湖北省马尾松天然林同工酶遗传异的研究

采用丙烯酰胺垂直平板电泳地,对天冬氨酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）、丙氨酸氨酞酶（ＡＡＰ）、亮氨酸氨酞酶（ＬＡＰ）、６－磷酸葡萄糖酶（６０ＧＤ）、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶（ＰＧＭ）、莽草酸脱氢酶（ＳＨＤＨ）等６种同工酶系统的１２个基因位点进行了研究和分析,共发现３６个复等位基因。结果还表明,马尾松天然群体具有较为丰富的遗传变异性,其多态位点百分率（ＰＬ）的５６％,平均杂合率（Ｈe）为０．２８５,等位基因平均数（Ｎa)为２．２９;有效等位基因平均数（Ｎe)为１．４２;马尾松天然群体间的变异量只占总变异量的８．８％左右,而约９１％以上的变异只存在于单个的小群体内的单株间,湖北省马尾松天然群体存在较为严重的近亲交配现象,近交系数（Ｆis)平均为０．２０２。     

樟子松天然群体的遗传结构

本文运用同工酶电泳技术对樟子松（ＰｉｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓＬ．ｖａｒｍｎｇｏｌｉｃａＬｉｔｖ）天然群体的遗传结构进行了研究，分析了４个群体、３个酶系统（ＧＯＴ．ＭＤＨ．ＥＳＴ）的５个位点。结果表明：樟子松群体具有较高的变异水平，所有位点的平均期望杂合度Ｈｅ为０．４４；多态位点百分率Ｐ为８７．５％；每个位点的等位基因平均数为２．３８；樟子松群体内分化程度较大，群体间分化较小。群体内变异为９５．４％，群体间变异为４．６％。漠河群体、十八站群体、高峰群体与红花尔基群体间的遗传分化明显。     

昆明树木园云南红豆杉人工林等位酶遗传变异的研究

以昆明树木园云南红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）人工林为研究对象,采用垂直板式聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检查了此人工林雌配子体的苹果酸脱氢酸疼（ＭＤＨ）、酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、莽草酸脱氯酶（ＳＫＤ）、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）及过氧化物酶（ＰＥＲ）的同工酶,分析了此群体等位酶的遗传变异。根据多态位点的标准,发现检测的基因位点的７０％是多态的。每个基因位点发现的等位基因平均数是２．１０。所检测的     

Study on Geographic Variation and Genetic Diversity of the Eurasian Beeches

通过对分布于欧洲的水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓｓｙｌｖａｔｉｃａ和Ｆａｇｕｓｏｒｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）和亚洲的水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａｔａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｌｕｃｉｄａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｅｎｇｌｅｒｉａｎａ和Ｆａｇｕｓｐａｓｈａｎｉｃａ）的地理历史资料分析和凝胶电泳法等位酶的测定，探讨欧亚大陆水青冈地理变异和遗传多样性．所测定的酶系统包括：过氧化物酶（ＰＸ１和ＰＸ２）、磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（ＰＧＤ）、酸性磷酸化酶（ＡＣＰ１和ＡＣＰ２）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ１，ＧＯＴ２和ＧＯＴ３）、异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ＩＤＨ）、磷酸果糖异构酶（ＰＧＩ）、甲基萘醌还原酶（ＭＮＲ）、葡萄糖磷酸变位酶（ＰＧＭ１和ＰＧＭ２）和苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ１和ＭＤＨ２）１０种酶系统．测定和分析了水青冈遗传相似性、固定指数及遗传多样性随经度、纬度和海拔高度的变化规律，讨论了水青冈起源和分布特点，为进一步研究水青冈的种间关系和地理历史进化过程提供了科学依据．     

我国兴安、长白及华北落叶松种的天然群体交配系统研究

一个树种的群体交配系统（Ｍａｔｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ）提供了该树种是如何将其遗传物质从一个世代传递到下一个世代的基本信息。因此交配系统研究可有助于：（１）推测群体的基因型组成;（２）分析多基因位点连锁不平衡程度;（３）推测种子园的种子质量及提供种子园营建设计的有关信息;（４）在一定的程度上,可用于分析天然群体的遗传结构分化水平。在落叶松的１０个种和３个变种中,目前已报道了２个种的交配系统：一个是美洲落叶松（Ｌ．ｌａｒｉｃｉｎａ［ＤｕＲｏｉ］Ｋ．Ｋｏｃｈ）,另一是欧洲落叶松（Ｌ．ｄｅｃｉｄｕａＭｉｌｅｒ）。我国兴安、长白及华北落叶松的交配系统的研究尚未进行。本研究目的就是应用同功酶标记：（１）测定和比较这３个兴安落叶松种间及种内群体的异交率;（２）比较与其它针叶树的交配系统差异;（３）推测群体内自交或双亲近交发生的可能性。本文采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术,应用由６个酶系（ＰＧＩ,ＭＤＨ,６ＰＧＤ,ＡＡＴ,ＰＧＭ及ＳＤＨ）产生的７个多态性位点的同功酶标记分析了我国３个落叶松种（兴安、长白及华北落叶松）的共９个天然群体交配系统。结果发现兴安落叶松的加格达奇（内蒙古）群体表现出几乎完全的异交（ｔｍ＝０．９８６±０．０８１）。华     

利用RAPD分析大青杨天然群体的遗传结构

本文利用ＲＡＰＤ分子标记技术从ＤＮＡ分子水平上探测了大青场（ｐｌｐｕｌｕｓｕｓｓｕｒｉｅｎｓｉｓＫｏｍ．）天然群体的遗传结构和分化程度。结果得出：用１４个随机寡核苷酸引物共产生１８０个扩增片段，扩增片断在２１１ｂｐ至１６３６ｂｐ之间。Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ表型多样度（ＨＯ）估测值在群体间变动范围为０．２７１至０．３９２，平均为０．３１０。对分子水平变异分为群体间和群体内两部分进行分析，群体间分量占总变异的６２．３％，群体内只占３７．７％。不同引物在群体内探测能力也各不相同，ＣＨｌ－ｌ引物探测多样度（ＨＯ）最高（０．５４０），而２１１６引物最低（０．１５１）。     

杉木幼林根圈土壤磷酸酶活性、磷组分及其相互关系

通过对杉木人工林根圈土壤两种磷酸酶活性、８种磷组分及其相互关系研究，结果表明：（１）根圈酸性、中性磷酸酶活性分别比根圈外高１．４４、０．６６酚ｍｇ／ｇ（３７℃，１２ｈ），Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．９１和２．０１；（２）根圈全Ｐ、ＤＡ－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｆｅ－Ｐ、Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ分别比根圈外高２０３．４５，２．２１，３．０５，１０．９３，１０．３３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．６１，４．６８，３．６１，１．９７，２．４６，Ｃａ－Ｐ比根圈外低２．３４，Ｒ／Ｓ值为０．７２，Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ无显著差异；（３）根圈酸性磷酸酶活性与ＤＡ－Ｐ和Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ呈显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５８４和０．５７９，中性磷酸酶活性与全Ｐ、Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ呈显著或极显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５９４，０．７７３和０．６８６。     

孝昌马尾松天然林同工酶遗传构造的分析研究

通过对湖北省孝昌县小悟乡的马尾松（Ｐｈｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ）天然林的针叶进行的同工 酶实验,６种酶系统的１１个基因位点得到了确认。以各基因位点上的等位基因的频率为基础, 对该林分内部的遗传变异进行了研究,结果表明,该林分具有较高的遗传变异性,其多态位点 百分率（ＰＩ）为９０．９％、等位基因平均数（Ｎａ）为３．１８、有效等位基因（Ｎｅ）为１．９１、平均期待杂 合率（Ｈｅ）为０．４２、近交系数（Ｆｉｓ）为０．３３,且存在不同基因位点间高频率的连锁不平衡。同时 将马尾松个体间的距离分成不同的等级,考察各等位基因频率的变化情况（Ｍｏｒａｎ’ｓＩ和ＳＮＤ 曲线的变化规律）,进一步对该林分内的遗传构造和林分的成立过程进行了研究和探讨,发现 其邻域的大小为１０～１２ｍ。在此基础上提出了对该类的天然林的遗传资源保存的对策。     

新型木材防腐剂—─百菌清的研究近况

本文简要阐述了新型木材防腐剂百菌清（ｃｈｌｏｒｏｔｈａｌｏｎｉｌ）制剂防止木材霉菌、变色菌、木腐菌、土栖白蚁的研究近况，并对我国将来开展百菌清的研究提出了建议好的有以下几种制剂：０．５０％百菌清＋０．５０％ＤＤＡＣ、１．０％百菌清乳剂，０．５０％百菌清＋０．１０％ＩＰＢＣ等，防变色菌效果与１．０％五氯酚钠（ＮａＰＣＰ）相当［５］。２防止木腐菌２．１单一百菌清制剂对木腐菌（Ｐ．ｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ，Ａ．ｖａｉｌａｎｔｉ等）防止效果较好的是１．０％百菌清乳剂，其次是１．０％百菌清可湿性粉剂、０．５０％百菌清乳剂、０．５０％百菌清＋０．５０％ＤＤＡＣ、０．５０％百菌清＋０．１０％ＤＩＴＳ［５］。百菌清防止木材６种褐腐菌及５种白腐菌的效果与ＰＣＰ及ＣＣＡ－Ｃ进行了比较；对Ｎｅｏｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｌｅｐｉ－ｄｅｕｓ，Ｔｒａｍｅｔｅｓｖｅｒｓｃｏｌｏｒ菌种，百菌清的抑制效果不及ＰＣＰ；对Ｉｒｐｅｘｌａｃｔｅｕｓ，Ｔｒａｍｅｔｅｓｈｉｓｐｉｄａ菌种，百菌清的抑制效果较ＰＣＰ好；对其它菌种，百菌清的抑制效果与ＰＣＰ相当。对Ｇｌｏｅｏｐｈｙｌｕｍｔｒａｂｅｕｍ、Ｐｏｓｔｉａｐｌａｃｅｎｔａ、Ｃｏｎｉｏｐｈｏｒａｐｕｔｅａｎａ、Ｓｅ     

云南红豆杉天然种群遗传多样性研究

采用垂直板式聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，检测了云南红豆杉（Taxus yunnanensis)雌配子体的5种等位酶，并以10个基因位点编码的5个酶系统，分析了滇西北3个云南红豆杉天然种植的遗传多样性与遗传分化。结果表明，群体的多态位点比例是0．77；群体的平均杂合性观察值是0．302；预期值为0．3320；每个基因位点发现的等位基因数是2．05，有效等位基因平均数是1．466。对10个基因位点的基因多样性测定表明，种群间的分化占14．66％。总的基因多样性约85％产生于种群内。群体间的平均遗传距离是0．118。     

长阳栓皮栎天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用5种等位酶对长阳栓皮栎天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了研究。共检测到7个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中5个位点为多态位点;群体多态位点比例P=71.4%,平均等位基因数A=3.2000,平均有效等位基因数AE=1.6090,平均期望杂合度HE=0.3563,观测杂合度HO=0.3625。长阳栓皮栎群体的遗传多样性较高,遗传变异水平较高。     

Genetics of red alder (Alnus Rubra Bong.) populations in British Columbia and its implications for gene resources management

The genetic structure of 19 red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) populations representing the natural range of the species in British Columbia was investigated at 19 allozyme loci. The estimated average number of alleles per locus (1.79), percentage of polymorphic loci (52.6), and total expected genetic diversity (0.113) were all lower than those reported for most long-lived woody species but comparable to early successional species. About 8% of the total genetic variation was attributable to among-population differentiation, the majority being detected at the Aat-2 locus between the Mainland and the Islands regions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the 19 populations into two distinct clusters that perfectly coincided with their geographical arrangement. Genetic differentiation between populations within both the Mainland and the Islands regions was very weak, accounting for about 3% of the total genetic variation within each region. Red alder is predominantly an outcrossing species with an average outcrossing rate of 0.85. The rate of outcrossing also varied widely among populations, ranging from 0.56 to 0.98. Practical implications of these findings with respect to tree improvement and in situ gene conservation are discussed.     

Genetic Variation among 11 Abies concolor Populations Based on Allozyme Analysis

In order to obtain information on the genetic structure of Abies concolor and the genetic variation among 11 popula- tions introduced from America to China, allozyme analysis based on starch gel electrophoresis technology was used. 24 loci of 10 allozyme systems were mensurated, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the 11 populations of A. concolor evaluated. The results show that the genetic variation among is significant, and the genetic variation within A. concolor populations is more important. In contrast with other conifers, the variation of A. concolor is above the average level of conifers, and higher than the same level of Abies. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 62.5%, the number of alleles per locus (A) 2.08, the number of ef- fective alleles per locus (Ae) was 1.37, the expected heterozygosity (H) 0.204, and the Shannon information index (I) 0.351 7. There is a short genetic distance (D=0.061) and a low gene flow (Nm=0.839 4) among the 11 introduced populations of A. concolor with high genetic variation. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.229 5, which is higher than that of the mean in Abies or Pinus.     

思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化

采用凝胶电泳技术,检测了思茅松(Pinuskesiyavar.Langbinaensis)种子胚乳的9种同工酶。通过对9种酶系统编码的16个酶位点的遗传分析,揭示了思茅松三个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化情况。思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性较高,群体的多态位点比例为0.667;平均每个位点的等位基因数为2.13;期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.288和0.197。群体间的遗传分化程度较低,分化系数仅为0.052,群体间的遗传距离为0.015。表5参15。     

Genetic variation of Taxus baccata L. populations in the Eastern Alps and its implications for conservation management

Abstract

The English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is an endangered rare tree species in Austria. More than 600 bud samples were collected from seven populations in three regions of the Eastern Alpine mountains for estimating their genetic structures by using isozyme gene markers. Nine gene loci encoding for seven enzyme systems were investigated. The revealed 32 alleles indicate a higher multiplicity of the east alpine gene pool compared with other European regions. English yew showed a high level of genetic variation, with a mean number of alleles per locus (A/L) of 2.7. A total of 76.4% of the loci were polymorphic, the average expected heterozygosity was (H _e) 0.274 and the mean observed heterozygosity (H _o) was 0.238. The relative proportion of genetic differentiation among the regions was found to be 6.2%, the level of gene flow was high (Nm=3.78) and the level of inbreeding (0.130) among the regions was medium. The obligatory out crossing (dioecious plant), the long generation time, the ability to regenerate from stump and the seed dispersal by birds and rodents might contribute to the high level of genetic variation found within the population. The conservation propositions are discussed with respect to the genetic structure and the poor recruitment of this species.     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用8种等位酶对白皮松4个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究.在4个群体中共检测到10个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中6个位点为多态位点;群体总体水平多态位点比率P=60%,平均有效基因数A=1.92,平均期望杂合度He=0.106,种群平均遗传距离为0.006 8.南漳白皮松群落平均等位基因数A=1.9,平均有...     

Allozyme Variation of Picea abies in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the levels and patterns of allozyme variation among 29 populations of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from Poland. Thirteen investigated isoenzyme systems were encoded by 27 gene loci and, on average, 71% of the loci per population were polymorphic. The average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 2.17 and 1.26, respectively, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.156. A relatively low allozyme differentiation among populations from north-eastern and southern Poland was observed ( F ST = 0.028, mean genetic distance D = 0.005). The results suggest that historical events and extensive gene flow played an important role in the distribution of the observed allozyme differentiation of Norway spruce in Poland.     

燕山山脉西伯利亚杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构

以西伯利亚杏分布的核心区域燕山山脉地区的17个群体为材料,利用9对微卫星标记进行遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。在533个个体扩增得到203个等位基因,每位点平均等位基因数为22.556个。分析表明燕山山脉西伯利亚杏群体具有较高的遗传多样性,每位点平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为5.714,多态位点百分率(P)为100%,期望杂合度(He)为0.788。根据有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)和Shannon信息指数(I)3个遗传多样性参数,遗传多样性最高的群体为北京八达岭,其次为平泉榆树林子,而最低的群体为崇礼驿马图。群体间总的遗传分化系数FST为0.065,总的基因流Nm为3.836。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示燕山山脉地区西伯利亚杏群体的遗传变异主要存在于群体内(95.62%)。Mantel检验发现遗传距离与地理距离呈显著相关性(r=0.5894,P<0.0001)。UPGMA聚类结果显示,地理距离接近的群体聚在一起,进一步验证了Mantel检验结果。基于上述分析结果,提出西伯利亚杏的种质收集策略。研究结果为西伯利亚杏可持续利用与保护提供一定的理论依据。