片麻岩新成土中硝态氮垂直运移规律模拟研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究河北省太行山片麻岩新成土中不同肥料、不同施氮量对硝态氮垂直运移的影响。结果表明,尿素、有机无机混合肥、氮磷复合肥中硝态氮淋失总量比值为1∶0.87∶0.94。中等施氮量下,有机无机复混肥可以降低氮素淋失。尿素硝态氮淋失率平均为29%,氮磷复合肥平均为27.8%,有机无机混合肥平均为23.7%。60 cm和90 cm处硝态氮淋失量比值为1∶1.03,差异不显著。淋溶结束后,有机无机混合肥在不同土层各处理中硝态氮含量最高,尿素硝态氮含量最低。     

RZWQM2模型模拟牛场肥水施用夏玉米土壤硝态氮迁移特征

为研究华北平原种养结合中养殖肥水的合理施用,减少典型农田水肥施用后土壤氮淋溶对地下水的影响。该研究以河北省徐水区夏玉米为研究对象,应用RZWQM2模型验证牛场肥水施用玉米农田的可行性,对2014—2016年玉米种植前后数据进行模型参数率定与验证。验证结果表明,土壤体积含水率的均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 6～0.070 7 cm~3/cm~3和0.21%～21.44%之间变化,土壤硝态氮均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 8～2.617 3 mg/kg和0.03%～18.58%之间变化,其中牛场肥水施用土壤中硝态氮主要在0～120 cm土层发生变化,说明RZWQM2模型可以用来模拟华北平原牛场肥水施用对土壤水分、硝态氮含量及玉米产量的动态变化。利用率定和验证后的模型进行了夏玉米农田硝态氮淋溶的验证与预测,表明硝态氮淋溶浓度随肥水氮量的增加而增加。RZWQM2模型可以应用于牛场肥水施用农田的模拟,为预测和评估土壤适宜的肥水施用提供更合适的方法。     

Nitrate leaching as influenced by soil tillage and catch crop

Because of public and political concern for the quality of surface and ground water, leaching of nitrate is of special concern in many countries. To evaluate the effects of tillage and growth of a catch crop on nitrate leaching, two field trials were conducted in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under temperate coastal climate conditions. On a coarse sand (1987–1992), ploughing in autumn or in spring in combination with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a catch crop was evaluated. Furthermore, rotovating and direct drilling were included. The experiment was conducted on a 19-year-old field trial with continuous production of spring barley. On a sandy loam (1988–1992), ploughing in autumn or in spring in combination with stubble cultivation and perennial ryegrass, in addition to minimum tillage, was evaluated in a newly established field trial. For calculation of nitrate leaching, soil water isolates from depths of 0.8 or 1.0 m were taken using ceramic cups. No significant effect of tillage was found on the coarse sand; however, a significant effect of tillage was found on the sandy loam, where leaching from autumn ploughed plots without stubble cultivation was 16 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ higher than leaching from spring ploughed plots. Leaching was significantly less when stubble cultivation in autumn was omitted. Leaching on both soil types was significantly reduced by the growth of a catch crop which was ploughed under in autumn or in spring. It was concluded that soil cultivation increased leaching on the sandy loam but not on the coarse sand, and that the growth of perennial ryegrass as a catch crop reduced leaching on both soil types, particularly when ryegrass was ploughed under in spring.     

Losses of nitrate-nitrogen in water draining from under autumn-sown crops established by direct drilling or mouldboard ploughing

The leaching of nitrate-N under autumn-sown arable crops was measured using hydro-logically isolated plots, about 0.24 ha in area, from 1984–1988. Fluxes of water and nitrate moving over the soil surface (surface runoff), at the interface between topsoil and subsoil (interflow), and in the subsoil (drainflow) were monitored in plots with mole-and-pipe drain systems (drained plots); surface runoff and interflow only were monitored in ‘undrained’ plots. Half the drained and undrained plots were direct-drilled, and on the other half seedbeds were prepared by tillage to 200 mm. Tillage increased the total leaching loss of nitrate by 21 % compared with direct drilling in drained plots. About 95% or the nitrate moving from the soil was present in the water intercepted by the subsoil drains in these plots. In undrained plots less water and nitrate were collected in total; more of the nitrate was present in interflow on ploughed plots and in surface runoff in direct-drilled land. Losses of nitrate for the whole experiment from 1978-1988 were analysed. This showed that, between the harvest of one crop and the spring application of fertilizer to the next, loss of nitrate-N from ploughed land (L_p) was approximated by L_p=22+Fkg N ha^?1, where F was the autumn fertilizer-N applied. After fertilizer was applied in spring, loss of nitrate-N depended on rainfall such that for 100 mm rainfall about 30% of the fertilizer-N was lost by leaching. About 18% more nitrate-N was lost from direct-drilled land than from ploughed land in spring, but the total loss was generally small compared to that over winter. The apparent net mineralization of organic-N was measured in 1988. In autumn and winter there was little effect of tillage treatment (26 and 31 kg N ha^?1 on direct drilled and tilled plots respectively). However, over the year 83 kg N ha^?1 were mineralized in tilled plots, and 67 kg N ha^?1 in direct-drilled plots. Five factors governing the leaching of nitrate are assessed and this identified that fertilizer nitrogen application to the seedbed of winter sown crops and the mineralization of nitrogen from the residues of the previous crop are the most significant factors for nitrogen leaching in the UK.     

Einfluß von Düngemaßnahmen auf die Stickstoffauswaschung bei mehrjährigem Silomaisanbau

Influence of fertilization on nitrogen leaching after cultivation of maize for silage over four successive seasons In a field trial, nitrogen leaching from soil was determined between February 1983 and May 1986 by analyzing soil water from 50, 80 and 110 cm below the soil surface every 14 days. On a Stagno-gleyic Luvisol, maize after maize was cultivated over four successive seasons. Nitrogen was applied either minerally in spring according to N_min or as a semiliquid cattle manure. The time of application (autumn and/or spring), application rate and use of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) were varied. Under very low N-fertilization (underground fertilization only), nitrate nitrogen losses by leaching dropped from 100 kg N/ha in the first year to 33 kg N/ha in the 3^rd. Nitrogen leaching from the various treatment plots depended on the maize growth and rainfall conditions. Because of an intensive and long lasting seepage of gravitational water, nitrogen leaching from the root zone ranged from 113 to 208 kg N/ha during the fall and winter seasons of 1983/84 and 1984/85. Under the more balanced infiltration conditions of the leaching period 1985/86, and after a high yield of maize in 1985, losses due to leaching were reduced to values between 69 to 108 kg N/ha. Under these experimental conditions (deliberately high quantities of semiliquid cattle manure; DCD-application in autumn) no reduction in nitrogen losses could be proved due to the addition of dicyandiamide.     

A field study of effects of contrasting methods of cultivation on soil nitrate content during autumn, winter and spring

The nitrate content of three heavy clay soils (Evesham, Denchworth and Lawford series) was examined after direct drilling or ploughing, and of another clay soil (Denchworth series) with or without mole drainage and after tine cultivation. Autumn-sown crops were grown at all these sites during the years 1973–80. Except in 1974–75, the nitrate concentration of the soil solution sampled from direct-drilled plots was less than from the ploughed plots, particularly in late autumn and early winter. By January the plots which had been ploughed contained 12–65 kg N ha^?1 more mineral nitrogen than direct-drilled plots, but differences between cultivation treatments disappeared rapidly and had gone by early March. After tine cultivation, the nitrate content of the soil profile was not affected by the contrasting drainage status of the plots with or without mole drainage. These results support the view that although denitrification can be greater in direct-drilled soil, the larger nitrate concentrations present in ploughed soil result from the soil disturbance exposing less accessible substrates to mineralization by microbes. By this means, considerable amounts of mineral nitrogen are made available at the beginning of the winter, during the establishment of autumn-sown crops.     

Nitrate leaching from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, Rothamsted, UK, as influenced by fertilizer and manure inputs and the weather

Abstract. Nitrate leaching was measured over the eight drainage seasons spanning the nine years from 1990–1998 on the 157‐year old Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted, UK. The weather pattern of two dry, three wet and three dry years was the dominant factor controlling nitrogen (N) loss. Both the concentration of nitrate in the drainage waters and the amount of N leached increased with the amount of N applied, mostly because of long‐term, differential increases in soil organic matter and mineralization. On average, losses of N by leaching were 30 kg ha^?1yr^?1 when no more than the optimum N application was applied and were typical of amounts leached from arable land in the UK. Losses increased significantly in both amounts and as the percentage of N applied for supra‐optimal applications of N and from autumn‐applied farmyard manure (FYM). Extra spring‐applied fertilizer was very effective at increasing yields on plots given FYM in the autumn but at the expense of leaching losses three times those from optimum fertilizer N applications. Losses increased after potatoes because they left significant amounts of mineral N in the soil, and decreased after forage maize because it used applied N more effectively. Losses measured 120 years ago from identical treatments were 74% greater than current losses because of today's larger yields and more efficient varieties and management practices. Average concentrations of nitrate in drainage waters did not exceed the EU limit of 11.3 mg NO₃‐N l^?1 until supra‐optimal amounts of N fertilizer (>150–200 kg ha^?1yr^?1) were applied in spring or FYM was applied in autumn. However some drainage waters from all plots, even those that have not received fertilizer for >150 years, exceeded the limit when rain followed a dry summer and autumn. Nitrate leaching into waters will remain a problem for profitable arable farming in the drier parts of Eastern England and Europe despite increased N use efficiency.     

太湖地区直播稻田氮素渗漏损失试验研究

在太湖流域丹阳地区,通过田间试验研究了旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏损失特征。结果表明,在当地正常的水肥管理模式下,旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏主要发生在水稻生长前期,施入的基肥不易迅速水解,部分仍滞留在表层土壤,灌溉或强降水时增大了氮素渗漏流失的风险。稻田40 cm深度土壤硝态氮和铵态氮浓度平均值分别为5.79和0.49 mg/L,硝态氮浓度最大值出现在苗肥施入后的第7 d,达到21.8 mg/L。以土壤深度40 cm为界面计算的氮素渗漏通量表明,铵态氮和硝态氮在整个稻季的平均渗漏量为N 3.8和28.4 kg/hm2,氮素渗漏的形式主要为硝态氮。直播水稻萌芽至幼苗期对氮素的吸收量少,应适当减少前期基肥或苗肥的施用量,充分利用基肥与苗肥的叠加效应,减少前期氮素渗漏流失。     

盐渍化灌区玉米施氮量阈值DNDC模型模拟

为了寻求保障农业生产和环境友好的适宜施氮量,利用内蒙古河套灌区2 a田间试验数据对脱氮-分解作用模型（Denitrification-Decomposition Model,DNDC）进行了率定与验证,模拟并研究了影响硝态氮淋失量和植株吸氮量的关键因素,以及玉米施氮量阈值。结果表明：1）DNDC模型可以较好地模拟玉米产量及氮素吸收利用情况,率定和验证过程中玉米产量、叶面积指数和收获时土壤0～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量纳什效率系数与R2均不小于0.75,标准均方根误差为9.26%～21.48%。2）施氮量和追肥次数对硝态氮淋失量和植株吸氮量的影响较大,而耕作深度和灌水量对硝态氮淋失量和植株吸氮量的影响较小。且过多施用氮肥不会促进植株吸氮量和产量的增加,反而会增加硝态氮淋失量造成环境污染。3）植株吸氮量和玉米产量均随施氮量增加呈先增长后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势。此外,当追肥次数为3次时,生育期植株吸氮量较追肥1次和2次时的植株吸氮量平均高167.18%和31.27%。4）当追肥次数相同时,硝态氮淋失量随施氮量增加而增加;当施氮量相同时,随追肥次数增加,硝态氮淋失量逐渐降低。当追肥次数为2次和3次时,生长季硝态氮淋失量较追肥1次时平均减少41.96%、59.75%。综合考虑玉米产量、硝态氮淋失量和植株吸氮量,当施氮量为165.50～200 kg/hm2,且分别在拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆期进行追肥为较优的施肥方案。研究成果可为减少河套灌区地下水环境污染及资源浪费提供技术支撑。     

褐土区氮磷在土壤发生层中淋溶的差异性

农业氮磷淋溶已经成为地下水污染最普遍和突出的问题。为揭示氮磷在包气带不同土层的淋溶特征,以典型褐土的5个土壤发生层（耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层）为研究对象,采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,在施肥量相同的条件下分析不同形态氮磷淋溶量,研究氮磷在不同土壤发生层中的迁移特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）进行5次淋溶,耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层淋溶液中可溶性总氮总量分别为2412.63 mg·L^-1、3028.94 mg·L^-1、244.16 mg·L^-1、3648.99 mg·L^-1和3356.51 mg·L^-1,淋溶层、黏化层和母质层可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于耕层,而钙积层可溶性总氮淋溶量较耕层显著减少;耕层淋溶液中可溶性总磷总量为0.52 mg·L^-1,且显著高于其他4层。2）在试验初期,耕层、淋溶层的硝态氮、可溶性总氮和正磷酸盐淋溶量显著高于黏化层和母质层,进行到第4、5次淋溶,黏化层、母质层的硝态氮和可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于其他3层,而各发生层间正磷酸盐淋溶量无显著差异;单次淋溶黏化层和母质层铵态氮淋溶量均显著高于其他3层,而耕层可溶性总磷淋溶量始终显著高于其他各层。3）耕层和钙积层的淋溶液中硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,占可溶性总氮比例分别为69.0%和85.4%,而在淋溶层、黏化层和母质层中分别为41.3%、5.1%和4.6%;在可溶性磷中,以无机态正磷酸盐为主,最高占可溶性总磷的75.9%。4）土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量对土壤氮磷的迁移转化有明显主导作用。有机质与氮磷淋溶量呈显著正相关关系,有机质含量高,会增加淋溶初期氮磷的淋溶风险;而阳离子交换量和黏粒含量则与氮磷淋溶呈显著负相关关系,阳离子交换量大和黏粒多能减少氮磷素的淋溶风险。该试验结果说明,由于5种发生层土壤理化性质不同,各发生层氮磷淋溶特征及其淋溶形态也有差异,并且氮磷的淋溶受土壤本身阳离子交换量、黏粒和有机质含量的影响。     

Assessment of tillage strategies to decrease nitrate leaching in the Brimstone Farm Experiment, Oxfordshire, UK

Tillage may influence nitrate losses from agricultural soils. Losses of nitrate were measured in drainflow at 60 cm depth and in combined surface runoff and interflow in the A horizon (=surface layer flow) on hydrologically sealed plots with a two-year comparison (1988–1990) of shallow-tine cultivation vs. mouldboard ploughing. Ploughing increased concentrations and loadings of nitrate in drainflow and surface layer flow, especially in the first year. After these two years the shallow-tined plots were ploughed to plant winter beans (Vicia faba L.), and nitrate in drainflow then increased over the next three winters, slightly exceeding that from the plots which had been ploughed throughout for winter cereals. The composition of the surface layer flow did not show this effect, however. Calculations of net winter mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen showed that shallow-tine cultivation may have decreased mineralisation slightly compared with ploughing in the first two years. These calculations did not indicate any increase in mineralisation for two winters after the minimally cultivated plots were ploughed in autumn 1990, probably because the soil was then very dry. This increase was apparently delayed until the fifth winter (1992/1993), which was much wetter than any since autumn 1990. In the previous eight years (1980–1988) half of the plots had been ploughed and half had been direct drilled. Averaged over the five winters 1988/1989–1992/1993, the five measures of nitrate loss in drainflow from plots previously direct drilled were 6–57% more than from plots previously ploughed, and winter mineralisation was 20% more, with no evidence of any decline in either with time. The nitrate produced by mineralisation of organic matter conserved by the eight years of direct drilling was mainly lost by leaching or denitrification; it was of little or no benefit to the crops. The results suggest that in the long term more nitrate is leached from land subject to periods of minimal or zero tillage and ploughing than from land ploughed every year.     

田间条件下氮的矿化及硝态氮淋溶研究

采用SRC（Soil-Resin-Core）装置，研究了重庆市主要土壤类型的氮矿化差异以及与硝态氮淋溶的关系。研究结果表明，微酸性紫色土（菜地）的氮索矿化量、硝态氮淋失量和有效氮的变幅均较大，而其它两种坡耕地变化的氮素矿化景和硝态氮的淋失量变幅均较小。相关分析表明：在微酸性紫色土中，影响硝态氮淋失的主要因素是矿化量，且二者呈显著正相关；而其它两种坡耕地土壤的矿化量与硝态氮淋失量不表现相关性。这就表明不同土壤矿化、硝态氮淋失的情况有差异。     

SWAT模拟耕作方式与盐分对区域土壤氮运移及作物产量影响

耕作方式与土壤盐渍化是影响河套灌区氮素流失及作物产量的重要因素.明确不同耕作方式与盐渍化水平下硝态氮运移量及作物产量的变化,可为制定合理的灌区耕作措施及盐渍化治理方案提供理论依据,对于揭示灌区氮素流失控制及不同作物增产潜力具有重要意义.该研究基于验证后的SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment To...     

不同农业种植方式对土壤中硝态氮淋失的影响研究

农田氮素损失是造成农业非点源污染的主要原因之一,其中由于大量施用氮肥引起的土壤氮素淋溶损失又是农田氮素损失的重要途径。针对农业不同种植条件下氮素损失控制难题,本文通过田间试验研究集约化种植和常规种植两种土地利用方式下,土壤硝态氮迁移特征及动态变化规律,来评估不同农业种植方式对地下水污染的潜在风险。结果表明:集约化种植区施肥量和灌溉量较大,硝态氮的淋失浓度明显大于常规种植园,土壤硝态氮浓度随时间和空间变化也最为显著。集约化种植区的地下水污染程度远远大于常规种植区,集约化种植葡萄园地下水中的硝态氮含量平均值11.2mg/L,是常规种植区平均值1.35 mg/L的8倍,集约化种植区过量施肥增大了土壤硝态氮的淋失风险,对生态环境构成了潜在的污染威胁。研究结果可为农业集约化种植区防治农业非点源污染和优化田间管理措施提供科学依据。     

河北太行山山前平原葡萄园土壤硝态氮累积特征及影响因素

为进一步摸清农户生产实践条件下果园土壤硝态氮分布特征及影响因素,以河北太行山山前平原的保定地区葡萄园为研究对象,调查28个果园生产管理现状,测定分析葡萄园和临近农田共31个样点0—200 cm土壤硝态氮含量、累积量及主要影响因素。结果表明:葡萄生产中氮肥施用量偏高,每季平均为297 kg/hm²,过量的养分投入导致氮素在土壤中累积,0—200 cm土层硝态氮淋洗现象明显,平均累积量高达1 555 kg/hm²。不同树龄、施氮量、灌溉量水平下,土壤硝态氮含量有所不同,但均表现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势,并且明显高于农田土壤。相关性分析表明,硝态氮累积量与树龄和施氮量均呈极显著正相关,与灌溉量呈显著负相关。通径分析表明,对土壤硝态氮累积量影响最大的因素为施氮量,其次为树龄和施肥次数,最后为灌溉量,施肥次数主要通过影响施氮量来间接影响硝态氮累积量。研究区域葡萄园氮素盈余严重,土壤硝态氮大量累积,并向深层土壤淋洗,影响该地区硝态氮累积的主要因素为施氮量、树龄和灌溉量。     

Modelling and measurement of the nitrogen cycle in a vegetable field in Switzerland. I. A soil-plant model for the nitrogen cycle

Correct nitrogen fertilization is particularly important in vegetable growing, because not only the nitrate content of the product but also leaching of nitrate into the groundwater is affected. To apply the appropriate amount of fertilizer at the right time, the supply of plant-available nitrate throughout the whole vegetation period has to be known. This may be achieved by repeated soil nitrate measurements (KNS-System), however, the work involved in carrying out soil analyses is considerable. A reliable nitrogen-prediction-model would facilitate the task. A dynamic system model for the nitrogen cycle in a soil-plant system is presented to predict yield, nitrate uptake and nitrogen leaching. To account for particularities of the site, specific information collected from the soil profile is required as input. Expected growth and nitrate uptake of the plant, the amount of fertilizer and plant residues applied, time of cultivation and climatic information are also required (list of inputs in table 1). Simulated crop growth is driven by potential relative growth which is dependent on the air temperature. Exponential growth is restricted by either a factor for maximal weight of a single plant, by maximal yield of the crop or by shortage of nitrogen in the plant. The nitrate uptake into the plant is governed by passive uptake through transpiration. It may be enhanced by a sink factor for active uptake when the simulated nitrogen content in the plant is lower than the expected value. Nitrate uptake thus depends on transpiration, water and nitrate availability in the rooted soil layers. Water (and hence nitrate) transport through the soil profile is divided into rapid transport in the macropores of the soil for a water content above field capacity and slow transport in the soil matrix for a water content below field capacity; the corresponding transfer factors have to be estimated in the field. As revealed by a sensitivity analysis (table 2) the input parameters having the greatest influence on final yield and nitrate uptake of lettuce are air and soil temperature, precipitation and the water content at field capacity. Parameters which increase nitrate availability have a favourable effect on nitrate uptake. Nitrate leaching over winter from a fallow plot is approximately proportional to water loss below the rooted soil layers; thus precipitation and water content at field capacity are the main factors affecting nitrate leaching. Calibration and validation of the model against data collected from a commercial vegetable field with different crops is presented in part II of the paper.     

华北平原农田裂缝对硝态氮淋溶的影响

土壤干缩开裂是常见的自然现象。目前关于土壤干缩开裂的研究主要集中于裂缝的最终形态特征,并且以室内试验为主。本研究通过室外大田试验,结合动态计算机图像分析及水氮运移模拟软件WHCNS,研究土壤干缩开裂的动力学过程、特征及其对农田水氮运移的影响。利用原位熔化石蜡浇筑得到了裂缝三维结构形态,借助三维激光扫描仪量化裂缝的几何特征,发现每平米裂缝平均长度为4.58m,裂缝上表面平均宽度为5.72 mm,平均深度为9.06 cm。基于三维扫描仪提取得到的裂缝几何参数,通过WHCNS仿真模拟,发现相较于无裂隙情况,裂隙的存在分别增加了传统施肥和优化施肥情况下97.40%和256.43%的硝态氮淋失量;与优化施肥模式相比,传统施肥模式更容易造成硝态氮的淋失风险。在模拟灌溉模式对硝态氮淋洗情况的影响时,其差异不明显;强降雨的设置同样增加了硝态氮的淋失风险,导致硝态氮的年均淋洗量增加83.61%。裂缝的存在严重影响农田作物对肥料的吸收和利用,通过优化施肥量、更改灌溉模式以及避免强降雨前施肥都可以减少肥料的损失。     

Modeling of Nitrate Leaching from a Potato Field using HYDRUS-2D

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is likely to be responsible for the increasing nitrate in groundwater. Thus, appropriate water and nutrient management is required to minimize groundwater pollution and to maximize the nutrient-use efficiency. In this study HYDRUS-2D software package was applied to simulate nitrate leaching from a drip-irrigated sandy agricultural soil for varying emitter discharges and various amounts of fertilizer. It was found that for small emitter discharge values free drainage increased significantly with increase in discharge, whereas the increase was leveled out at greater discharge values. Nitrate leaching increased with an increase in emitter discharge and amount of fertilizer, but the rate of increase was most significant for low emitter discharges. Based on the results, with regard to the selection of emitter discharge and the amount of appropriate fertilizer amount, nitrate leaching from a potato field can be minimized even in a sandy soil.     

Influence of former agricultural land use on net nitrate production in forest soils

Except where nitrate is added to the soil artificially, nitrate is leached from forest soils only if it is produced. Although the factors influencing nitrification have been widely studied, nitrification activity still cannot be simply predicted from ecosystem characteristics. In France, about half of the present forest area was agricultural in 1850. Previous work suggested that former cultivation could be a major factor influencing nitrogen availability in forest soils. Using laboratory incubations, we compared the net production of ammonium and nitrate in soils from formerly manured lands planted with conifers 70–100 years ago with that in soils of surrounding ancient coniferous forests. Net nitrate production, available P content, and natural abundance of nitrogen 15, δ¹⁵N, were greater in soils from formerly manured plots than other land, whereas the C:N ratio of the soil was less. The difference in net nitrate production between previously manured sites and adjacent ancient forests was related to differences in δ¹⁵N values in the soil but not evidently to other soil properties. Because soil δ¹⁵N increases with the intensity of organic manuring, these results suggest that nitrification in forest soils depends on previous manurial practices under agriculture. In this context, the soil δ¹⁵N might be used as an indicator of both previous agricultural land use and potential nitrification. Because a significant proportion of West European forests grow on previously cultivated soils, past land use should be taken into account when evaluating the risks of nitrate leaching from forests.     

亚热带主要耕作土壤硝态氮淋失特征试验研究

本文选取红壤、水稻土、潮土、黄棕壤和紫色土等我国亚热带地区的主要耕作土壤为研究对象,采用土柱模拟试验,研究了在这些土壤中,氮素累积与硝态氮迁移的动态特征,并对氮素的淋失风险进行了定量评价和预测。结果表明,硝态氮在土壤中的淋失过程可分为两个明显的阶段:高浓度快速降低阶段和低浓度缓慢降低阶段。硝态氮淋失过程存在明显的拐点,该点对应的累积入渗量（拐点入渗量）变化范围为38.1 - 219.7 mm,且随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈幂函数关系增加,表明随硝态氮含量的增高,其淋失风险呈加速增大的趋势。硝态氮淋失强度随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈显著的线性变化趋势。初步估测,我国亚热带地区年降水入渗量700 mm和土壤硝态氮累积水平为N 20 mg /kg条件下,表层土壤（0-20cm）的硝态氮年平均淋失量为N 484.9 kg /hm2,土壤间的变异系数（CV）分别为26.5%。土壤硝态氮含量是影响硝态氮淋失强度的决定性因素,其它土壤性质的影响均相对较小,因此,控制土壤氮素累积和化肥施用水平是降低其淋失风险的关键环节。