不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌特性的影响

通过等温吸附试验，研究了不同磷浓度条件下水、旱田两种土壤吸附锌的规律，结果表明：在本试验条件下，以Fretmdlich方程拟合土壤对锌的吸附等温线的效果最好；不同磷浓度条件下，同一土壤的吸附等温线方程参数k和n均没有显著的变化；不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌的量没有显著影响。因此，磷锌拮抗的原因可能不是施磷加强了土壤对锌的吸附作用。     

磷含量和秸秆添加量对褐土锌吸附—解吸的影响

采用室内培养的方法,通过人为添加不同量的玉米秸秆和磷,研究不同含量磷和作物秸秆对土壤锌吸附—解吸的影响,以探讨磷—锌在土壤中的交互作用机制。结果表明:低锌(Zn10:添加Zn2+浓度为10 mg L-1)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随土壤速效磷含量的增加而逐渐降低,表明在石灰性土壤中,随磷含量的增加提高了土壤锌的有效性;而Zn2+的解吸量随土壤中磷含量的增加先升高后降低,添加Zn2+浓度为80 mg L-1(Zn80)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量明显大于Zn10条件下。土壤中添加不同秸秆量对不同浓度Zn2+吸附时,低锌(Zn10)处理下,在相同磷含量情况下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随秸秆添加量的增加而减少,而土壤对Zn2+的解吸量随秸秆量的增加而增加。在不同磷水平下,不同秸秆添加量对Zn2+的吸附趋势差异较大。高锌(Zn80)处理下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量在不同秸秆量处理下趋势大致相同,且Zn2+吸附量随磷含量的提高先升高后降低;在同一磷水平下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附趋势和Zn10时相似。利用KNO3进行解吸Zn2+时,不添加秸秆和低量秸秆处理变化趋势相同,均在添加磷量为360 mg kg-1时解吸量达到最大,分别为363.5 mg kg-1、424 mg kg-1,而高量秸秆处理下,Zn2+解吸量随磷含量的增加先升高后降低。     

不同磷水平对水稻土供锌能力的影响

通过室内培养的方式研究了不同磷浓度对土壤供锌容量-强度(Q/I)关系的影响,并应用能量的观点探讨不同磷浓度对土壤中锌的交换过程的影响。结果表明:在不供磷条件下,盘锦盐渍型水稻土的供锌能力最强,沈阳盐渍型水稻土次之,而抚顺潜育型水稻土最差;不同磷水平对锌浓度的改变值(△Zn)、活度比(AR)和交换自由能(△G)均没有显著影响,而这些指标的显著变化是由于不同锌水平的差异引起的。     

不同磷浓度处理暗棕壤对Zn2+吸附解吸行为的研究

通过等温吸附试验,研究不同磷含量处理暗棕壤对Zn2+的吸附解吸行为,结果表明:(1)随平衡液中Zn2+浓度的增加,3种处理暗棕壤对Zn2+的吸附作用均表现为:低浓度下(0～100 mg/L),吸附量增加迅速,随着浓度升高(100～150 mg/L),吸附量变缓并渐趋平衡,含磷量高的土壤吸附Zn2+的量较高。(2)Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin方程均能很好描述Zn2+在3种不同磷含量暗棕壤上的吸附等温线,拟合效果依次为Freundlich>Langmuir>Temkin。经参数计算,较高磷含量有利于提高暗棕壤的最大吸附量和土壤对Zn2+的缓冲容量,而磷含量不同对Zn2+在暗棕壤上的吸附力没有太大影响。(3)3种不同磷含量处理暗棕壤吸附量与解吸量关系图形状相似,呈高度线性相关,均表现为暗棕壤对Zn2+的解吸量随吸附量的增加而增加,磷含量较高土壤有利于Zn2+的固定且不易解吸。     

四种典型重金属污染对土壤吸附磷的影响

以空白土壤和人工制备的不同浓度铜、砷、镉和铅污染土壤为对象,研究了在不同pH值、温度和柠檬酸浓度条件下重金属污染对土壤吸附磷的影响,并对其进行了相关过程的等温和吸附动力学的机理分析。研究结果表明,空白土壤和As污染土壤吸附磷的等温吸附过程符合Temkin方程,Cu、Pb、Cd污染土壤吸附磷的等温吸附过程符合Freundlich方程,空白土壤和重金属污染土壤吸附磷的动力学过程均符合Elovich方程;重金属污染对土壤吸附磷有一定的抑制作用,抑制程度与污染物浓度呈现显著的正相关,且随外在环境因子的改变而不同。当重金属元素铜、铅、砷、镉的含量分别为200、80、25、0.8 mg kg^-1时:pH值为5时,重金属对土壤吸附磷抑制作用最小,土壤吸附磷量分别降低了30.18%、13.54%、30.74%、37.23%,其抑制作用程度为:Cd> As> Cu> Pb;土壤吸附磷量与温度呈现显著的正相关,温度变化为25~45℃时,土壤对磷的吸附量分别增大了17.14%~28.83%、6.72%~16.05%、8.68%~9.13%、10.30%~23.45%,同一条件下重金属对土壤吸附磷抑制作用程度为Cu> Cd> As> Pb;重金属污染土壤吸附磷量与柠檬酸浓度成负相关,柠檬酸浓度为50 mg L^-1时,土壤吸附磷量分别降低了19.87%、21.94%、23.18%、24.84%,相同柠檬酸浓度下其抑制作用程度为Cd> As> Pb> Cu。     

不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

主要研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳四种来源的生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响。研究结果表明:生物炭对土壤磷吸附的影响取决于土壤溶液中磷的浓度,与对照相比,在中低磷浓度(0~90 mg L-1)时,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附影响较小,而在较高磷浓度时,小麦秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭均抑制了土壤磷的吸附,而水稻秸秆生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭均能促进土壤磷的吸附。吸附动力学试验表明,在反应开始的4小时内,土壤对磷的吸附较快,吸附量基本达到平衡吸附量的50%;到达吸附平衡时,添加生物炭能够降低土壤对磷的吸附量,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附量依次为:小麦秸秆玉米秸秆花生壳水稻秸秆。此外四种生物炭都能促进土壤中磷的解吸,其中玉米秸秆的促进效果最为显著,解吸量比对照高1.76倍。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程都能很好地拟合生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附等温线(P0.01),Freundlich拟合程度要比Langmuir方程的高。准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程都能很好地描述生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附动力学(P0.01)。     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

富啡酸对石灰性潮土中磷吸附-解吸及其对锌次级吸附-解吸的影响

通过吸附和解吸试验,研究了富啡酸（Fulvic acid,FA）对石灰性潮土中磷吸附一解吸的影响,并进行了吸附富啡酸和磷后对锌次级吸附一解吸的影响。结果表明：同时吸附不同磷和富啡酸后,土壤对磷的吸附量随磷初始浓度的增加而增加,而随富啡酸吸附初始浓度的增加而降低;石灰性潮土磷等温吸附曲线用Langumir方程式描述时,土壤对磷的吸附反应常数K、最大吸附量Xm、最大缓冲容量KxXm均随富啡酸初始浓度的增加而降低;KNO_3、KOH、HCI对吸附磷的解吸量所占比例及磷的总解吸量均随富啡酸浓度的增加而增加。土壤对Zn^2＋的吸附率随磷和富啡酸吸附初始浓度的增加而降低;而其解吸率随磷和富啡酸吸附浓度的增加而增加,说明磷和富啡酸减少了土壤对Zn^2＋的吸附,且增加了其在土壤中的解吸量。所以,石灰性潮土中富啡酸提高了土壤中磷的有效性,而且磷和富啡酸提高石灰性土壤中锌的有效性。     

不同硫酸铝用量对苏打盐碱土磷素形态及吸附特性的影响

通过室内模拟盆栽改良试验,研究了硫酸铝的改良效果及施用后对土壤中磷素营养状况的影响。硫酸铝配施磷肥和氮肥对小麦的出苗和生长起着明显促进作用。无机磷分级及相关分析结果表明,施加不同用量的硫酸铝后,各级无机磷平均含量的大小顺序为Ca2-P>Ca8-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P>Ca10-P,其中,Ca8-P和O-P是Ca2-P的有效补充。磷的吸附实验表明,各处理土壤磷的等温吸附曲线与Langmuir方程的吻合程度最好,其相关程度达极显著水平。根据简单Langmuir方程,将C/x/m对C作图,得到的是具有一个折点的直线,表明随着磷平衡浓度的不同,土壤对磷的吸附存在着两个不同能量水平的吸附点位。磷的解吸结果表明,在磷平衡浓度较低的条件下,土壤与磷的结合能力较强,大多以固定态磷的形式被吸附,并且,解吸也较困难;随着磷平衡浓度的增加,可交换磷所占的比例增加,有较多的磷可被解吸下来。     

不同处理褐煤腐殖酸对磷吸附特性的研究

采用吸附等温线的试验方法,研究了平衡溶液中磷浓度、反应时间及介质pH对不同处理的2种褐煤腐殖酸吸附磷的影响及其规律性。结果表明:在试验pH范围内,pH的升高减缓了吸附反应进行的速度,对于未经硝酸处理的样品S1,在pH为4.7时,吸附量和分配系数有一最大值,而样品S2,随着pH的升高,吸附量和分配系数一直减小;经硝酸处理后,样品对磷的吸附能力降低,一定条件下其单位吸附量仅为处理前的5.33%。适宜的固液比例可提高2个不同处理供试样品对磷的单位吸附量,其等温吸附规律可用Langmuir方程来加以描述;其吸附动力学用Elovich方程描述最佳。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷吸附-解吸的影响

采用培养试验结合Langmuir吸附等温方程进行拟合求出吸附、解吸的相关参数的方法,研究了磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷吸附和解吸特性的影响。结果表明,随土壤磷水平和磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,土壤最大吸磷量、土壤磷最大缓冲能力显著降低;土壤易解吸磷和土壤磷的解吸率显著增加。土壤易解吸磷和土壤磷的解吸率与土壤Olsen-P呈显著正相关;土壤最大吸磷量、土壤磷最大缓冲容量与土壤Olsen-P呈显著负相关。单位量磷肥所增加的土壤易解吸磷随着磷肥用量和土壤磷水平的增加而增大;土壤磷水平和磷用量是影响土壤磷最大吸磷量和土壤磷最大缓冲能力的重要因素。     

Metabolism of glucose,fructose, and sucrose in tobacco leaves during maturity

Phosphorus sorption and desorption processes in selected soils were investigated to evaluate the usefulness of phosphorus sorption isotherms in the estimation of the phosphorus supplying capacity of soils. There was a distinct hysteresis in the phosphorus sorption and desorption isotherms, resulting in an overestimation of the replenishing ability of soils to supply phosphorus to the soil solution, when phosphorus sorption isotherms were used for the estimations.

To attain a value of 0.2 ppm P in the soil solution, 115 µmol P/g soil are required in the Kuromatsunai Ando soil (Ochric Andosols) based on the estimation by the P desorption isotherms; this value is 29% higher than that indicated by the P sorption isotherm. Also 42 µmol P/g soil are required in the Mikatagahara Yellow soil (Helvic Acrisols)—which corresponds to a value 23% higher than that indicated by the P sorption isotherm.

Two types of hysteresis subloops were observed: A reversible type and an irreversible type. The former was found typically in the highly weathered Mikatahagara Yellow soil while the latter was observed in the Kuromatsunai Ando soil.     

Influence of pH and Zinc Concentration on Cadmium Sorption in Acid, Sandy Soils

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out with samples from an A-, Bh- and C-horizon of contaminated sandy soil of podzolic character from the Kempen region at the Dutch-Belgian border. Cadmium sorption was studied on 3 soil samples at 3 different pH-levels (3.6, 4.3 and soil buffered pH) and 3 different additions of zinc (0–40 mg l^-1). Adsorption of cadmium by acid sandy soils can be fitted by a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Although zinc competes with cadmium for the sorption sites, we observe a two to three times stronger competition effect of the proton cation, which is explained by the chemical properties of both ions. The cadmium adsorption coefficient K_F decreases considerably by an increase of the proton activity used in the sorption experiments. Organic matter content explains for a large part the variation of KF of te three soil samples. Desorption data do not fit the proposed regression model for adssorption. Not all the cadmium, intitially present in the polluted soil, will fylly desorb reversibly. Thus, part of the cadmium may be irreversible bound.     

THE USE OF THE FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR SOIL PHOSPHATE SORPTION DATA

Phosphate sorption data for twenty-nine soils were found to fit the Freundlich adsorption isotherm better if a measure of native labile P was first added to the sorption data, and this sum plotted against intensity. The exponent from the isotherm thus obtained was closely related to exchangeable A1 (in acid soils) and exchangeable Ca (in neutral and calcareous soils), with a mole ratio of one P to 6 A1 or Ca.     

Phosphate-induced zinc retention in a tropical semi-arid soil

Zinc (Zn) deficiency symptoms and sporadic responses to applied Zn are being observed frequently in the Nigerian savanna, and one cause is thought to be the growing use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers. This study was designed to test the hypothesis of P-induced Zn retention in the soils. Soil mixed eith P was incubated at field capacity for 3 weeks at 30 ± 2°C. P levels added to the soil were 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg per kg soil. After 3 weeks of incubation, water-soluble Zn in soil decreased by 92% and exchangeable Zn by 78% with 2000 mg kg^?1 of applied P. Zn levels ranging from 0 to 200 mg kg^?1 were added to the P-incubated soil to determine the Zn sorption isotherm and retention capacity. The P-treated soil retained 93 ± 2% of added Zn compared with 52 ± 2% of the control soil. P treatment changed the Zn sorption isotherm from an L-curve isotherm to an H-curve isotherm, indicating strong affinity of P-treated soil for Zn, probably as a result of the formation of Zn-phosphate complexes on the soil surface and precipitation at sufficiently large concentrations of P and Zn. At 2000 mg P kg^?1, up to 90% of Zn retained by the soil was bound in solid form as ZnHPO₄. Varying the soil pH from 3.5 to 9.0, Zn retention by the soil was related to Zn hydrolysis with maximum adsorption occurring at pH 7.3 ± 0.2. The dependence of sorbed Zn on Zn(OH)₂° at pH 3.5–7.4 of P-treated soil indicated that significant van der Waals forces might be involved in Zn retention. The implication of the results of this study for the region is that fertilizer-P placement around a growing crop plant, commonly practised to maximize fertilizer-P efficiency, can potentially limit Zn solubility and availability.     

Effect of pH on Zinc Sorption–Desorption by Soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soil pH on zinc (Zn) sorption and desorption for four surface soils from the Canterbury Plains region of New Zealand. Zinc sorption by the soils, adjusted to different pH values, was measured from various initial solution Zn concentrations in the presence of 0.01 M calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂]. Zinc desorption isotherms were derived from the cumulative Zn desorbed (µg g^?1 soil) after each of 10 desorption periods by sequentially suspending the same soil samples in fresh Zn‐free 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂. Zinc sorption and desorption varied widely with soil pH. Desorption of both native and added Zn decreased continuously with rising pH and became very low at pH values greater than 6.5. The proportion of sorbed Zn that could be desorbed back into solution decreased substantially as pH increased to more than 5.5. However, there were differences between soils regarding the extent of the hysteresis effect.     

Use of adsorption and buffer capacity in soil testing for phosphorus

Abstract

The methods used to predict phosphorus (P) fertilizer requirements use extractable P levels. The inclusion of soil P buffer capacity with extractable P levels to improve fertilizer P prediction accuracy should be further investigated for Mediterranean soils. The objectives of this study, were to characterize the P adsorption properties of selected soils and to compare different soil P buffering capacity indices to determine their contribution to predict P fertilizer requirement. Twenty‐one soils were collected and P adsorption isotherms determined. On 11 soils wheat was grown in the greenhouse and P requirement determined. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm described the P adsorption of all soils. The prediction of crop P requirement was improved by the inclusion of a soil P buffer capacity index in the prediction equation. The index proposed by Salmon is easy to determine under routine soil analyses and does not require special analytical equipment. However, clay content can be used to predict the Salmon buffer index for similar soils.     

长期不同施肥潮土对可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附影响土壤元素化学行为。为此,本研究采用批处理法研究了DOC在长期不同施肥处理(对照CK、氮N、氮磷NP、氮磷钾NPK、化肥+秸秆还田NPKS、化肥+有机肥NPKM)潮土上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征。结果表明,猪粪源DOC易于分解,需要添加0.025 mmol(1 mL 25 mmol/L)Na N3抑制其分解,抑制率超过90%。DOC吸附符合准二级动力学方程(R~2≥0.99)。不同施肥处理下,吸附速率常数k及初始速率常数h与平衡吸附Qe都没有显著差异,平均值分别为0.208 kg/(g·h)、1.60 g/(kg·h)和2.77g/kg。吸附等温式可用Langmuir方程很好拟合(R~2≥0.96),吸附容量(最大吸附量)Q_(max)在不同施肥处理下也没有显著差异(平均7.05 g/kg),但在N和NP等非平衡施肥下却保持高的亲合力,半饱和吸附浓度k_d分别为50.2和57.6 mg/L,吸附亲合常数K则分别为0.02和0.017 4 L/mg;相反,在NPKM处理下,显著低的亲合性发生,k_d和K分别为72.94 mg/L和0.013 8 L/mg。研究证明粘粉粒含量控制了不同施肥处理潮土对DOC的吸附;土壤有机碳水平不影响Q_(max),而且高土壤有机碳还降低其吸附亲合性。     

Zinc Adsorption by Mineral Soils of Finland

Abstract

Zinc adsorption by 10 (pH 4.0–6.5) cultivated mineral soils from Finland was studied in batch experiments. Additions of Zn ranged up to 600 mg kg^?1 of soil and the corresponding equilibrium concentrations were 0.1–13 mg 1^?1. In each soil, Zn adsorption conformed to the Freundlich isotherm. Despite a relatively low initial Zn adsorption by the acidic soils, each of the soils proved to have a high potential to adsorb Zn, but the capacity was highly pH dependent. In addition to the conventional Freundlich adsorption isotherms, calculated separately for each soil, extended Freundlich-type isotherms that also incorporate soil pH and other soil characteristics were used to describe Zn adsorption of several soils simultaneously in one equation. The pH-dependent Freundlich adsorption isotherm proved to serve as a practical tool to assess Zn adsorption by soils varying in pH and other characteristics.