板栗植物学特征与单株产量的关系

在同一高接复选园中,对产地和成熟期不同的7个板栗株系单株产量与有关植物学特征进行调查研究.结果表明,板栗单株产量与其雌花序数呈显著线性相关,雌花序数与结果母枝、结果枝的粗度及结果枝数量呈极显著线性相关.     

板栗植物学特征与单株产量的关系

在同一高接复选园中，对产地和成熟期不同的７个板栗株系单株产量与有关植物学特征进行了调查研究，结果表明，板栗单株产量与其雌花序数呈显著性相关，雌花序数与结果母枝，结果枝的粗度及结果枝数量呈极显著的线性相关。     

板栗幼旺树土施多效唑控冠促花试验

板栗幼旺树土施多效唑能明显抑制板栗结果枝的生长量和果前梢长度,控制结果枝二次生长,增加结果母枝抽生果枝量、结果母枝抽生雄花枝量和果枝结棚量,降低果枝率,减少结果枝上雄花序数量。     

4个板栗品种雌雄花序形成数量的观察

板栗结果枝及其雌花序 (簇 )的数量较少 ,雄花枝及雄花序的数量较多 ,是板栗低产的主要原因。板栗结果枝上着生有雌花簇与雄花序构成的混合花序 ,一个果枝或一个混合花序轴上的雌花簇数在不同品种间有明显差异。为探明我地主栽板栗品种雌雄花序的形成数量及差异性 ,开展本项调查 ,为生产提供参考。1　材料与方法　　调查在 1999年板栗盛花期进行。材料为武义县的 4个板栗品种 :诸暨毛板红、上虞魁栗、紫油光和缙云上光栗。本砧 ,树龄 6年生 ,已结果 3年。各品种选择生长结果正常的植株 8～ 16株 ,每株随机选 1个 1～2级分枝 ,对其上所有结果…     

板栗结果母枝短截对生长结实的影响

2011 ～2012年对黄棚、鲁岳早丰、红栗2号、岱岳早丰、东岳早丰、东王明栗等6个板栗新品种结果母枝于春季萌芽前进行轻、中、重三种短截处理,探讨板栗树的修剪反应.结果表明:6个板栗品种短截处理改变了枝类组成,减少了发枝总量,发育枝数量增加,结果枝和细弱枝数量减少,单位投影面积产量降低,空苞率降低,品种间修剪反应有差异.     

5个韩国板栗新品种

笔者于1996年赴韩国全南农村振兴院学习,其间,对韩国板栗品种进行了调查,现介绍韩国林木育种研究所育成的5个板栗新品种。　　(1)广银　亲本为广州早栗×银寄。树姿较直立,树势强。结果母枝粗长,每个结果枝着生雌花序1～2个、雄花序6～9个。嫁接苗定植后2～3年开始结果。?..     

板栗科学管理的理论与实践

板栗栽培历史悠久,果质佳良,是重要的出口果品。现根据本人近几年来在河南新县所进行的调查与试验,并参考有关资料,从理论方面说明其管理要点。一、培养粗壮的结果母枝是增产关键通过对板栗190个结果母枝长度、粗度和结栗棚数的调查分析,证明结果母枝粗度和结实力之间呈明显的直线相关,其相关系数 r~(**)=0.672899,决定系数 r~2=0.452793,按决定系数之意义,可知板栗的栗棚数有45.28％是受结果母枝粗度决定的。结果母枝粗度之所以与结实力密切相关,是由于随结果母枝的增粗,其抽生果枝数相应增加,     

板栗生物学特性与结果特点观察

2002-2005年每年7月中旬至8月上旬在板栗产区的菜园镇、五重安乡、马兰庄镇进行板栗生物学特性与结果特点的调查，结果表明：10.1-30cm长的结果母枝，占母枝总数的86.57％，其结蓬数占总结蓬量的87.64％：-0.51—0.70cm粗的结果母枝占母枝总数的57.83％，其结蓬数占总结蓬量的64.58％；顶芽和次顶芽果枝分别占总果枝数的45.01％和35.29％，其结蓬数占总结蓬量的53.71％和30.41％；20、40、70年生树树冠外围结果枝所占外围总枝量的比例都超过50％，冠内结果枝分别占总枝量的1.66％、2.78％和6.07％。     

土施硼砂减少板栗空苞试验

我国板栗园管理普遍较粗放，空苞率高，单位面积产量低。据对河南省安阳市板栗园调查，栽培管理较好的栗园，其空苞率在１７．５％，不少板栗园板栗空苞率４５．３％，有的甚至高达７６．０％。我们通过土施硼砂，有效地降低了板栗空苞率，株产明显提高。该项技术已在板栗生产中推广应用，推广面积１４６ｈｍ２，取得显著经济效益。现将试验结果介绍如下。１　材料与方法　　试验于１９９５～１９９６年在河南省林县进行，主栽品种紫油栗，授粉品种红油栗、谷堆栗。供试紫油栗的初果期树６年生，栽植于经过挖沟填土的荒坡地，行株距５ｍ×４…     

“国庆1号”温州蜜柑结果母枝状况与结果的关系

选用20 a生“国庆一号”温州蜜柑盛果多花中庸树,随机取样调查结果母枝粗度、长度、其上有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝数量、有叶结果枝叶数、长度以及它们的坐果率.结果表明:有叶结果枝及无叶结果枝数不随结果母枝粗度的增加而有规律的增减,但随母枝长度的增加有减少的趋势.结果母枝粗度在0.4～0.5 cm范围内,有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝坐果率都最高,分别为7.8％和27.5％.结果母枝长度在0.1～10 cm范围内,有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝坐果率都最高,分别为7.0％和21.5％.结果母枝粗度与有叶结果枝及无叶结果枝坐果率无显著相关关系.母枝长度与有叶结果枝坐果率无显著相关关系,但与无叶结果枝坐果率呈显著正相关.有叶结果枝叶片数越少的有叶结果枝数反而越多,有叶结果枝叶数与有叶结果枝数呈显著正相关;总的来说,叶数越多,有叶结果枝坐果率越高.以短有叶结果枝数量大,但有叶结果枝长度与有叶结果枝坐果率呈显著正相关.     

砧木对椪柑生长结果及叶片矿质成分的影响

通过10年田间比较试验,探明枳砧与2种惯用乔化砧(椪柑、福桔)对椪柑生长结果及叶片元素含量的影响。枳砧明显抑制椪柑树体及新梢生长,而显著增加其开花、坐果数及单株产量,且产量较稳定。半矮化枳砧椪柑叶片含氮、锰量稳定高于2种乔化砧椪柑;而前者的叶片含钾量较稳定高于后两者,含钙量呈阶段性低于后两者;镁、磷、铜、铁、硼含量差异不稳定、锌无差异。     

The Effect of Partial Defoliation at Different Times in the Season on Fruit Drop and Shoot Growth in Lord Lambourne Apple Trees

Six-branched trees were deblossomed on alternate branches and various defoliation treatments given. For the period of 7 to 30 days from the time of treatment, defoliations increased the compound-interest rates of fruit drop. After this period these rates of drop became equal to those of untreated trees and the relative differences in crop numbers established by this time persisted until harvest though the actual numbers still fell. The earlier in the season that the defoliations were applied the greater were the relative differences. The removal of spur leaves from branches bearing fruit caused greater drop than the removal of spur leaves from neighbouring deblossomed branches. The removal of leaves from extension and bourse shoots of fruiting or deblossomed branches had no significant effect upon fruit drop or shoot growth.

The removal of all flowers from alternate branches at mouse-ear caused more shoots to grow from these branches than from branches allowed to fruit. Removal, at pink bud, of spur leaves from either fruiting or non-fruiting branches increased the number of shoots on both branches, but removal deferred till later in the season had no effect.     

中国板栗9个结果母枝相关表型性状遗传多样性研究

以中国10个省份(群体)的164份板栗种质为材料(种植在立地条件相同的同一地块,连续3年采用相同的修剪技术和标准修剪),对母枝结果枝数、雄花枝数、纤弱枝数、结果枝长度、果前梢长度、结果枝节间长度、结果枝粗度、结果枝节位数和结果枝结苞数等9个表型性状量化赋值后进行系统分组设计、方差分析和聚类分析。结果显示:结果母枝的9个表型性状值在群体间和群体内差异均达极显著水平,说明这些性状在群体间和群体内均存在丰富变异;9个表型性状平均变异系数为19.4%～64.0%,其中母枝上雄花枝数、纤弱枝数和果枝结苞数的变异系数 40%,说明这3个性状改良潜力较大;9个表型性状在群体间表型分化系数为65.9%,群体内为34.1%,说明这些表型性状的变异主要来源于群体间;通过系统聚类,依据表型差异可将10个群体划分为4大类群,基本按地理距离而聚类。     

Partitioning of C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth

To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, ¹³C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’.     

Phenology of strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) in ReÂunion Island

Summary

The phenology of wild stands of strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) was studied at 100, 480 and 720.m over 2 years in ReÂunion Island. The shoots bore flower buds at the basal nodes, and vegetative buds at the apical nodes. Trees produced vegetative growth from September to December, flowers from November to January and fruit from February to June. Shoot growth was earlier at 100 and 720.m the first year, but were synchronized in the second year. Flowering and fruiting were also earlier at 100.m. The intervals between shoot emergence and flowering, and flowering and fruit maturity were strongly related to temperature, with base temperatures of 5.58C and 2.68C, and heat units requirements of 675 and 2,5528C.d, respectively. The number of shoots, flowers and fruit per branch varied across sites and years, unrelated to temperature. However, production was significantly higher at 720.m. Production was much lower after a hurricane. Flowering (y) was related to shoot production per branch (x) (log(y)=111.33.log(x); r².=.0.78), whereas the fruit set rate was highly variable between trees (26±100%). The number of fruits per branch (1±6) was possibly related to poor shoot growth or fruit set, but unrelated to the timing of the phenological events. It is expected that commercial orchards would be more productive than feral stands.     

广州地区澳洲坚果抽梢与坐果的关系

广州地区澳洲坚果一年主要抽生三次梢,以多年生枝和春梢为主要结果母枝,分别占43.1%和39.1%.结果能力以更梢母枝最强,平均每枝坐果3.0个,其次为多年生枝(2.0个).平均花坐果率0.22%.坐果数与结果母枝长度、粗度、粗/长比和叶片数无显著相关,与花序数和初始坐果数密切相关(R~2=0.7653).树冠郁闭条件极显著地减少初始坐果数.花后5周内落掉总花量的99%以上.幼果的另一个脱落高峰在花后第5至8周,主要是旺盛营养生长与迅速生长的果实的营养竞争所致.     

单株留芽量及结果母枝剪留长度对猕猴桃结果性能的影响

对栽植株行距3m×4m的美味猕猴桃秦美品种连续进行了3年试验,单株分别剪留250、300、350、400个芽处理后,平均单株新梢数、叶面积指数、落叶率与留芽数量呈正相关,叶幕下层的光强度、净光合率与留芽数量呈负相关;单株果枝数、果实数及单位面积产量均以留400芽处理最高,但平均单果重最小,88g以上的优质果产量最低。综合评价以单株剪留350个有效芽的效果最佳,优级果产量达到2102.7kg/666.7m2。结果母枝分别剪留7、12、17个有效芽处理后,平均每母枝的结果枝数、果实数、产量与留芽数量呈正相关,均以17芽处理最高,分别达到9.5个、30.4个和3.09kg,各处理间的单果重差异不显著。     

乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响

以20年生改良高干开心形乔砧富士苹果树为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了透光和郁闭树冠内长、中、短枝(梢)的数量、比例与产量和品质的空间分布差异和枝(梢)数量、类型与比例对果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,透光和郁闭树冠枝(梢)总量分别为104×104和124×104条·hm-2,在树冠内膛、中部和外围的比例分别为41.87%、42.83%、15.30%和10.00%、36.92%、53.08%;透光树冠的折合产量为63.30t·hm-2,显著高于郁闭树冠的47.96t·hm-2,并集中分布在树冠1.0～2.5m的层次高度,透光树冠每层的果实产量均大于郁闭树冠;透光树冠的单果质量、可溶性固形物、固酸比分别比郁闭型树冠高11.84%、18.01%和68.22%。典型相关与多元回归分析获得了影响果实品质因素的主要枝(梢)类型和重要程度,长枝(梢)数量与果实单果质量、硬度呈显著正相关,短枝(梢)数量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与可滴定酸含量呈显著负相关;线性规划得到了乔砧富士苹果优质的总枝(梢)量为96.57×104～103.68×104条·hm-2,长、中、短枝(梢)比例分别为9.41%～10.62%、14.12%～15.00%、74.57%～76.47%。     

双主干并棒树形对矮化自根砧苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现，以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材，调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形，砧木粗度大于高纺锤形，2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形；单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高，2017 年无差异；并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形；并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形，2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形，同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形；两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异，并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为，矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形，可以显著削弱树体高度，减小行间冠幅，树体生长及枝量增长速度快，长枝比例低，易成花，果实产量上升潜力大。     

磁化水灌溉对冬枣生长及品质的影响

以‘沾化冬枣1号’和‘沾化冬枣2号’为试材,利用磁化处理的淡水和地下浅表层微咸水灌溉,通过对枣吊、叶片及果实的生长和养分含量测定分析,探究磁化水灌溉对枣生长及品质的影响。结果表明：（1）磁化水灌溉处理能显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和鲜质量,果实有机酸、维生素C、花青素含量,并且大幅度提高果实的耐贮性。（2）沾化冬枣1号经磁化（进口磁化器A400p）淡水灌溉处理,相比淡水对照枣吊长度与直径提高了11.375%和15.810%,单叶面积提高了12.418%,单果质量、含水量、果实横径和纵径分别提高了23.779%、2.377%、3.650%和5.071%;沾化冬枣2号经磁化（进口磁化器A400p）淡水灌溉处理,枣吊长度与直径提高了23.602%和13.710%,单叶面积与叶片厚度提高了23.622%和13.825%,单果质量和还原糖含量提高了12.526%和12.110%。（3）利用磁化（自主研发磁化器DS-948-1）地下浅表层微咸水灌溉处理沾化冬枣2号,与微咸水对照相比,果实含水量和还原糖含量分别提高了4.386%和9.158%。（4）灌溉水经磁化处理后,冬枣叶片矿质元素N、P、Cu含量提高（P < 0.05）。磁化水灌溉处理有效促进了沾化冬枣的枝叶和果实生长发育,提高了果实的品质和耐贮性。