农户参与水土保持的福利效应:概念、内涵与评价指标框架

[目的] 系统梳理农户参与水土保持的福利效应概念、内涵与评价指标框架,为水土保持福利效应的综合评价提供依据。[方法] 结合已有研究报道、相关标准等,阐释水土保持福利效应的概念与内涵,厘清水土保持效益与水土保持福利效应的逻辑关系,梳理水土保持福利效应的评价尺度并提出福利效应评价指标框架。[结果] 水土保持福利效应具有评价客体明确、价值可货币化、与参与程度高度相关、个体差异和群体一致等内涵特征。水土保持福利效应评价是对水土保持效益评估的深化和拓展,二者是被包含与包含的关系。水土保持福利效应评价应立足于水土保持效益综合评价,其指标框架包含经济福利、社会福利和生态福利等多个要素。[结论] 当前人们对农户参与水土保持的福利效应关注不够。水土保持福利效应的评价着眼于政策性水土保持工程,其评价指标和方法未形成统一认识,还需进一步研究水土保持福利效应的理论及方法体系,以便为新时代水土保持建设提供决策支持。     

川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价

水土保持综合效益评价指标众多,不同地区由于自然、社会和经济条件相差很大,评价指标的选取也不同。在对川东丘陵地区进行实地调查、走访、查阅当地资料、专家咨询的基础上确定了包括目标层、准则层和指标层的三级评价指标体系,包括20个评价指标,这些指标以量化为主,基本能够反映区域水土保持综合效益。在对不同效益评价方法进行分析的基础上,提出了利用层次分析法进行水土保持综合效益评价的方法,对丁家河小流域治理后水土保持综合效益进行了评价,结果表明,治理后小流域水土保持综合效益得分值为0.091 6,各准则层效益表现为社会效益调水保土效益生态效益经济效益,评价结果与当地实际相符合,表明本研究所建立的评价指标体系合理,评价方法可行,可应用于川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价,为川东丘陵区水土保持综合治理提供依据。     

水土保持技术服务信用评价的指标体系构建——以水土保持方案编制技术服务为例

[目的]规范水土保持技术服务市场行为,为中国水土保持方案编制技术服务信用评价工作的开展提供技术支持。[方法]在借鉴相关行业信用评价体系和理论分析的基础上,以水土保持方案编制技术服务为例,采用查阅相关文献资料、咨询专家和实地走访调研的方法。[结果]按照指标筛选原则和流程确定了7个Ⅰ级评价指标,21个Ⅱ级指标和47个Ⅲ级指标,形成了较为完善的水土保持方案编制技术服务信用评价指标体系。采用权值因子判断表法和层次分析法,分别确定了Ⅰ级指标的权重。[结论]本文构建指标体系中各个指标和权重是根据专家意见和实地走访调研的基础上进行遴选和确定的,具有较强的现实基础,可加快和推进中国水土保持技术服务信用评价工作的开展。     

水土保持生态服务功能评价方法

 由于生态系统服务功能支撑与维持着地球生命系统的平衡与稳定,因此它已受到当今世界普遍关注。在我国水土流失严重的情况下,运用生态服务功能理论可以正确评价水土保持措施的作用,并为合理的生态建设规划提供依据。本文在总结Costanza等人理论的基础上,分析水土保持各项措施对保护和改良人类赖以生存的自然环境条件的综合效用。认为水土保持生态服务功能包括保护和涵养水源、保护和改良土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气和防风固沙等功能。另外,本文从水土保持工程措施、水土保持农业措施和水土保持林草措施3个方向为上述功能筛选了10个评价指标,且为各个指标分别建立了评价方法。这些指标及方法将有助于对水土保持措施的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

彰武县乐园小流域水土保持工程效益综合评价

通过对彰武县乐园小流域水土保持效益影响因素和工程特性的系统分析,从社会、经济、生态和水土保持4个方面选择13个关键指标构建后评价指标体系,然后利用熵值法与层次分析法计算各指标组合权重,采用改进的集对分析模型、评价标准和指标数据进行效益后评价。结果表明：该工程的社会、生态和水保效益显著,整体达到Ⅱ级标准,流域可开发潜力与空间较大、治理成效显著,可以为流域水土保持治理及其效益后评价提供一定参考。     

基于AHM-关联分析模型的小流域水土保持生态效益综合评价

结合6个生态效益指标,采用AHM-关联分析模型对辽宁西部3个小流域典型水土保持工程的生态效益进行综合评价。评价结果表明:AHM-关联分析模型综合指标权重及各指标关联度,水土保持生态效益综合评价结果客观、合理,且解决传统评估大都采用定性描述为主的局限。     

水土保持产业化发展阶段探讨

针对现有水土保持产业化阶段划分方法的不足,按照水土保持产业化过程,以土地生产力变化规律将水土保持产业化过程划分为投入期、发展期、收益期3个阶段,从主要任务、投入产出关系、关键问题和效益等方面分析了各阶段的特点。     

基于集对分析模型的水土保持工程效益后评价研究

[目的]建立一个科学合理的水土保持效益后评价指标体系对水土保持工程进行效益评价,为小流域的生态治理提供科学后评估依据。[方法]综合分析小流域水土保持工程特性和影响水土保持工程效益的关键因素,识别和选取水土保持工程效益后评价的13项关键指标,建立小流域工程效益后评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵值法改进评价指标的权重,结合评价指标数据和指标评价标准应用改进的集对分析模型开展工程效益后评价研究。[结果]改进的集对分析模型结果表明,评价指标体系中水保效益、生态效益、社会效益,流域水土保持工程效益评价总体处于2级水平,流域治理的成效显著、可供开发的空间和潜力较大。[结论]该方法是一种有效地针对小流域的水土保持工程效益评价的新方法。在构建水土保持工程效益后评价指标体系的基础上,将该方法运用到水土保持工程效益后评价中,基本达到了预期的研究目的。     

基于未确知测度的水土保持效益评价

水土流失不仅会造成资源浪费等生态问题,也会影响区域经济发展和居民生活舒适度。因此,科学合理地开展水土保持效益评价,对水土保持工作具有重要的意义。本文结合实际项目,选取13个指标作为水土保持效益评价的影响因素,通过组合赋权的方法获取每个指标的权重,结果表明林草植被覆盖增加率、土壤侵蚀模数、土地生产率为影响水土保持效益的重要因素。使用未确知测度的方法对水土保持效益等级进行评价,结果表明进行了相关治理措施的区域,水土保持效益较好。     

基于AHP-模糊综合评价法的生产建设项目水土保持效果研究

[目的]评价生产建设项目建设期水土保持效果,为水电站水土保持后续监督管理提供数据支撑,为生产建设项目的水土保持效果评价提供参考。[方法]以生产建设项目——四川省甘孜藏族自治州拉哇水电站为研究评价对象,以生产建设项目水土保持监测重点和监测技术规程为体系框架,应用层次分析法—模糊综合评价法构建包含红线范围扰动、水土流失控制、绿化恢复、水土保持措施实施和水土流失危害5个方面14个水土保持指标的生产建设项目水土保持效果综合评价模型,对拉哇水电站建设中水土保持效果进行综合评价。[结果] 2017—2021年拉哇水电站综合评价指数分别为0.840,0.727,0.571,0.786,0.792,评价等级为优、良、中、良、良,呈现先减小后增加趋势,水土保持效果总体评价结果表现为良好。[结论]在拉哇水电站建设过程中,包含红线范围扰动、水土流失控制、绿化恢复、水土保持措施实施和水土流失危害5个方面的水土保持工作总体表现良好,收到了较好的成效。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.