乙醇/柴油混合燃料燃烧过程与排放试验研究

在YZ4DB3柴油机上,通过测量燃用乙醇/柴油混合燃料的示功图和排放污染物,分析了燃烧过程与排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明,随着乙醇掺混比例的增加,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧终点提前,燃烧持续期缩短。小负荷时,与柴油相比,E10和E20的最大爆发压力分别下降了0.2、0.4MPa,扩散燃烧放热率峰值升高;全负荷时,与柴油相比,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的最大爆发压力变化不大,预混燃烧放热率峰值升高。与燃用柴油相比,掺混乙醇能明显降低烟度,NOx排放变化不大;HC和CO排放随着乙醇掺混比例的增加而升高,小负荷时较明显。乙醇/柴油混合燃料的燃料消耗率与燃用柴油的燃油消耗率基本相同。     

甲醇-调合生物柴油燃烧及排放微粒粒径分布特性试验

为了探究调合生物柴油掺烧甲醇对柴油机燃烧特性及微粒粒径分布的影响,该文利用燃烧分析仪及EEPS 3090型微粒粒径测试系统研究了柴油机燃用甲醇-调合生物柴油微乳化燃料的燃烧过程及微粒数量浓度分布特性。试验结果表明,与燃用调合生物柴油相比,柴油机掺烧甲醇后缸内燃烧压力、压力升高率以及放热率曲线均后移,压力升高率峰值及放热率峰值均增加;当柴油机处于低负荷时,排气中的微粒粒径均处于6~22 nm之间,呈现核态;在高负荷时,微粒粒径处于6~275 nm之间,主要呈现积聚态,且数量浓度呈单峰正态分布。随着甲醇添加比例的增加,核态微粒比例上升,积聚态微粒比例下降,且排气中微粒的总数下降。研究结果为甲醇-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧及微粒排放控制提供了参考。     

共轨柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能及排放特性

为系统考察柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能,对某共轨柴油机燃用纯柴油、纯麻疯树制生物柴油及其混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了试验研究,分析比较了不同生物柴油混合比例对发动机动力性、经济性、HC、CO、NOX、烟度和CO2排放特性的影响。结果表明：随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,共轨柴油机燃用柴油－麻疯树制生物柴油混合燃料后,其动力性下降,HC、CO、烟度和CO2排放降低;燃油经济性略有增加,NOX排放略有升高。     

蓖麻油生物柴油组成及其燃烧性能

本文通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了蓖麻油生物柴油的组成及其理化性能,并通过对比试验分析了蓖麻油生物柴油/柴油混合燃料在单缸柴油机上使用的燃烧排放性能.结果表明:蓖麻油生物柴油的主要成分是蓖麻油酸甲酯,酯交换率高达96%以上,其理化性能与矿物柴油基本相当:按一定比例配制的混合燃料较矿物柴油的动力性能略有降低,不影响其燃烧;排放尾气中HC、CO含量有所降低,NOx含量有所升高,烟度降低明显,可完全替代矿物柴油.     

乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性

为了研究乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性,该文对分别使用乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料和柴油的在用柴油轿车的排放性能和燃油经济性,以及在用柴油客车的自由加速排气烟度排放进行了对比试验。研究结果表明:相对于柴油,在用柴油轿车使用E10(体积比,乙醇10%、丁醇4%、柴油86%)混合燃料的NOX排放减少10.42%,HC+NOX排放减少27.43%,微粒(PM)排放减少2.13%,90和120km/h等速行驶燃料消耗量分别减少7.66%和3.71%;然而CO排放增加31.43%,工况循环综合燃料消耗量增加4.48%。此外,在用柴油客车使用E10混合燃料的自由加速排气烟度排放减少31.11%。该研究结果对于完善乙醇柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性具有实用价值。     

高原缺氧环境下生物质燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响

为了研究不同类别的含氧生物质燃料在高原缺氧环境下对发动机性能和排放的影响,在一台卧式双缸柴油机上分别燃用柴油、乙醇柴油E10(含10%体积分数的乙醇和90%体积分数的柴油)及生物柴油-乙醇-柴油B10E10(含10%体积分数的生物柴油,10%体积分数的乙醇和80%体积分数的柴油)3种燃料进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,在不对柴油机做任何调整的情况下,分别燃用E10和B10E10 2种含氧生物质混合燃料后,柴油机动力性下降,外特性转矩平均下降幅度分别达到4.24%和5.49%;当量燃油消耗率基本低于柴油,经济性有所改善。燃用含氧生物质燃料后,柴油机的经济性变化情况除了与燃料本身的属性相关,还与转速和负荷相关。燃用E10混合燃料后,柴油机的一氧化碳(CO)排放在低负荷时高于柴油,高负荷时低于柴油;碳氢化合物(HC)排放高于柴油水平,升高幅度范围达4.9%~27.4%;氮氧化物(NOX)排放在低负荷时低于柴油,高负荷时趋于柴油水平。燃用B10E10混合燃料后,一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放在低负荷时都趋于柴油水平,高负荷时都低于柴油水平;氮氧化物(NOX)排放在低负荷时低于柴油,高负荷时高于柴油水平。柴油机在燃用E10和B10E10 2种混合燃料后,碳烟排放均低于柴油水平。柴油机燃用B10E10混合燃料后的碳氢化合物(HC)排放,碳烟排放以及低负荷时的一氧化碳(CO)排放均低于E10,氮氧化物(NOX)排放基本高于E10。与E10燃料相比,B10E10混合燃料在柴油机的一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)以及碳烟排放方面具有更好的改善效果;但是动力性下降幅度较大,氮氧化物(NOX)排放增加。该研究可为含氧生物质燃料在高原缺氧地区的应用提供参考。     

十六烷值改进剂对甲醇/生物柴油柴油机排放的影响

甲醇、生物柴油是柴油机的含氧替代燃料,能有效降低柴油机颗粒物排放。但甲醇的十六烷值低,在柴油机上燃用会出现着火困难的问题,采用添加十六烷值改进剂的方法能有效提高柴油机燃料的着火性能。为了研究不同十六烷值改进剂对柴油机排放污染物的影响,试验选择了烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚3种十六烷值改进剂,分别添加到甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中,考察了十六烷值改进剂对混合燃料理化特性的影响,并在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测量了柴油机缸内压力、排气温度、HC、CO、NOX和烟度的变化规律,分析了添加不同十六烷值改进剂时,柴油机排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明：在甲醇/生物柴油中添加十六烷值改进剂,混合燃料的压力峰值升高,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长,当改进剂的添加量相等时,添加烷基类硝酸酯混合燃料的滞燃期最短;排气温度变化不大,变动范围为?3.24%～3.45%;排放污染物中HC和CO排放升高;NOX和烟度降低,在3 000 r/min,100%负荷时,添加烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚分别使NOX降低12.90%、6.45%、3.87%,烟度降低11.76%、17.65%、38.24%。在甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中添加十六烷值改进剂,不仅可以改善燃料的着火特性,也可以降低NOx和颗粒物排放。     

生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性

为了研究生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性,利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行了乳化,测量了乳化燃料的密度、热值、动力黏度及pH值。在SD1110型柴油机台架上进行4种不同配比的生物油/柴油乳化燃料的发动机台架试验,得出了柴油机燃用生物油/柴油乳化燃料和纯柴油的负荷特性和排放特性曲线,并且对乳化燃料和纯柴油的排放特性进行了对比。研究结果表明：生物油体积分数为20%的乳化燃料当量油耗率最低,乳化燃料CO的排放高于柴油的排放,且生物油含量越高CO排放越大,而乳化燃料的NO及碳烟的排放则优于纯柴油的排放。由于生物油/柴油乳化燃料的理化特性与柴油接近,可以作为普通柴油机的燃油使用。     

废气再循环改善生物柴油发电机的经济性和排放性

在单缸风冷四冲程柴油发电机上,采用0、16%、28%EGR(exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环)率,分别以柴油和生物柴油为燃料进行了试验,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC、CO和烟度的排放性能。研究表明:生物柴油油耗高于柴油,在0、16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的体积油耗平均高出柴油约9%、10%和17%;与无废气再循环相比,16%和28%EGR率时,燃用柴油平均可减少NOx约17%和35%,燃用生物柴油平均可减少NOx约10%和24%,生物柴油的NOx排放量高于柴油平均约6.5%和17%;燃用柴油时随EGR率增大,HC的排放量增大,16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的HC排放低于柴油平均约6%和28.5%;28%EGR率时,生物柴油CO排放量低于柴油,平均降低约24%;随EGR率增大,生物柴油的烟度增大,燃用生物柴油在小负荷和中负荷时烟度高于柴油。     

不同配比乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性

为了研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性,该文在双缸直喷式柴油机和在用的柴油轿车上分别进行了发动机台架试验和整车底盘测功机试验。结果表明,在不调整柴油机条件下,使用乙醇柴油混合燃料能够在一定程度上改善发动机燃油经济性和降低排气烟度和NOX排放,但HC排放增加。适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机经济性和排放特性。对于试验车辆,燃用E10有利于降低汽车在中、高速时的等速工况燃料消耗量和常温下冷起动后PM、NOX排放量。该研究结果对于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃油经济性和排放性具有实用价值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.