对3种四季茶花容器苗生长的影响

以杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)、越南抱茎茶(Camellia amplexicaulis)和崇左金花茶(Camellia chuangtsoensis)3种四季山茶植物为供试材料,设置9种不同基质栽培处理,比较研究不同无土混合基质栽培之间(常用基质黄心土设对照)对3种四季山茶植物地径、苗高的影响。结果表明:基质S5(25%椰糠+25%泥炭藓+25%珍珠岩+25%蛭石)和S2(20%椰糠+50%泥炭藓+10%蛭石+10%菇渣+10%陶粒)栽培杜鹃红山茶、越南抱茎茶和崇左金花茶苗,其苗木高径生长量与对照相近或略高于对照。     

以松皮粉为基质的西南桦容器苗培育技术

采用7种不同配比的容器基质(其中包括2种有不同比例马尾松树皮粉组成的基质)进行西南桦容器苗培育试验,用不同基质的苗木平均地径、苗高和容器重等指标对育苗效果进行综合评价,结果表明:不同基质配比的平均苗高、地径和生物量生长均达到显著差异;G处理(黄心土50%+松皮粉25%+表土25%)育苗效果最好,其次是E处理(黄心土75%+松皮粉25%)、F处理(黄心土50%+松皮粉50%),D处理(黄心土50%+泥炭50%)育苗效果最差。建议在西南桦生产育苗过程中使用适当比例的松皮粉作为容器苗基质。     

不同基质对杜鹃红山茶容器苗生长的影响

以杜鹃红山茶为供试材料,设置8种不同基质栽培处理,比较分析不同基质栽培对杜鹃红山茶地径、苗高、叶片数和总叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:S5(50%椰糠+40%泥炭藓+5%珍珠岩+5%粗河砂)、S6(50%腐熟木屑+20%泥炭藓+20%椰糠+5%珍珠岩+5%粗河砂)、S7(50%椰糠+20%珍珠岩+20%蛭石+10%粗河砂)3种混合基质配比物理化学性质稳定,有机质含量较高,且能较大地增加杜鹃红山茶苗木的地径、苗高、叶片数和叶绿素含量,有效促进杜鹃红山茶对养分的吸收和生长,是较为理想的配比组合,建议在生产上推广应用。     

添加蘑菇渣堆肥对油松容器苗种子萌发和生长的影响

为探究蘑菇渣堆肥作为油松Pinus tabulaeformis容器苗培养基质材料的可行性,通过维持混合基质中珍珠岩比例不变,逐渐增加蘑菇渣堆肥的比例以替代草炭。试验设置堆肥添加比例0~75%组成8种基质配方,研究不同基质处理理化性质及其对油松容器苗种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:当蘑菇渣堆肥在基质配方中添加比例达到30%时,油松在种子发芽率、平均萌发时间、萌发整齐性指数以及苗木苗高、地径、高径比、主根长、一级侧根数、茎叶生物量等指标上均与常用草炭处理无显著差异,而种子发芽势显著高于常用草炭处理。8种基质配方物理指标及EC值均处于育苗适宜范围内,但只有当堆肥添加比例≤30%的基质处理p H值呈微酸性,处于适宜油松苗木生长的范围内。而蘑菇渣堆肥添加比例≥40%时,基质p H值的升高可能是导致苗木质量下降的主要因素。因此,结合对育苗基质成本及环保因素的考虑,本试验培育油松最佳基质配方为草炭45%,珍珠岩25%,蘑菇渣堆肥30%。     

不同育苗基质和不同规格育苗容器对红锥幼苗的影响

以黄心土、泥炭土、椰糠3种原料按照不同比例配比成不同育苗基质,设置为A1、A2、A3和CK 4个水平,采用大杯容器(14 cm×16 cm)、小杯容器(12 cm×14 cm)2种不同规格的育苗容器,开展育苗对比试验。结果表明,大杯容器苗的成活率比小杯容器苗成活率高1.6%;不同配比育苗基质对红锥苗高、地径差异极显著,不同规格育苗袋对红锥苗高、地径影响差异显著,且在大杯苗和小杯苗2个水平上,随着育苗基质中泥炭土比例增加,苗木高度和地径生长量均呈显著上升趋势,且大杯苗显著高于小杯苗。通过综合比较,以50%黄心土+30%泥炭土+20%椰糠比例配比的育苗基质培育的红锥幼苗生长表现最好,适宜推广。     

废菌棒复合基质对3种阔叶树容器苗生长的影响

利用经发酵消毒后的黑木耳和香菇菌棒废弃物,设计与泥炭、谷壳的不同配比基质处理,研究其对红豆树、木荷和黄连木3种容器苗生长和芽苗移栽成活率的影响。结果表明:不同树种对废菌棒复合基质的生长反应显著,其芽苗移栽成活差异也很大;当废菌棒量不超过20%、谷壳不低于40%时其容器苗生长量和芽苗移栽成活率较好,接近于生产上常用的60%泥炭+40%谷壳的对照配比基质处理,其中20%废黑木耳菌棒+40%泥炭+40%谷壳为最佳的基质配方,20%废香菇菌棒+40%泥炭+40%谷壳和40%废黑木耳菌棒+30%泥炭+30%谷壳次之;随着配比基质中废菌棒量的增多和谷壳量的减少,3树种容器苗的苗高、地径生长和芽苗上袋成活率呈明显的降低趋势;比较分析表明,配比废黑木耳菌棒的复合基质其容器育苗效果优于配比废香菇菌棒的基质处理,这主要是由于香菇菌棒颗粒小而易吸水,透水透气性差的缘故。     

5个乡土绿化阔叶树种不同育苗基质的当年育苗效应试验

在昆明树木园所进行的连香树、多果槭、榉树、枫杨和川滇桤木等5个乡土绿化阔叶树种不同育苗基质的当年育苗效应试验的结果表明:在其当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅3个性状上,与对照红壤育苗基质相比,不同育苗基质对此5个乡土绿化阔叶树种当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅生长的作用不一,红壤4+福贝菌2育苗基质(处理A)和(复合肥2 kg+钙镁磷肥2 kg)/100 kg红壤育苗基质(处理C)对5个乡土绿化阔叶树种当年生苗木的生长均具有促进作用,对连香树、多果槭、榉树和川滇桤木等4个阔叶树种的当年生苗木生长具较佳促进作用的育苗基质是处理A,其连香树当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅分别比对照高34.04 %、15.00 %和15.38 %;多果槭当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅分别比对照高70.55 %、23.81 %和39.18 %;榉树当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅分别比对照高31.93 %、35.33 %和33.33 %;川滇桤木当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅分别比对照高101.65 %、38.27 %和50.63 %.而促进枫杨当年生苗木生长的较佳育苗基质是处理C,其当年生苗木的苗高、地径和冠幅分别比对照提高44.30 %、23.55 %和30.93 %.     

“赣州油”2种主推品种轻基质配方试验

为探究油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)容器育苗最佳轻基质配方,采用泥炭土、锯屑、炭化稻壳、珍珠岩、红壤土的不同配比为基质,随机区组设计对"赣州油"2个主推品种"GLS赣州油5号"及"赣州油7号"进行容器育苗试验。方差分析和多重比较分析不同配比基质对油茶地径、苗高、保存率及根系质量的影响,结果表明,2个品种间地径、苗高、根系、成活率无显著差异;品种内不同基质处理下地径、苗高、根系差异显著。40%泥炭土+5%锯屑+15%炭化稻壳+40%珍珠岩为配比的轻基质最为适合这2种主推品种生长。     

景观绿化树种多花含笑育苗基质试验

开展5种配方基质对多花含笑苗木的苗高、地径、主根长、地上部分鲜重和地下部分鲜重生长的影响。结果表明,苗高、地径、主根长、地上部分鲜重和地下部分鲜重生长表现较好的基质配方处理均是处理C,即2/4遮渣+1/4阔叶锯末+1/4牛粪。5种处理的苗高、地径、主根长、地上部分鲜重和地下部分鲜重各处理间均存在极显著差异。试验表明,配比得当的混合基质可弥补单一基质的不足,使容器育苗的优越性更加显著。     

不同基质处理对洋紫荆幼苗生长的影响

文章以黄心土为基础,选用泥炭土、椰糠、蘑菇渣3种常用轻基质材料,设置不同比例组成15种基质配方,通过研究不同基质配比处理下洋紫荆Bauhinia variegata的苗高、地径、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、生物量、根冠比、根系生长,评价其育苗效果,确定培养基最优配比。结果表明:不同配方基质对容器苗的生长有显著影响,处理组Z7(黄心土:泥炭土:椰糠=2:1:1)、处理组Z14(黄心土:椰糠=1:4)、处理组Z5(黄心土:椰糠=4:1)的洋紫荆容器苗综合评价值为0.75,0.63和0.55,Z3(椰糠=1)、Z13(黄心土:泥炭土=1:4)、Z6(黄心土:蘑菇渣=4:1)的洋紫荆容器苗综合评价值为0.32,0.39和0.43。综上所述,黄心土:泥炭土:椰糠=2:1:1的基质配比是洋紫荆容器苗最为理想的轻型基质配方。     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2-year-old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.     

黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态

[目的]分离并量化土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,探讨各自贡献率及其随季节变化的动态特征。[方法]采用壕沟法和气体红外分析法,研究黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率的季节动态变化、贡献率和环境影响因子。[结果]表明:栓皮栎人工林总土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸均呈夏季速率高、冬季速率低。栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸及异养呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著指数相关,温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值大小为自养呼吸(3.40)异养呼吸(2.90)土壤总呼吸(2.45);栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤体积含水量均显著线性相关;土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤电导率显著相关。土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q_(10)值均在冬季最大,夏秋季最小;而自养呼吸的Q_(10)值则呈相反的变化趋势。栓皮栎人工林自养呼吸和异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的月贡献率为13.23%37.33%和62.67%86.76%,且自养呼吸的贡献率与土壤温度的季节变化规律相似。土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸与自养呼吸的CO2年通量分别为1 616.41、1 199.39、417.02 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。[结论]经过区分与定量化土壤总呼吸及其组分,确定异养呼吸为本研究区栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸的主要组分,作用于异养呼吸的生物与非生物因子均能显著影响整个森林生态系统表层CO_2总排放通量的大小,进一步为该研究区森林生态系统碳循环与能量流动的进一步量化研究提供参考。     

Technologies of liquefaction of bamboo and preparation of adhesive

The technology of liquefying processed-waste bamboo with phenol is investigated by single factor trials and an orthogonal design. We studied the preparation technology and properties of adhesives from this phenol-liquefied bamboo with formaldehyde (BPF). The results show that temperature has a significant effect on liquefaction. The effect of the mass ratio of phenol to bamboo comes second and the catalyst dosage within the range of 2%–4% is the least effective. The optimum conditions of liquefaction are as follows: a mass ratio of phenol to bamboo 3.5, a catalyst dosage of 4%, liquefying temperature 145°C and liquefying time 60 min. The liquefaction rate of bamboo reached 99.1%. For the preparation of the adhesive, a mass ratio of liquefied bamboo products to formaldehyde (37%) is 100 to 164.8–199.5, while the ratio 100 to 108.2 is the best. This adhesive has a lower curing temperature than that of normal PF resin. At a hot-press temperature of 130 or 140°C, this new adhesive provides excellent bonding strength of plywood. The most favorable temperature for hot-pressing is 140°C. __________ Translated from Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2007, 27(6): 65–70 [译自: 林产化学与工业]     

大花葵花色苷抑菌功能研究

本项研究通过采用固体培养和液体培养的试验方法,进行大花葵花(Malvasylvestris)色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和黑曲霉的抑菌试验。结果表明:大花葵花色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉没有抑制现象发生。在固体培养试验中大花葵花色苷随着浓度的增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制程度越大,当大花葵花色苷浓度为10g/L时抑菌圈平均直径为6mm,当浓度增加至30g/L时,抑菌圈平均直径为16mm。而且,高浓度的大花葵花色苷溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌有长时间的抑制作用。     

Nondestructive test and prediction of modulus of elasticity of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite

The effects of grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio on dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite (VOP) were examined by using nondestructive test. In this study, the possibility that E of VOP can be predicted by means of some empirical formula was also discussed. This study has shown that grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio have substantial effects on E of VOP. The E at 0° of grain angle of face veneer was the largest, decreasing rapidly with increase in the grain angle. The lowest value of E occurred at 90° of grain angle of face veneer. The relationship between grain angle of face veneer and E of VOP can be expressed in the form of Jenkin’s and Hankinson’s equations. The orthotropic properties of wood and VOP defined as the ratio E ₀/ E ₉₀ were 25.7 for wood and 4.7 for VOP. When the grain direction of face veneer was parallel to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP increased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP increased E from 125 to 179% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. However, when the grain direction of face veneer was perpendicular to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP decreased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP decreased E from 23 to 41% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. The relationship between E of VOP and face veneer thickness can be expressed in the form of a second-order parabolic equation. Rule of Mixture (ROM) can be used to predict E of VOP from the E of wood element and particleboard element.     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Inhibition of Armillaria by bacteria isolated from soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Agrobacterium radiobacter were isolated from root-free soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario a, nd found to be capable of inhibiting the linear growth of Armillaria ostoyae in vitro. Isolates of P. fluorescens, Bacillus spp. and A. radiobacter were the most effective inhibitors of mycelial growth. To test the ability of the bacteria to suppress rhizomorph formation, A. gallica, which produces rhizomorphs in culture more consistently than does A. ostoyae, was used; only a small fraction of P. fluorescens and Bacillus spp. isolates were capable of preventing in vitro rhizomorph formation by A. gallica.     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.