Genetic diversity assessment of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces and improved durum wheat varieties using microsatellites and markers linked with stem rust resistance

A set of 77 markers was used to describe the genetic diversity in a group of 58 tetraploid wheat accessions. Analysis was performed using 31 neutral SSR markers, 31 SSR/STS markers linked with reported major stem rust resistance genes and 15 SSR markers linked with QTL identified for resistance to Ethiopian stem rust races of Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. et E. Henn. (Pgt),including Ug99. The material consisted of 32 (Triticum durum s.l. incl. T. aethiopicum Jakubz., Triticum turgidum and Triticum polonicum) landraces and 22 registered T. durum varieties from Ethiopia that were released 1966–2009 and four T. durum varieties from ICARDA. A total of 720 alleles were detected. Considering the three marker sets, the mean number of alleles was higher for major stem rust resistance gene linked markers (9.9) followed by neutral SSR markers (9.2) and markers linked with QTL for stem rust resistance (8.5). Dendrograms derived from UPGMA analysis grouped the accessions into two major clusters. The principal component analysis based on the combination of the three marker sets formed three groups. The 1st group was composed of all the improved varieties, whereas the 2nd and the 3rd group contained the landraces. All the landraces that formed the 3rd group were susceptible to Ethiopian stem rust races of Pgt including Ug99. The information on the extent of the genetic diversity of the improved varieties obtained in this investigation will be helpful for developing appropriate breeding strategies to broadening the genetic base of durum wheat varieties in further breeding programmes.     

Characterization of stem rust resistance in old tetraploid wheat landraces from the Watkins collection

Stem rust is one of the important diseases of tetraploid wheats worldwide. One hundred and five landraces from the Watkins collection were assessed for seedling and adult plant stem rust response variation. Seedling resistance genes Sr8a, Sr8b, Sr9e, Sr9g, Sr12, Sr13, Sr17 and Sr23 were postulated in 28 genotypes using Australian and Indian Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes. Four genotypes possessed either uncharacterized seedling stem rust resistance gene(s) or combinations of known stem rust resistance genes with compensating avirulences among pathotypes used. Adult plant stem rust response assessments were made on 73 seedling susceptible genotypes in Australia and Ethiopia. Adult plant stem rust responses varied from 1 (very resistant) to 7 (moderately susceptible) on a 1–9 scale. The Ethiopian nursery was exposed to Ug99 (TTKSK) and JRCQC (virulent on Sr9e and Sr13). Some genotypes that exhibited high responses in Australia were scored low in Ethiopia. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of some resistance gene(s) that were ineffective in Australia. The opposite trend was also noted. Over 50 % genotypes exhibited commercially acceptable rust responses varying between 2 and 5 across sites and years. Genotyping with the Sr2-linked molecular marker csSr2 did not detect Sr2 in any of the genotypes. The marker gwm533 however detected the presence of Sr2 in eight genotypes. Stem rust resistant genotypes that carried varying levels of APR could carry new genes. Genetic analysis and deployment of these uncharacterized sources of seedling and APR in new cultivars will ensure durable stem rust control through increased diversity.     

Sources of Resistance to Stem Rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia graminis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis>) in Ethiopian Tetraploid Wheat Accessions

Seedlings of 41 emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and 56 durum (T. durum Desf.) wheat accessions were evaluated for their response to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) infection under greenhouse condition at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The objectives were to identify tetraploid wheat accessions that could serve as sources of resistance to stem rust, and postulate the stem rust (Sr) resistance genes through multipatotype testing. The test included screening of accessions for stem rust resistance and multipatotype testing. To ensure vigorous screening, a mixture of six isolates (Si-1a, Am-2, Ku-3, Dz-4a, Ro-4 and Na-22) that were collected from severely infected emmer, durum, and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties of major wheat growing areas of Ethiopia was used as inocula. Out of the tested accessions, 18 emmer and 6 durum accessions exhibited low infection types (0–2) response and hence selected as a source of resistance to stem rust infection. Multipatotype testing was done to postulate Sr genes in the selected accessions. In the test, 10 different stem rust races (A2, A9, A11, A14, A16, A17, B3, B7, B15, and B21), 33 stem rust differential lines, and a universal susceptible check variety, Morocco were used, The high (3–4) and low infection type reaction patterns of the tested accessions and differential lines were used to postulate the genes that exhibit gene-for-gene relationship. The presence of Sr 7b, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10, 14, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and Tt-3+10 genes were postulated in 16 selected emmer and 5 durum wheat accessions. Efforts to transfer these valuable Sr genes from cultivated tetraploid wheats could be rewarding to get stem rust resistant varieties and boost wheat production.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) × durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) derived lines and their parents using mapped and unmapped molecular markers

In the last few years, the renewed interest for emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) in Italy has stimulated breeding programs for this crop releasing improved genotypes obtained not only by selection from landraces, but even by crosses with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties. The purpose of this work has been to uncover the genetic make-up of some emmer × durum derivatives, specifically by comparing the differences from their parents. Genetic diversity of advanced breeding lines and varieties derived from a durum × emmer cross has been evaluated on the basis of AFLP and SSR markers in comparison with the corresponding emmer and durum wheat parent for addressing the seminal question of how much ‘wild’ variation remains after selection for agronomic type.     

Reaction to powdery mildew and stripe rust in related species and landraces of wheat

Field and controlled environmental tests indicated that the 49 accessions of closely related species and 12 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) from the National Gene Bank of China showed different reactions to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer. f. sp. tritici) and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici) at adult and seedling stages. Unknown Pm genes or alleles were postulated with Triticum baeoticum Boiss. accessions BO 3 and Triticum monococcum L. MO 4 and MO 5 when inoculated with 21 powdery mildew isolates at seedling stage. Fourteen accessions of T. baeoticum, T. monococcum, Triticum durum, and wheat landraces were inoculated with 30 stripe rust isolates at seedling stage. Unknown Yr genes or alleles were postulated with T. baeoticum Boiss. accession BO 5, as well as wheat landraces Xiaobaimai, Laomangmai, and Shaanxibai. Heterogeniety in reaction to powdery mildew isolates and stripe rust races were observed in related species and landraces of wheat.     

Assessment of EST-microsatellites markers for discrimination and genetic diversity in bread and durum wheat landraces from Afghanistan

Accurate and reliable means for identification are necessary to assess the discrimination between landraces of tetraploid wheat [T.␣turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] and hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum L. em. Thell.). In Afghanistan, farmers usually cultivate mixed landraces, and thus distinction between bread and durum is difficult. A set of 18 microsatellites derived from the DuPont EST-database were used to describe genetic diversity in a sample of 82 Afghan wheat landraces. A total of 101 alleles were detected, with allele number per locus ranging from 2 to 13, and a mean allele number of 6.31. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 89%. The EST-SSRs markers showed different level of gene diversity: the highest Polymorphism Information Content value (0.921) was observed with DuPw 221. Our results demonstrated that with a reasonable number of expressed sequences target microsatellites (EST-SSRs) it is possible to discriminate between T. durum and T. aestivum species of wheat germplasm. Our results showed that EST-databases could be a useful source for species-specific markers and have the potential for new genic microsatellites markers that could enhance screening germplasm in gene banks.     

Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii Coss. for resistance to wheat stem rust and inheritance of resistance genes in hexaploid wheat

With the objective to identify new sources of resistance to wheat stem rust, a collection of 169 accessions ofAegilops tauschii, obtained from the IPK genebank at Gatersleben, Germany, were screened for resistance undercontrolled conditions. Fourteen (8%) accessions were resistant to stem rust among which 10 were highly resistant(IT 5 ; and 1) and four exhibited a moderately resistance reaction (IT 5 2). From the synthetic hexaploids whichwere produced by hybridizing resistant Ae. tauschii with susceptible Triticum durum, six synthetics expressed ahigh level of stem rust resistance similar to their corresponding diploid parents, while five displayed either areduced or complete susceptibility compared to their Ae. tauschii parents. This suppression of resistance at thehexaploid level suggests the presence of suppressor genes in the A and/ or B genomes of the T. durum parents.Inheritance of resistance from crosses of five stem rust resistant synthetic hexaploids with two susceptible T.aestivum genotypes revealed that three of the synthetics (syn 101, syn 601 and syn 801) possessed one dominantgene each, syn 111 has two different dominant genes and syn 116 has two complementary interacting genes forstem rust resistance. Intercrosses among the four stem rust resistant synthetic hexaploids indicated that the putativegenes conferring stem rust resistance in each of the synthetics are neither allelic nor closely linked to each other.     

Genetic Diversity and Relationships of Wheat Landraces from Oman Investigated with SSR Markers

Little is known about genetic diversity and geographic origin of wheat landraces from Oman, an ancient area of wheat cultivation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic relationships and levels of diversity of six wheat landraces collected in Oman with a set of 30 evenly distributed SSR markers. The total gene diversity, (H_T), conserved in the three durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) landraces (H_T = 0.46) was higher than in the three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces (H_T = 0.37), which were similar to Turkish and Mexican bread wheat landraces calculated in previous studies. Genetic variation partitioning (G_ST) showed that variation was mainly distributed within rather than among the durum (G_ST = 0.30) and bread wheat (G_ST = 0.19) landraces. Based on modified Rogers’ distance (MRD), the durum and bread wheat landraces were distinct from each other except for a few individuals according to principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). One bread wheat landrace (Greda) was separated into two distinct sub-populations. A joint cluster analysis with other landraces of worldwide origin revealed that Omani bread wheat landraces were different from other landraces. However, two landraces from Pakistan were grouped somewhat closer to Omani landraces indicating a possible, previously unknown relationship. Implications of these results for future wheat landrace collection, evaluation and conservation are discussed.     

Genetic diversity assessment of Bulgarian durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> Desf.) landraces and modern cultivars using microsatellite markers

The genetic diversity in a Triticum durum Desf. collection, consisting of 102 Bulgarian landraces, nine Bulgarian and 25 introduced cultivars was studied using 14 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. A total of 100 alleles were identified, with an average of 7.14 alleles per marker. The gene diversity values (He) of the markers for the total samples ranged from 0.23 (WMS357 and WMS631) to 0.77 (WMS46), with an average of 0.52. Within the landraces that were collected from 18 sites in Southern Bulgaria showed 2–11 alleles per locus with an average of 6.07. The microsatellite analysis suggests that the genetic diversity among landraces is lower compared to the diversity levels for durum wheat in countries close to the main centers of wheat domestication. Breeding activities have caused significant reduction of the allelic polymorphism, elimination of rare alleles, and increase in the number of common alleles and the frequency of dominating alleles.     

Gliadins of Bulgarian durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> Desf.) landraces: genetic diversity and geographical distribution

The polymorphism of gliadins was studied in 98 Bulgarian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landraces and classified according to the existing catalogues of blocks of gliadin components. In total, 31 alleles, including 12 new ones, were revealed for five gliadin-coding loci. Nine allele families, which included several alleles coding similar blocks differed only by minor components, were found. The gliadin loci had a high genetic diversity (H = 0.70), and Gli-A2 ^d was the most polymorphic locus. Significant differences in allele distribution were observed through the Bulgarian region under study. The results made it possible to explain the distribution by historical factors. Presumably, the genetic material flew into the country via two different ways and different durum wheat subgroups contributed to the formation of Bulgarian landraces. The landraces were a result of long-term selection and, probably, had a close association with the history of the human populations of the region.     

Resistance to wheat leaf rust in Aegilops tauschii Coss. and inheritance of resistance in hexaploid wheat

A collection of 164 Aegilops tauschii accessions, obtained from Gatersleben, Germany, was screened for reaction to leaf rust under controlled greenhouse conditions. We have also evaluated a selection of synthetic hexaploid wheats, produced by hybridizing Ae. tauschii with tetraploid durum wheats, as well as the first and second generation of hybrids between some of these resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats and susceptible Triticum aestivum cultivars. Eighteen (11%) accessions of Ae. tauschii were resistant to leaf rust among which 1 was immune, 13 were highly resistant and 4 were moderately resistant. Six of the synthetic hexaploid wheats expressed a high level of leaf rust resistance while four exhibited either a reduced or complete susceptibility compared to their corresponding diploid parent. This suppression of resistance at the hexaploid level suggests the presence of suppressor genes in the A and/or B genomes of the T. turgidum parent. Inheritance of leaf rust resistance from the intercrosses with susceptible bread wheats revealed that resistance was dominant over susceptibility. Leaf rust resistance from the three synthetics (syn 101, syn 701 and syn 901) was effectively transmitted as a single dominant gene and one synthetic (syn 301) possessed two different dominant genes for resistance.     

Agronomic and Quality Performance of Progeny Lines Derived from Spring Wheat by Durum Wheat Crosses

Hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) have both been selected for dryland yield potential and high grain protein, although end uses of flour are different. For this study, 14 tetraploid and 10 hexaploid lines were derived from crosses between tetraploid durum wheat and hexaploid hard red spring wheat. Our objective was to determine the impact of genetic exchange between the two classes on agronomic and quality attributes of derived progeny lines. Yield potential of both the tetraploid and hexaploid progeny was lower than the parental types. Polyphenol oxidase levels were higher by almost twofold in the hexaploid group. The tetraploid progeny group had better noodle color than did the hexaploid group. Bread quality of hexaploid group was superior, with loaf volume 362 cm³ higher than that of tetraploid progeny group. In general, the presence of durum wheat genes in the derived hexaploid lines had little impact on most quality traits. The presence or absence of the D genome tended to be the major influence on end use quality traits. Our results suggest that genetic exchange between the two groups has a small effect on end use quality, but low yield potential in the progeny suggests obtaining desirable genetic combinations for plant improvement may be challenging.     

The climate of the zone of origin of Mediterranean durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landraces affects their agronomic performance

The genetic diversity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is held by landraces, which are generally considered to be endemic to a particular region to which they are well adapted. To evaluate the effect of climate in the countries of origin on their agronomic performance, 172 durum wheat landraces from 21 Mediterranean countries were grown in northeastern Spain. Average long-term climatic data of the main wheat-growing areas in each country of origin allowed us to identify four climatic zones in the Mediterranean Basin, steadily varying from warm and dry to cool and wet. The phenology, biomass, and yield of landraces were affected by the climatic zone of origin. The climatic zone accounted for 32.8, 28.3 and 14.5 % of variance for days to anthesis, plant height, and grain filling rate, respectively. The number of days to heading and anthesis steadily increased when moving from the warmest and driest zone of origin to the coldest and wettest one. Landraces collected in the warmest and driest zone had a smaller biomass, a lower chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, more fertile tillers, spikes and grains m^?2, a lower grain filling rate, lighter grains, and lower yields than those originated in colder and wetter zones. Landraces collected in countries with high solar radiation showed a shorter cycle until anthesis and smaller height and biomass accumulation, while higher temperatures after anthesis resulted in more tillers and spikes. Landraces from countries with high potential evapotranspiration during grain filling had significantly lower grain filling rates and grain weight.     

Farmers’ Perception and Genetic Erosion of Tetraploid Wheats Landraces in Ethiopia

Assessing genetic erosion has been suggested as the first priority in any major effort to arrest loss of genetic diversity. In Ethiopia, although it is generally accepted that significant amount of genetic erosion has occurred and is still occurring, there is little data on its amount and extent. Thus, this study is conducted to quantify the extent of genetic erosion in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces and to identify major causes of genetic erosion. To this end, a field survey of 126 farmers, randomly selected over five districts in eastern, south-eastern and central highlands of Ethiopia during 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 main cropping seasons was undertaken. Questioner was used to collect primary data from farmers who are potentially rich sources of information on genetic erosion at the variety level. Additional data were collected through key informant interviewing. Moreover, resampling was made from Tulo, Chiro and Harar Zuriya districts in eastern Ethiopia. Analysis of history profiles from primary and secondary data indicated a reduction in the use of local varieties over years. Triticum polonicum and T. turgidum are becoming very localized, and therefore, they are under greater threat of extinction. Using the calculation scheme: gene erosion=100%−gene integrity, i.e., the still extant landraces, genetic erosion was calculated for the three different areas where resamplings were made. Genetic erosion of 100% was observed both in T. durum and T. dicoccon in Tulo district. Likewise, genetic erosion of 85.7, 100 and 77.8%, respectively, was calculated for T. durum, T. turgidum and T. dicoccon in Chiro district. In Harar Zuriya, a genetic erosion of 88.9% for T. durum and 100% both in T. turgidum and T. dicoccon was detected. Number of farmers growing landraces of tetraploid wheats drastically decreased in all surveyed areas in the past decades. Displacement of landraces by other crops was the prominent factor for ending landrace cultivation. Farmers’ preference to yield potential and cash crops subsequently reduced the chance of maintaining landraces. Institutional factors like access to credit and the extension advice have influenced farmers’ decision regarding cultivar choice. In all surveyed areas, the most important initial source of seed of improved wheat varieties is the seed credit from the Ministry of Agriculture which uses a ‘plant now, pay later’ scheme to promote the distribution of improved varieties and fertilizers. The problem of genetic erosion through inappropriate maintenance of ex situ collections was also recognized and discussed.     

Farmers perception of pesticide use and genetic erosion of landraces of tetraploid wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis> spp.) in Ethiopia

Perception of farmers’ about the use of pesticides and genetic erosion of tetraploid wheat landraces of Ethiopia was assessed through focus group discussions with farmers, on-farm observations, personal interviews with farmers, by using structured questionnaires of temporal and spatial methods. A total of 1496 farmers from seven provinces in the country were interviewed. Farmers’ knowledge about pesticide increases suggests that they are not happy on using chemicals because of their negative impact on farm land. About 75 % of the farmers believe that, although the use of pesticides may increase the production of wheat, it has a negative impact on (human) health and environment. Women showed a higher concern for pesticides’ harmfulness than men. Farmers’ valuation of genetic erosion was estimated as reduced importance of landraces, as shown by a the lower proportion of landraces either grown or sold on the market. The four most important factors cited for loss of landraces were reduction in land area per capita, displacement by released/modern varieties of hexaploid wheat and teff, reduced benefit from landraces, and displacement by other crops and chat. Genetic erosion of 100 % was observed for Triticum dicoccon in the provinces of Gojam and Gonder and for T. polonicum in Tigray and Gojam. Overall, genetic erosion in the country was 32.0, 35.3, 55.9, 84.4 and 84.4 % for T. durum Desf., T. turgidum L., T. aethiopicum Jakubz., T. polonicum L. and T. dicoccon Schrank, respectively.     

Variation of leaf esterases in some Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces

Summary Esterase isozymes of tetraploid wheat landraces originating from four localities in the central highlands of Ethiopia were studied using the horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. The landraces studied consisted of 60 Triticum turgidum L., one T. dicoccon Schrank, one T. polonicum L. and an improved local cultivar. One introduced durum cultivar was also included for comparison.A total of 12 esterase zymograms were detected in the landraces. Among these, the types C, A and G were found to be the most prevalent. The esterase isozymes exhibited high variation in the landraces. The esterase zymograms of the introduced durum cultivar and T. dicoccon differed from those of the landraces while the patterns attained in T. polonicum and the improved local cultivar were identical to those of the other landraces.The total number of bands detected was 10, of which 2 were rare, being displayed by only 1 pattern each. The band content of zymograms was in the range of 3–6 and the average was 4. The unique bands were observed in zymograms with both high and low prevalences in the landraces. Two zymograms, including zymogram C which had the highest frequency, occurred in all the localities. The high yielding landraces displayed 4 of the zymograms, one of which belonged to two of the zymograms with widest distribution.     

Molecular diversity of Omani wheat revealed by microsatellites: I. Tetraploid landraces

Results of archaeological studies indicate a millennia-old cultivation history for wheat (Triticum spp.) in Oman. However, in spite of numerous collection surveys and efforts for phenotypic characterization of Omani wheat landraces, no attempts have been made using molecular tools to characterize this germplasm. To fill this gap, 29 microsatellite markers revealing 30 loci were used to study the genetic diversity of 38 tetraploid wheat landrace accessions comprising the species T. dicoccon, T. durum and T. aethiopicum. A total of 219 alleles were detected whereby the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16 with an average number of 7.1 alleles per locus. The highest number of alleles occurred in the B genome with on average 7.9 alleles per locus as compared to the A genome with 6.5 alleles per locus. Heterogeneity was detected for all microsatellites except for GWM 312, GWM 601 and GWM 192B with an average heterogeneity over all primers and lines of 14.4%. Approximately 10% of the accessions contained rare alleles with an average allele frequency <4%. Gene diversity across microsatellite loci ranged from 0.26 to 0.85. The pairwise comparison of genetic similarity ranged from 0.03 to 0.91 with an average of 0.2. Cluster analysis revealed a clear separation of the two species groups T. dicoccon versus T. durum and T. aethiopicum. Within the species clusters regional patterns of subclustering were observed. Overall, this study confirmed the existence of a surprisingly high amount of genetic diversity in Omani wheat landraces as already concluded from previous morphological analyses and showed that SSR markers can be used for landraces’ analysis and a more detailed diversity evaluation.     

Genetic variation for phenolic acids concentration and composition in a tetraploid wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum turgidum</Emphasis> L.) collection

Phenolic acid intake through the consumption of whole-wheat foods provides important health benefits associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases and colon cancer. The genetic variation for phenolic acids was extensively studied in common wheat, but a comprehensive survey in tetraploid wheat is lacking. In this study we evaluated the genetic variability for individual and total phenolic acids concentration existing in a large collection of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). A 2-year evaluation was undertaken on the whole-meal flour of 111 genotypes belonging to seven T. turgidum subspecies including cultivars, landraces and wild accessions. Durum cultivars [T. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) MacKey], had the highest average concentration of total phenolic acids (828.7 μg g^?1 dm in 2012; 834.5 μg g^?1 dm in 2013) with amounts varying from 550.9 μg g^?1 dm to 1701.2 μg g^?1 dm, indicating a variation of greater than threefold fold. The lowest concentration of phenolic acids was found in T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübler) Thell. Rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) had phenolic acid concentrations similar to those in durum, but less variation was noted among the accessions. On the other hand, the accessions of the four remaining subspecies showed lower phenolic acid concentrations and variation among the accessions as compared to durum. A total of six phenolic acids were identified across the wheat genotypes. The effects of genotype, year and year × genotype were estimated by ANOVA and resulted significant for all phenolic acids. The ratio of genotypic variance to total variance suggested the possibility of improving phenolic acid content in elite wheat germplasm through appropriate breeding programs. Moreover, significant correlations between phenolic acids and other quality characteristics of the grain were detected.     

小麦远缘杂交种质资源创新

小麦近缘种是改良小麦的一个重要基因库, 具有许多栽培小麦所不具备的优良特性。我们通过远缘杂交、染色体工程的方法创制了一大批不同类型的材料, 经基因组原位杂交GISH、多色FISH 和特异分子标记鉴定, 抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病鉴定, 品质、营养性状以及产量性状鉴定, 共选育出10 类可为育种家利用的抗病、优质、富含微量营养元素、氮高效、丰产性状优良的远缘杂交新种质和新不育系种质; 开发了414对黑麦基因组专化的EST 引物, 31 个黑麦染色体(臂)专化的EST 分子标记, 可应用于分子标记辅助育种, 或追踪检测小麦背景中的黑麦染色体或染色体片段; 进行了抗病新基因的遗传分析和分子标记定位工作。利用新种质, 选育出了一批表现突出的抗病、营养高效的小麦-黑麦、小麦-冰草远缘杂交新品系