免耕强化栽培条件下水稻生理及群体发育的研究

[目的]为免耕强化栽培在水稻种植中的应用提供参考。[方法]以两优培九为供试品种,以免耕抛秧栽培为对照,采用随机区组设计,通过田间试验研究了免耕强化栽培条件下水稻的生长状况和产量。[结果]免耕水稻强化栽培体系（SRI）和对照在分蘖高峰期的平均分蘖数分别为36．5和26．7个／株,相差36．7％;在成熟期的有效穗数分别为14．6和11．4个／株,相差28．07％．在分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期,免耕SRI的根系活力分别比对照高17．43％、13．63％和22．41％,叶片脯氨酸含量分别比对照高21．37％、32．44％和9．92％,叶片丙二醛含量分别比对照高10．42％、13．62％和9．47％。与免耕抛秧栽培相比,免耕SRI的有效穗数减少了8．93％,穗粒数增加了11．32％。[结论]免耕强化栽培是一种高产高效栽培模式,值得推广和应用。     

水稻旱作条件下的生理特性和经济性状研究

研究结果表明,水稻品种在旱作条件下同一成熟叶片蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）覆膜〈露地〈水田,水分利率（ＷＵＥ）覆膜〉露地〉水田,差异显著。叶绿素含量、比叶重、脯氨酸含量及根系呼吸强度覆膜〉露地〉水田,覆膜抗旱性最强。分蘖期、拔节穗期、抽开花期、灌浆耐生不同,水分敏感期为孕穗期和抽穗开花期。旱作水稻分蘖能力增强,有效穗增多,但每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降。覆膜和水田产量高于露地,覆帮水田差异不显著。     

强化栽培条件下水稻不同群体生育后期的根叶特性

对杂交水稻组合红莲优6和两优1193在强化栽培条件下不同群体生育后期的根系和光合生理特性进行了比较分析。结果显示,水稻根系密度随着群体增大而增大,但是根系活力却逐渐减小。齐穗后高产群体的剑叶叶绿素日衰减幅度较小,齐穗期剑叶叶绿素含量处理间差异不显著,但成熟期高产群体HMP、LMP的剑叶叶绿素含量分别为2.15、2.87,显著高于HLP和LLP处理,高产群体在齐穗后20d仍然具有较高的剑叶净光合速率。上述结果是高产群体水稻单位面积的产量极显著高于低产群体的主要生理原因。     

水稻强化栽培示范成功模式

为了完善水稻强化栽培新技术,有效利用水稻生理特性,突破常规的水稻栽培模式,公顷产量超过12吨,栽培方法有了新的突破,连续三年在永安农场进行试验示范,其栽培技术如下:     

低磷胁迫下不同水稻品种根系生理特性的研究

以4个对低磷反应不同的典型水稻品种为材料,对低磷处理10 d后各品种根系有机酸分泌量、酸性磷酸酯酶活性、根系活力等根系生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫能促使水稻耐低磷品种根系分泌更多的有机酸,其有机酸分泌总量较对照平均增加了1.96倍,而敏感品种与对照之间无显著差异;低磷胁迫下各品种根系活力均有显著提高,2个耐低磷品种升幅相对较大,其根系TTC相对氧化强度平均为5.91,而敏感品种仅为1.83;各品种根系释放的酸性磷酸酯酶活性均明显高于对照,且敏感品种升幅相对较大。处理10 d后耐低磷品种根系生物量略高于对照。处理25 d后各品种根系生物量均显著高于对照,且耐低磷品种增幅更大。耐低磷品种植株生物量与对照无明显差异,而敏感品种则有明显降低。     

水稻强化栽培试验研究

选用穗数型常规水稻粤香占和大穗型杂交水稻粤杂122进行强化栽培(SRI)试验．结果表明：随着插植规格增大,粤香占和粤杂122都表现出生育期延迟,个体分蘖数、成穗率、每穗总粒数和千粒质量也相应增加的特点．2个品种各生育期群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累、有效穗都随着插植规格增大而减少,但品种间存在明显差异．     

改良型强化栽培条件下两优培九生育后期群体特性研究

对杂交水稻组两优培九在不同改良强化栽培条件下的群体形成特性进行了比较分析。结果显示,在改良强化栽培条件下,水稻生育后期的功能叶面积下降缓慢,叶绿素衰减幅度减小,粒叶比增大,群体质量明显改善,显著提高水稻产量。采用SRI核心技术,双本插植与单本插植产量差异不显著;直播可以减少水稻的插植的用工量,还可以获得较高的经济产量。     

节水高效栽培对直播水稻生长及其生理特性的影响

试验通过优质早籼嘉早935和中质早籼浙733应用水稻节水高效栽培和常规栽培的比较,研究节水高效栽培技术对直播水稻生育前中期生长及其生理特性的影响。研究表明：应用水稻节水高效栽培技术,田间无效分蘖期缩短,最高苗峰降低,根系活力增强,叶片叶绿素含量提高,细胞内的CO2浓度和净光合速率提高,个体生长明显改善,为提高分蘖成穗率、争取大穗高产优质奠定了基础。     

Effects of Silicon Preparation on Root Physiological Activity of Rice Under Cadmium Stress

The rice Dongfu 159 was used for the potting experiment to simulate soil cadmium(Cd)stress,and four silicon preparations,Si-50-G and Si-60-G at a concentration of 0.20％and Si-T-G and Si-E-G at a concentration of 0.50％,were applied at the tillering stage and booting stage of rice,respectively.The cadmium content,root vitality,root malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and antioxidant enzyme activity of each part of rice plants were determined,in order to provide a theoretical reference for exploring the mechanism of silicon fertilizer on the mitigation of Cd-stressed plants.The results showed that under the condition of cadmium stress,silicon application could significantly increase the root vitality and antioxidant enzyme activity,reduce the content of MDA,and reduce the accumulation of cadmium in various parts of rice.The treatment of Si-T-G applied at the tillering stage was the most effective in increasing the root vitality of rice,which was significantly increased by 63.00％compared with the CK.The treatment of Si-50-G applied at the stage of booting was the most effective in reducing MDA content of rice roots,which was significantly reduced by 30.16％compared with the CK.The treatment of Si-60-G applied at the stage of booting was the most effective in increasing the root superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,which was significantly increased by 39.36％compared with the CK.The treatment of Si-60-G applied at the tillering stage was the most effective in increasing the root peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities,which were significantly increased by 64.66％and 51.52％,respectively,compared with the CK.The treatment of Si-T-G applied at the tillering stage was the most effective in reducing Cd content of rice roots,stems and grains,which were significantly reduced by 39.53％,61.19％and 43.41％,respectively,compared with the CK,and the treatment of Si-60-G was the most effective in reducing Cd content of leaves,which was significantly reduced by 53.40％compared with the CK.     

施氮量对沿黄粳稻根系形态、生理特性及产量的影响

以沿黄常规粳稻品种郑稻19和郑稻20为材料,设置8个氮肥施用水平,即整个生育期不施用氮肥和整个生育期施氮肥(折合纯氮)180、210、240、270、300、330、360 kg/hm~2,分析不同氮肥水平对其产量及根系形态、生理特性的影响,以期为水稻的高产高效栽培提供理论依据。结果表明,郑稻19和郑稻20的地上部干质量随生育进程的推进增加,而根系体积、根干质量、根系氧化力、根系吲哚乙酸含量、根系玉米素+玉米素核苷含量、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积则均随生育进程的推进先增加后降低。2个水稻品种的根系体积、根干质量、地上部干质量和根系总吸收表面积在分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期均随施氮量的增加而增加;根系氧化力、吲哚乙酸含量、玉米素+玉米素核苷含量和活跃吸收表面积在分蘖中期和穗分化始期均随施氮量的增加而增加,而在抽穗期和成熟期均随施氮量的增加先增加后降低,在施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时最高。郑稻19和郑稻20的产量均随施氮量的增加先显著增加后显著降低,在施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时最高,分别为9.35 t/hm~2和8.79 t/hm~2,显著高于其他施氮量处理;氮肥农学利用率总体上均随施氮量的增加先显著增加后显著降低,在施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时最高,分别为17.0 kg/kg和14.9 kg/kg,显著高于其他处理;氮肥偏生产力则均随施氮量增加而显著降低。综上,在施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时,郑稻19和郑稻20的根系形态、生理特性最佳,产量和氮肥农学利用率最高,且品种间比较,郑稻19优于郑稻20。     

硒对铅胁迫下水稻幼苗部分生理特性的影响

盆栽条件下,以Na2SeO3为硒肥,通过底施模式研究不同浓度硒肥对铅胁迫下水稻幼苗部分生理特性的影响.结果表明,单一不同浓度硒肥处理的水稻幼苗根系活力和叶绿素含量先增后减,过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增后减再升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量则先减后增;硒肥与铅复合处理的水稻幼苗根系活力先增后减再增,CAT活性先减后增,叶绿素和MDA含量先增后减,POD活性则先减后增再减,表明适量的硒肥对水稻幼苗生长发育有促进作用,且有拮抗重金属铅伤害的作用.     

双氰胺对水稻根系及合特性和经济性状的影响

为研究硝化抑制剂双氰胺的效应及其在水稻配方肥中的应用,以中稻培两优93为材料,采用盆栽法,研究了双氰胺对水稻根系、光合特性以及经济性状的影响。结果表明,低剂量的双氰胺（7.5和15kg/hm^2)能显著增加根系体积,改善根系的吸收性能。7月5日测定的根系活力随双氰胺用量的增加而增强,随后,各处理差别不明显。双氰胺能使叶绿素含量略微增加,并能改善水稻植株下部叶片光合性能,而对蒸腾速率、气孔导度影响不大。低剂量双氰胺处理有利于水稻植株干物质积累,促使水稻增产14.9%-25.74%。认为在水稻专用配方肥中添加双氰胺时,以不超过15kg/hm^2,即配方肥用量的2％左右为宜。     

Performance in Grain Yield and Physiological Traits of Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 yr

Knowledge on the performance in grain yield and physiological traits is essential to understand the main yield-limiting factor and make strategies for breeding and crop management in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study investigated the changes in grain yield and associated physiological traits of rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China during the last 60 yr. Thirteen mid-season indica and 12 japonica rice cultivars that were popularly used were grown in the field in 2008 and 2009. The grain yield and yield components, biomass, leaf area, leaf photosynthesis, root oxidation activity, and harvest index were examined. The results showed that grain yield and grain yield per day have progressively increased during the years and such increases are mainly attributed to the expanded sink size as a result of more spikelets per panicle, especially for the case of super rice. Both biomass and harvest index were increased with the improvement of cultivars. Increase in biomass for modern rice cultivars was associated with an enhancement of leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity, although the indica super rice cultivars showed a lower leaf photosynthetic rate and root oxidation activity than the semi-dwarf cultivars during the grain filling period. Both indica and japonica super rice cultivars exhibited a low percentage of filled grains, which may limit their great yield potential. All the data suggested that grain yield have been substantially improved during the 60 yr of rice breeding in the Yangtze River Basin. Expanded sink size, increased dry matter production and harvest index, and enhanced leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity contribute to the improvement in grain yield. Increase in filling efficiency could realize the great yield potential in super rice.     

播量对直播稻郑旱10号产量及根系生理性状的影响

以直播稻品种郑旱10号为供试材料,探讨不同播量(90、120、150、180、210 kg/hm2)对直播稻郑旱10号产量及根系生理性状的影响,以期为直播稻适宜播量的选择提供理论依据与指导。结果表明,直播稻郑旱10号的产量随播量增加先显著增加后显著降低,当播量为150 kg/hm2时,产量最高,为10.64 t/hm2。直播稻郑旱10号的叶片净光合速率在齐穗后逐渐下降,随播量的增加先增加后降低,播量为150 kg/hm2时达到最大。地上部干质量随生育进程的推进而增加,根干质量、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收面积均随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,齐穗期达到最大;地上部、根干质量和根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收面积在分蘖中期、穗分化始期和齐穗期均随播量增加而增加,而在成熟期随播量增加先增加后降低,播量为150 kg/hm2时达到最大。根系氧化力和根系生长素、玉米素+玉米素核苷含量均随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,穗分化始期达到最大;均随播量增加而降低,其中齐穗期和成熟期在播量大于150 kg/hm2时,降低更加明显。综上,当播量为150 kg/hm2时,直播稻郑旱10号的叶片净光合速率最大,成熟期地上部、根干质量和根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收面积最大,根系氧化力、根系生长素、玉米素+玉米素核苷含量较大,产量最高。     

超稀植栽培不同处理对水稻根系的生长动态和氧化力及POD酶活性影响

以穗重型品种东农423和穗数型品系东农03-44为试验材料,于2008~2009年研究了超稀植栽培对水稻根系活力、根系POD、伤流液强度等变化规律的影响。结果表明:超稀植栽培条件下,根系健壮,衰老缓慢。较常规栽培根系干重和体积明显增加,上层根系分布较多。整个生育期内根系活力较高,齐穗后根系的伤流液强度和POD活性也明显高于常规栽培,且下降缓慢。     

超高茬麦田套稻的生理特性

超高茬麦田套稻[1]方式无需耕整地和育秧栽插,与现行推广的其它轻型栽培技术相比,具有更显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益[2,3].为探索其高产高效的机理,本研究拟进一步测定超高茬麦田套稻的根系活力、灌浆速度及叶绿素含量等,以探明其生长发育的生理生态特性,为大面积推广应用提供理论依据.     

转玉米PEPC基因水稻的农艺性状及生理特性

以稳定的转PEPC基因水稻和未转基因野生型水稻为供试材料,测定稻株开花期间地上部干物质的累积量及籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量.结果表明:与未转基因野生型水稻相比,转PEPC基因水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗干重都有部分增加,但以穗增重为主;开花后14 d,与未转基因野生型水稻相比,转PEPC基因水稻籽粒中可溶性糖含量和蛋白质含量显著增加,但其淀粉含量没有增加,推测转PEPC基因水稻籽粒中较多的可溶性糖可能会更多地转化为蛋白质.