流化床藻类生物质快速热裂解试验

为实现藻类生物质资源的综合利用,该文选取藻类生物质中的马尾藻进行热重分析,并在自行设计的小型流化床上进行快速热裂解试验,分别研究了马尾藻热解过程及热解产物的产率随温度的变化规律。结果表明,随着温度的升高,热解经历了3个阶段：预热解、快速热解、慢速热解,并且由于多糖、蛋白质等物质热稳定性的不同引起马尾藻在快速热解阶段出现两个失重峰。在快速热裂解试验中,选择450、500、550、600℃ 4个反应温度对马尾藻的热裂解规律进行了研究,主要考察了不同反应温度对热裂解产物收集率的影响。研究发现残炭的产率随着温度的升高而降低,而热解气的产率则随着温度的升高而升高,生物油的产率随温度变化先升高后降低,在550℃左右时产率最高,约为30.5%,这为马尾藻快速热裂解制油的推广与工业利用提供参考。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对产物产率及其分布的影响

在生物质喂入率为0.8～2.0 kg·h^-1的流化床上以木屑为原料进行了快速热裂解试验，系统研究了木屑热裂解过程中的流化床反应器温度、生物质粒径和气相滞留期三个主要参数对热裂解产物产率的影响。结果表明，当反应器温度在450～600℃之间变化时，在500℃条件下，生物油产率最高，其值为53.33%，而木炭及不可冷凝气体产率分别为8.97%和37.70%。当温度为500℃，木屑粒径在0.90 mm以下时，粒径在0.45～0.60 mm范围内的生物油产率最大，达到58.23%，这时木炭产率为8.23%。对粒径小于0.20 mm的木屑在温度500℃，气相滞留期0.80, 1.20, 1.50 s三个量级上的热裂解表明，气相滞留期为0.80 s时，生物油产率达到最大值为62.60%。但是，当气相滞留期较长时(1.50 s)，生物油产率稍有下降。生物油是极性有机物与水的可溶混合物。因此，木屑快速热裂解生产液体燃料具有较大的潜力。     

生物质快速热裂解反应温度对生物油产率及特性的影响

以木屑为原料，在自制的小型流化床上，研究了生物质快速热裂解反应温度对生物油的产率、含水率、密度、黏度及成分的影响。结果表明，在475℃，500℃和550℃三种热裂解温度中，以500℃的平均生物油产率最高，为58.74%(w/w)。三种热裂解温度下，生物油的含水率分别为42.5%、46.0%和40.7%，生物油的密度分别为1140、1148和1151 kg/m³，运动黏度分为4.51 cSt、3.87 cSt和4.73 cSt。热裂解温度增高时，生物油的密度略有增加，含水率和运动黏度未见有规律变化，并且，运动黏度随含水率的增加而减小。热裂解温度对生物油的主要化合物成分相对含量有一定影响，但影响不明显，生物油中化合物几乎都是含氧的不饱和烃类衍生物，碳原子数在2～10之间，温度升高有利于糠醛、大多数苯酚类化合物生成，不利于乙酸的生成。该研究为生物油的生产与应用提供了参考。     

榆木木屑快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化及生物油成分的研究

以榆木木屑为原料,在自制的流化床反应器上,采用正交实验设计,进行了快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化试验,并对产生的生物油成分进行了GC-MS分析.结果表明,榆木木屑快速热裂解最优工艺参数组合为热裂解温度500℃、气相滞留期0.8s、物料粒径O.180mm,生物油最大产率为46.3%(质量分数).热裂解温度、气相滞留期对生物油产率影响显著,而热裂解温度和气相滞留期的交互作用、物料粒径对生物油产率影响不显著.生物油是一种成分极其复杂的有机化合物的混合物,含氧量较高.该项研究为生物质快速热裂解技术的发展提供了科学的依据.     

利用小型流化床的生物质热裂解影响因素分析

化石能源的储量减少与污染使人们必须寻找其他替代能源,其中生物质能是一个很好的替代品.该文以榆木木屑、红松木屑和秸秆为原料,在自制的小型流化床上开展了生物质热裂解生物油的实验研究.结果表明红松木屑的产油率最高,热裂解的温度对产油率的影响很大,500℃时生物油的产量最高,热裂解温度越高,裂解气体产量越高,气体热值也越高,而碳的产量越低.而且随着反应时间的变化,裂解气体成分也发生变化,在裂解10 min左右,裂解气体中可燃气体成分最高.     

流化床系统参数对生物油产率的影响

为了进一步探明流化床系统参数对生物质热裂解产物生物油产率的影响规律而进行了热裂解液化试验。该研究以玉米秸秆为原料,采用山东理工大学研制的以氩气等离子体作为主热源的生物质快速热裂解液化流化床试验装置,以输入功率、氩气流量、压差和进料率为试验因子,生物油产率为试验指标,采用二次正交旋转组合的方法进行试验。并对试验结果利用Rada软件分析得出热裂解生物油产率的二次回归方程及该试验条件下生物油得最大产率的参数组合,即当输入功率为38.5 kW,氩气流量为2.0 m3/h,压差为200 mm,进料率为0.87kg/h时,最高生物油产率为58.45%。在试验条件下,可得压差和进料率是影响生物油产率的主要因素,而输入功率和氩气流量对其产率的影响相对较弱。     

生物质在熔盐中的热裂解特性

为了研究生物质在熔盐中的热裂解特性,在自行设计的生物质热裂解反应器中,以熔盐热裂解生物质,考察了裂解温度、FeCl2含量和原料种类对生物质热裂解特性的影响,测定了生物油的物性参数,并用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析了生物油的主要组成。结果表明：在物质的量比为7︰6的ZnCl2和KCl混合熔盐中添加物质的量分数为5% FeCl2裂解生物质,温度对热裂解的影响显著,生物油得率随温度先升高后降低,存在最大值,以水稻秸秆为原料相对应的温度为525℃,最高生物油得率约为18%;添加FeCl2能提高生物油得率;以纤维素为原料裂解制得的生物油含水率小于以水稻秸秆为原料的生物油含水率;生物油含水率较高,其密度与水相近,黏度比水略大,灰分少,pH值为2.5～3.0;生物油成分复杂,含甲氧基类有机物较多,需改性后使用。该研究为熔盐热裂解生物质制取生物油提供了参考依据。     

不同贮存温度对木屑热裂解生物油理化性质稳定性的影响

为了明确不同贮存温度下生物油理化性质稳定性的差异,以鼓泡流化床松木木屑快速热裂解制取的生物油为样品,考察了不同贮存温度（4℃,27℃,40℃）条件下,两组（1号,2号）生物油特性随贮存时间的变化规律,同时,对贮存前后生物油进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱及气相色谱质谱联用分析。结果表明,低温（4℃）贮存使生物油含水率下降,而室温（27℃）和高温（40℃）贮存则使其含水率有所上升。在没有水分剧烈变化的影响下,生物油运动黏度上升的幅度与贮存的温度相关,温度越高,上升幅度越大。各种温度下,生物油pH值没有明显的变化规律,且变化幅度也较小。通过对红外光谱典型吸收峰的频率位移和透光强度分析表明,生物油中各种官能团上电子剧烈运动,从而加强了分子间的作用力。气相色谱质谱联用分析的结果表明,35 d的高温贮存催化了一些化学反应的进行,使得生物油的组分更加复杂化。因此,低温贮存对控制生物油的不稳定性效果较佳。     

真空热解松木粉制备生物油

为研究与开拓高品位生物油的制备方法,该文以松木粉为原料,采用真空热解的方法制备生物油。讨论了150～830μm的4种不同粒径大小、400～600℃的5种不同反应温度对真空热解的影响,对其原因进行讨论与分析;并对最优条件下的真空热解气液相产物进行表征。试验结果表明,在500℃反应温度下,250～380μm粒径松木粉真空热解得到生物油产率最高,可达52.06%;真空热解生物油的黏度较低,流动性能好,高附加值化合物较多,这些特性使真空热解生物油作为提取化学品的原料成为可能,该研究为生物质制备高品位生物油提供参考。     

几种农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的研究

农林废弃物是我国农村能源的重要组成部分，对其高品位利用有助于解决农村能源短缺和环境污染问题。该文在流化床反应器上开展了农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的试验研究，着重对升温速率的影响进行了详细研究，快速升温能有效缩短颗粒在低温阶段的停留时间而抑制炭的生成，有助于提高生物油的产率。比较不同农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的效果表明：低灰分含量的木屑比稻秆更适合于热裂解制取生物油，而稻秆则适合于气化。同时，农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油技术在生物油的品质经过改性得到提升后，结合炭等副产品的利用，能实现农林废弃物的综合能源化利用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.