Der biologische Wert des in erdeloser Kultur angebauten Treibgemüses

Results are reported of the influence of soilless culture upon the biological value of vegetables grown on gravel in glasshouses: 1. Genetic differences of cultivars used in the experiments will also be obvious by means of contents of nutrients by this method of cultivation. 2. Comparing greenhouse crops in soil as usual with those of soilless culture differences as regard the biological value are found sometimes, as follows:

1. In cucumbers and radishes a slight decrease of dry matter and sugar contents, but no differences in ascorbic acid.
2. In kohlrabi a slight decrease of all nutrients investigated.
3. In cauliflower — no differences at all.
4. In capsicum fruits — higher contents in soiless grown culture, especially of ascorbic acid.
5. In tomatoes have been detected some features, which are obviously due to cultivation in greenhouses: A decrease of ascorbic acid contents when harvested in summertime and still more distinct when harvested in autumn. Furthermore a decrease of ‘relative’ sugar contents in dry matter in fruits of yield in autumn compared with that of summer yield.

As far as any differences in contents of nutrients occurred they generally were low. As regard the biological value, we may conclude, that soilless grown crops are somewhat equivalent to crops grown in soil. 3. Dates in contents of nutrients found in our investigations of 6 vegetable species are in close relations to corresponding dates published in synoptical tables of nutritive value of vegetables.     

Eiweiß und Aminosäuren in Nahrungspflanzen

In order to get a sufficient survey we subdivided the food plants as follows:

1. Leafy Vegetables
2. Tuber and Root Vegetables
3. Potatoes
4. Onions and Leek
5. Stalky Vegetables
6. Sprout Vegetables
7. Flowerlike Vegetables
8. Fruit Vegetables
9. Pulses
10. Cereals
11. Fruit

The single groups are discussed with regard to their contents of amino acids. They are compared with the pattern of amino acids found in mothers' milk, so allowing to deduce typical patterns for each group. In this connection it is of great interest that legumes alter the pattern with the stage of ripening. With a decrease in contents of lysine a tendency of increase in methionine and tryptophane is observed. This is distinctly marked in comparing proteins of legumes with those of cereals. The composition of a ‘typical plant protein’ has been calculated considering the whole analytical material. This in turn has been related to the use of consumption in the BRD considering also the share of proteins delivered from the different plant groups. This protein shows in comparison with that of mothers' milk a very favorable composition (EAA-Index (9 EAA) according to Oser = 81) and confirmed the statement being of good use for human nutrition.     

Accumulation of dry matter and N,P, K,by Russet Burbank,Oromonte and Red McClure potatoes

Potato plants of Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure varieties were studied in the San Luis Valley of Colorado to determine their dry matter and nutrient accumulation. The following observations were made in the 1967 growing season.

1. Growth patterns for the three varieties were similar, but average growth rate of Oromonte and Red McClure was higher than that of Russet Burbank.
2. Top growth reached its peak in 61, 55, and 50 days after emergence for Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure, respectively.
3. In the 3 weeks before killing forst, tuber growth equalled 50% of maximum tuber dry weight for Russet Burbank and about 61% for Oromonte and Red McClure.
4. Total N uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was about 127 lb for each variety, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and nitrogen uptake. The tubers contained about 71% of the total N uptake.
5. Total P uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was about 16 1b for each variety, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and P uptake. The tubers contained about 83% of total P uptake.
6. Total K uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was 132, 187, and 147 lb (not significantly different) for Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure, respectively, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and K uptake. The Russet Burbank tubers contained 63% of the total K uptake and Oromonte and Red McClure about 52%.
7. Tuber dry matter per cent increased during the season until 2 weeks before a killing frost (65 to 69 days after emergence). At harvest, the dry matter approximated 21% for the varieties studied.

     

Über den Einfluss Steigender Stickstoffgaben auf den Gehalt an Freien und Gebundenen Aminosäuren im Fruchtfleisch von Sauerkirschen der Sorte ‘Schattenmorelle’

The influence of increasing dosages of nitrogen containing fertilizers (0; 7.5; 15.0; 22.5; 30.0 g N per vessel) on the different N-fractions in the fruit flesh of the variety ‘Schattenmorelle’ was studied with the following results:

1. With increasing N-dosages the share of the different N-fractions in the fruits shows an increasing tendency.
2. Increasing N-dosages have an influence on the sum of protein amino acids, but hardly any on the percentual distribution and consequently none on the pattern of amino acids of the proteins.
3. The free amino acids are differently influenced by increasing N-dosages: While asparagin acid, glutamin acid, threonin, serin, prolin, alanin, tyrosin and histedin are showing an essential increase, valin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, arginin are little changed. The missing methionin and cystein are to be considered as the limiting amino acids.
4. Regardless of the N-dosages the sulfur containing amino acids methionin and cystein are increased with increasing dosages of sulfur fertilizers.
5. With increasing N-dosages asparagin and glutamin became especially increased. Compared to ‘without N’ the increase in ‘4N’ of the chlorid row is more than tenfold.
6. High N-dosages in combination with sulfates and chlorides can differently influence the quantity and the quality of the N-fractions in the fruits.

     

Experimentelle Ergebnisse über die Änderung des Gehalts an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen bei Zubereitung und Verarbeitung von Gemüse. Mitt. II: Verschiedene Inhaltsstoffe

A comparison of laboratory experiments on the effect preparation of various vegetables on a household scale has on the nutritional elements in fresh and preserved vegetables is given. Comparing the following methods of preparation: fresh vegetables in regular pots or in a pressure cooker on a household scale; blanching vegetables with water or steam; adding tap water and filtered blanching water to water and steam blanched vegetables in canning; and freezing water and steam blanched vegetables. The changes in contents of nutritional elements caused by the various techniques of preparation and preservation lead to the following conclusions:

1. The smallest loss of nutritional elements occurs when fresh vegetables are prepared on a household scale, provided the vegetables are really fresh and a minimum amount of water is used for cooking.
2. Blanching vegetables with steam for preservation has a more favourable effect on the content of nutritional elements than blanching with water.
3. A higher nutritional value is retained in canned goods if filtered blanching water is used as canning liquid rather than fresh tap water.
4. The liquid in canned goods contains a large quantity of nutritional elements, therefore, it should be used not wasted.

     

Bereitstellung geeigneter laboratoriumstiere für die biologische qualitätsprürfung von nahrungsmitteln

Nowadays, the requirements to be met on the genetical, microbial and health status of laboratory animals are very high so that for their breeding as well as for their maintenance special institutions and trained personnel have become necessary. The provision of qualified laboratory animals entails among others the following tasks:

? To keep constant the heterozygoic genetic spectrum of outbred populations as far as possible.

? Genetic monitoring and continuation of inbred strains.

? Breeding of available mutants and hybrids as well.

? Monitoring the microflora with the aim to provide gnotobiotic or specified pathogen free animals.

? To deliver genetically defined and microbiologically examined animals to accredited breeders, if necessary.

? To control the optimalized physical environmental conditions under which the animals are bred and maintained.

? To feed standardized open formula diets to the animals even before being used in experiments.

     

Biochemische Untersuchungen Zum Wirkungsmechanismus des Wachstumsregulators Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) Bei Der Tomatenpflanze (Lycopersicon Esculentum)

1. The widely-held view that CCC may act by blocking gibberellin synthesizing enzymes could not be confirmed in CCC-sensitive tomato plants. A study of the metabolism of dl-2-¹⁴C mevalonic acid (MVA) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of gibberellins provided evidence for five labelled acids which are very probably not gibberellins but triterpenoid acids. CCC stimulated their biosynthesis with one exception. Acid X_s the synthesis of which is inhibited by CCC is definitely not a gibberellin as shown by u.v. and i.r. spectroscopy and a biotest.
2. Increased applications of CCC to tomato plants resulted in strongly enhanced biosynthesis of squalene 2, 3-oxide (19–20 fold). This in turn stimulates the biosynthesis of Δ⁷ - and Δ⁵-sterols, as well as 4-methyl and 4,4-di-methyl sterols (including pentacyclic triterpenalcohols).
3. There is not enough evidence to justify the interpretation that the observed effects upon MVA-metabolism are the only cause of growth retardation following CCC application.

     

Die Veränderungen der Gehalte an essentiellen Aminosäuren während der Reifung des Weizenkorns

Changes in the contents of main aminoacids have been watched during the period of wheat ripening. The aminoacids have been determined by microbiological methods. The results obtained have been calculated according to the statistics used in British Pharmacopeia. Reliability range has been settled for each results separately. Determination fault amounts to ±4,6% on an average. The total aminoacids have been calculated to 16% nitrogen. According to analysis results the aminoacids can be classified in four groups, i.e.:

1. Aminoacids which share in total proteins remain constant during wheat ripening: Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine.
2. Aminoacids which share in total proteins decrease during wheat ripening: Lysine.
3. Aminoacids which share in total proteins increase during wheat ripening: Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophane.
4. Aminoacids whose contents show no regularity during the wheat ripening: Leucine, Histidine, Phenylalanine.

     

Favism-inducing toxins in broad beans (Vicia faba) biological activities of broad beans extracts in favism — Sensitive subjects

Ingestion of broad bean seeds will precipitate an acute haemolytic anaemia (favism) in certain sensitive subjects. Aqueous extracts from both fresh and dried mature broad bean seeds, obtained from a favism-endemic area in Iran, were incubated with blood from favism-sensitive and control subjects. Changes in the reduced glutathione content of red blood cells were determined as an index of toxicity. The results showed that:

1. The toxic principles in broad beans were at least partially water soluble.
2. The seed coats of dry mature seeds and the flesh from fresh seeds had low toxicity.
3. The immature whole seeds and the seed coats of fresh mature seeds were toxic.

     

Einige Physiologische und Biochemische Aspekte des „Off Flavor“-Problems unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pestizidein-Wirkung auf Nahrungspflanzen

Delightful perceptions during food intake result from the complex respond of various sensoric-organs in the cavities of mouth and nose to physical and chemical irritations by food-stuffs. This complexly composed perception — known as flavor — is caused mainly by the chemosensory criteria taste and odor. In order to discuss deviations of flavor it is necessary to talk about perception and origin of flavor. Observations of the phenomena on receptors and of irritation transport lead to the conclusion, that taste and odor each represent a complicated composed sense. We must therefore consider flavor perception being a multiply entangled and mutually influencing mixture of irritations, capable to indicate effectfully even very small deviations. All volatile and water soluble substances, which transgress the threshold of sensation, are responsible for the formation of flavor. Small deviations of the original spectrum of compounds as well as residues of strange substances can lead to ?Off Flavor“. Food plants, contaminated with pesticides, may exhibit ?Off Flavor“ under certain circumstances. Three kinds of mechanisms may influence flavor of food in this respect:

1. The pesticide or some degradation products may cause ?Off Flavor“.
2. The pesticide interferes with the biochemical metabolism causing ?Off Flavor”.
3. The pesticide doesn't cause “Off Flavor” in harvested crops. Storage however of these products or processing do so.

Flavor controls can therefore complete in some cases the results of pesticide analysis. Flavor deviations can be recognized sensitively and reproducibly by methods of Sensory Analysis, where the human senses are used like measuring instruments. There exist three tests: Paired comparison test, triangle test and duo-trio-test. The results are evaluated by the χ²-method, and permit a sensitive and reproducible flavor assay.     

Petiole nitrate content of Maine-grown Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes in response to varying nitrogen rate

Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes were grown with at-planting nitrogen fertilizer rates varying from 0 to 270 kg ha^?1 following small grains and red clover. Petiole samples were collected from the 4th and 5th leaflets at four to six dates each during the 1986 to 1989 growing seasons. The samples were dried and analyzed for NO ₃ ^? N content. Petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels were strongly related to nitrogen rate regardless of cultivar, growing season, and cropping system. Differences among treatments and NO ₃ ^? N content varied substantially as the growing season progressed with petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels declining rapidly in underfertilized plots as the plants aged. Petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels were higher at midseason following red clover than following small grains. Sampling 50 to 60 days after planting (DAP) is most appropriate as a tool for scheduling supplemental nitrogen applications. At 50 DAP, critical petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels were 1.6 and 1.7% for Russet Burbank and Shepody, respectively. Petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels above 2.2% at 50 DAP resulted in lower yields of Russet Burbank than when petiole NO ₃ ^? N levels were in the 1.6 to 2.2% range. Petiole NO ₃ ^? N testing should be particularly useful as a diagnostic tool in management strategies which make maximum use of previous crop residues, organic amendments, and soil reserves as nitrogen sources.     

Effect of preparation and cooking on the nutritive value of broad beans

Nutritive value and protein quality of dried local broad beans (Giza 1) were studied before and after preparation and cooking, according to the methods commonly used in Egypt. Dried broad beans were: 1) germinated, 2) germinated and boiled, which is the method commonly used to make ‘Nabeet Soup’ and 3) Stewed, to make ‘Medammes’ the popular breakfast dish in Egypt and Middle East. Moisture, crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, fiber, caloric value and some minerals including calcium, phosphorus and iron, were determined in both dried and prepared seeds. The methods used for evaluating proteins quality involved, the determination of both ‘protein efficiency ratio’ (P.E.R.) and ‘net protein ratio’ (N.P.R.) using weanling albino rats. Besides, analysis of serum of rats maintained on, diets containing both dried and prepared beans were done to study the effect of their proteins on some blood criteria. These, involved the determination of:

1. Total serum proteins.
2. Serum albumin/globulin ratio.
3. Free non essential/essential amino acids ratio.

The results showed that germination, boiling and stewing slightly improved the P.E.R. values of broad beans. The stewed beans had slightly higher value than either germinated or boiled germinated beans which have more or less the same P.E.R. value. It was also clear that using, in diets of rats, either germinated, boiled germinated or stewed beans instead of dried ones, it caused a slight increase in both total serum proteins and albumin/globulin ratios and a decrease in the non essential/essential amino acids ratios. The effect was more marked with boiled germinated beans than with other kinds of preparation.     

Carbon monoxide from engines in warehouse operations

Tests were conducted by the Agricultural Engineering Staff at North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, during the summer of 1970 to evaluate the production of carbon monoxide gas due to internal combustion engine operation in warehouses. Tests compared gasoline engines and LP gas engines, equipped with regular and catalytic mufflers and with the fuel system at normal and 10% rich air-fuel ratios. The engines were operated on a cycle of load and no load conditions to approximate actual usage. Exhaust gases were piped to a 10,000 cubic foot sealed room and intake air was taken from the same room. Gas from the test room was sampled periodically and analyzed for carbon monoxide and other gases. A method was devised to estimate the probable CO levels in a warehouse, knowing the volume and infiltration rate of the warehouse and the specific engine being used in the warehouse. For the test conditions:

1. The LP gas engine produced 50% less CO than the gasoline engine.
2. The catalytic muffler reduced CO by 40% when compared with a conventional muffler.
3. Engines set at normal A-F ratios produced 42% less CO than engines set 10% rich.

     

Economics of enhanced micronutrient density in food staples

The combining of benefits for human nutrition and agricultural productivity, resulting from breeding staple food crops which are more efficient in the micronutrient metal uptake from the soil, and which accumulate more micronutrients into their seeds, results in extremely high ex ante estimates of benefit/costs ratios for investments in agricultural research in this area. This finding derives from the confluence of several complementary factors:

• •Rates of micronutrient malnutrition are high in developing countries, as are the consequent costs to human welfare and economic productivity.
• •Because staple foods are eaten in large quantities every day by the malnourished poor, delivery of enriched staple foods (fortified by the plants themselves during growth) can rely on existing consumer behavior.
• •A significant percentage of the soils in which these staple foods are grown are `deficient' in these micronutrient metals, which has kept crop yields low. In general, these soils in fact contain relatively high total amounts of micronutrient metals. However, because of binding to soil constituents, these nutrients have poor soil availability to staple crop varieties that are currently available to farmers.
• •Adoption and spread of nutritionally-improved varieties by farmers can rely on profit incentives, either because of agronomic advantages on trace mineral-deficient soils or incorporation of nutritional improvements in the most productive varieties being released by agricultural research stations.
• •Benefits to relatively small investments in agricultural research may be disseminated widely, potentially accruing to hundreds of millions of people and millions of hectares of cropland.
• •Benefits from breeding advances, derived from initial, fixed costs, typically do not involve high recurring costs, and thus tend to be highly sustainable as long as an effective domestic agricultural research infrastructure is maintained.

     

Beiträge zum Metabolismus des Pestizids Aldrin in Nahrungspflanzen

The action of the pesticide Aldrin on lettuce, using¹⁴C-Aldrin, was the object of the accompanying experiments. Autoradiographs show a clear absorbtion of Aldrin by lettuce plants. The absorbtion occurs in two ways:

1. By transportation through the vascular bundles,
2. by evaporation from the soil followed by condensation on to the plant.

When the seeds are coated with pesticide, the residual amount of 0.002 ppm in the edible parts is very low. When the soil is treated with pesticide, residual amounts are obtained, which are approximately proportional to the applied dosage. With a 10-fold overdosage, a residual amount of 0.2 ppm is found in the lettuce-crown. Intensive glass-home cultivation during the winter months, when 3 successive crops of lettuce can be grown, each receiving the normal dosage of Aldrin, can lead to the accumulation of pesticide in the soil and the surrounding air of the glass-enclosed system. Only Aldrin and Dieldrin could be shown to be present in the plants, and a characteristic ratio of the amount of Aldrin to Dieldrin was found, depending upon the experimental conditions and the part of the plant used. After 12 Weeks, only about 25% of the original amount of Aldrin applied, was found in the pots of the outdoor experiment. The majority of the residue in the soil was restricted to an upper layer about 5 cms thick. Water which filtered through the soil contained, as well as Aldrin and Dieldrin, a polar component with hydrophilic properties. The constitution was not determined. On the basis of experimental results up till now, it is probably a type of carboxylic acid.     

Prediction of potato yield using temperature and insolation data

A linear polynomial model is presented $$Y = \beta _0 + \beta _1 X_1 + \beta _2 X_2 + \beta _3 X_3 + \xi $$ where Y = plant yield of tubers > 1 cm diameter, X₁ = revised growing degree days $$\begin{gathered} RGDD = \frac{{max temp \left( { \leqslant 30^ \circ C} \right) + \min temp \left( { \geqslant 4.4^ \circ C} \right)}}{2} - 4.4^ \circ C \hfill \\ - \frac{{min temp \left( { > 4.4^ \circ C} \right) - 4.4^ \circ C}}{2} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ X₂ = total insolation in cal cm^-2 at 350 to 1150 nm and X₃ = mean daily air temperature range in °C. The β₀ and ξ, (Y intercept and error term) and β₁, β₂ and β₃ coefficients are derived from fitting the experimental data. The model was developed by growing ‘Kennebec’ in large containers at sites ranging from 1533 m to 3198 m elevation under shaded (48% insolation reduction) and unshaded conditions at 39° to 41° N latitude. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures and insolation ranged from 29°C to 19°C, 14°C to 6°C, and 200 cal cm^?2 day^?1 to 530 cal cm² day^?1 respectively. Soil matric potential and soil fertility were not included as variables in the model since they were physically controlled. The model does not include the period from planting to emergence since environment was not permitted to vary differentially. A highly significant multiple linear model with a coefficient of determination of 0.93 was obtained. It is suggested that including the revision $$ - \frac{{min temp \left( { > 4.4^ \circ C} \right) - 4.4^ \circ C}}{2}$$ in the heat input estimation (GDD) as well as air temperature range, emphasizes the influence of respiration on productivity. The model should be tested further and adapted as a practical method for predicting potato yield under “grower” conditions.     

Measurement of color in potatoes

Reproducible, objective methods which conformed closely to visual appraisal were developed for measuring color differences in either cooked or raw potatoes. Experimental samples, selected from lots stored at various temperatures for different periods of time, differed in extent of graying and yellowing. Ricing was found to be preferable to mashing as a method of cooked sample preparation. A comparison of methods of sample presentation using the Gardner Color Difference Meter showed thin-layer measurement was most successful in separating cooked samples differing in amount of yellow pigment; deep-layer measurement was most successful in separating grayed samples. A simple method for measurement of color differences in raw tubers successfully separated the samples. All three methods of sample presentation were significantly correlated with visual ranking.     

Bison,a new red-skinned potato variety

Bison, a new red potato, was introduced by North Dakota State University. This new red variety has smooth tuber type and bright red skin color. Bison yields somewhat less than Norland and Red Pontiac but the advantage of Bison over these two varieties is its uniformity and bright red color. Bison is about medium in total solids and makes chips comparable in color to Norchip but lighter in color than Kennebec. Bison is resistant to race 0 of the late blight organismPhytophthora infestans, but susceptible to race 1–4.     

Genetic variation in a population of tetraploid potatoes: Tuber resistance to the tobacco flea beetle

Variation in resistance to tuber damage by the tobacco flea beetle,Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) was investigated for progeny from a group of parental clones from the USDA potato breeding program. Each of nine clones, used as males, was crossed with three different clones, and the family responses were measured in field tests (Lubbock, Texas, 1967 and 1968) by counting tuber pits made by the flea beetle larvae. Statistically significant differences among families were found. The differences were due mainly to the male parents, since the male variance component, σ _M ² (0.470±0.235), was larger than the variance component of females mated to the same male, σ _F(M) ² (0.080±0.057). Theoretically, each of these components contains one-fourth of the genetic additive variance, and therefore, should be nearly equal if digenic, trigenic, and quadrigenic effects are small (and if no maternal effects are present). Apparently the male and female parents did not, in relation to the frequency of alleles controlling response to the flea beetle, represent the same genetic population. Heritability on an individual basis, calculated with 4 σ _M ² as numerator, equals 0.64±0.36; and at a 10% selection level the genetic advance value predicted for individual selection equals 1.896 SD units. If 100 males were crossed to one female each, and 20 progeny per family tested in 10 replicates, the genetic advance value predicted for selecting the best 10 males on the basis of their family performance equals 0.976 SD units. Thus individual or phenotypic selection appears to be more effective than selection based on half-sib progeny tests.     

Nipigon: A new high-yielding,early sizing table potato

Nipigon is a high-yielding, early sizing, table potato with good boiling and baking quality and is specifically adapted to northern Ontario. It has some resistance to late blight, rhizoctonia and viruses X and Y. The Nipigon potato was bred and initially selected within the Potato Breeding Project at the Fredericton Rcsearch Station of Agriculture Canada. This variety has been under test as seedling F61051 since 1965 throughout eastern Canada, but mostly in Ontario. Nipigon was selected from the progeny of a cross between two Fredericton seedlings; F53026 an early, scab-resistant seedling with very good tuber type and F51043, which has good processing quality and resistance to the common races of late blight,Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. The pedigree is as follows: