不规则微灌田间管网的优化

提出了不规则微灌田间管网的优化设计方法，采用０．６１８法确定田间管网允许水头差在支管与毛管间的最优分配，应用线性规划法确定支管与毛管最估规格，使田间管网投资最小。     

微灌田间管网的混合整数规划模型

根据不设调压管的微灌田间管网的特点，引入０－１变量，建立了微灌田间管网优化设计的混合整数规划模型。采用这一模型，可在满足允许水头差要求条件下，合理地选择毛管和支管的规格，使其造价之和最低。这一方法便于计算机求解，适合解决各种地形条件下的微灌田间管网优化设计问题。     

基于混合蛙跳算法的自压微灌管网系统优化设计

【目的】解决自压微灌管网系统布置与管径优化设计的问题,节省工程投资造价。【方法】以新疆某灌区一微灌工程为研究对象,以微灌系统中各级管道的管段长度、管径为决策变量,支毛管允许水头差、工作压力、管径、流速等为约束条件,以管网总投资最小为目标,分别建立了双向毛管布置和单向毛管布置的自压微灌管网数学模型,并采用混合蛙跳算法进行求解,优化管网的布置及各级管道的管径。【结果】该优化设计方法对自压微灌管网系统能够实现管网系统布置与管径的同步优化,优化设计后的方案干管段数减少,干管每一段的长度和每条支管长度增加,部分管段管径减小,所需总投资为469 129.3元,与依据相关规范和经验进行设计的原方案相比,管网投资降低了21.5%。【结论】该优化设计方法所得的优化结果节省投资明显,混合蛙跳算法收敛性能稳定,计算速度较快,具有较高的计算精度,对水源有保证、地面坡度不大且较为均匀的自压微灌管网系统的优化设计具有一定的应用价值。     

微灌田间管网支毛管优化设计探讨

本文以单位面积管网造价最小为目标，导出了平地田间管网优化设计模型及支毛管压力差分配比例，可供微灌管网设计及灌水单元划分和支毛管布置等参考。     

微灌田间管网优化图解法

根据微灌田间管网的特点，提出了其优化设计的图解法，可在满足允许水头偏差率条件下，合理地选择毛管与支管，使其造价最低。该法适用于各种地形下田间管网的优化设计问题。     

微灌田间管网支毛管优化设计探讨

本文以单位面积管网造价最小为目标，导出了平地田间管网优化设计模型及支毛管压力差分配比例，可供微灌管网设计及灌水单元划分和支毛管布置等参考。     

机压微灌管网系统布置与管径同步优化设计

微灌管网系统由轮灌管网(支毛管)和续灌管网(干管)组成,以往的研究没有将其作为一个系统,且不能实现布置与管径组合的同步优化,研究成果对坡度均匀的大型灌区机压微灌独立管网系统的优化也不适用。因此,提出了机压微灌管网系统优化的方法,并建立了优化设计数学模型,采取整数及实数编码的混合编码方法,通过遗传算法求解,同时实现轮灌管网及续灌管网的布置优化及管径组合优化,得出的管径为标准商用管径,无需调整。实例计算结果表明,该模型与算法在求解机压微灌管网系统优化设计问题上具有良好的优化性能和求解精度。与传统设计方案相比较,轮灌管网和续灌管网的优化设计方案单位面积年费用分别降低了14. 85%～35. 59%和4. 12%～12. 99%,节省投资效果明显。     

毛管调压设计方法的改进

在微灌系统设计中，当采用毛管进口安装调压管设计方法时，通常将一条支管上的毛管进口调压管长度分成若干等级。本文分析了调压管长度分级对灌水均匀度产生的影响，提出了改进毛管调压设计的方法。     

手动与自动控制滴灌系统管网布置方案比较

针对微灌自动控制系统日益普及的现状，在分析了手动及自动控制微灌系统管网布置、轮灌组划分特点的基础上，以实际工程为例，详细分析了两种系统设计的区别，并经过系统投资比较得出，虽然自动控制微灌系统增加了自动控制设备，但由于轮灌组和灌水小区的分散布置，可以做到两种灌溉系统初始投资相近。     

微灌技术在农业中的应用

为配合节水灌溉技术的推广,在对微灌技术进行概述的基本上,总结微灌技术的类型及其在农业生产方面的应用优势,从灌水器选择、管网规划设计、系统流量推算、管网水力计算等方面,探讨微灌系统配套设计的原理及方法,为微灌技术的应用提供参考与借鉴。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.