类产碱假单胞菌防治草地蝗虫的研究

一株从内地黄脊竹蝗虫尸中分离到的类产碱假单胞菌致病菌，经室内的感染试验表明，对青海、四川草地的优势种蝗虫具有较好的感染致死作用。用１０＾１０活菌体／ｍＬ剂量的菌剂处理玉米，喂饲以中华坳蝗为主的草地蝗虫，死亡率达８０．３％。     

三种昆虫病原微生物防治黄脊竹蝗试验

本文介绍应用3种昆虫病原微生物防治黄脊竹蝗跳蝻Nymphae of Ceracris kiangsu Tsai的试验。结果表明；黄脊竹蝗白僵菌Beauveria bassians from Ceracris kiangsu Tsai,蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae Canning和蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacills cereus Frankland and Frankland对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu Tsai1-2龄跳蝻都有一定的致病作用。可以作为综合防治的辅助措施。     

我国及毗邻国家重要蝗虫迁飞规律

蝗虫灾害是国际性的自然生物灾害,涉及多个国家和地区,大发生时对全球经济和环境造成严重影响。该文列举出中国及毗邻国家对我国产生影响的主要迁飞蝗虫种类,分析东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)、亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria(L.)、西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(Bey-Bienko)、意大利星翅蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)和黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu Tsai共6种重要蝗虫种群的迁飞动态,重点介绍境外蝗虫入境的迁飞路线,揭示蝗虫主要借助低空气流进行迁飞,发现群居型蝗虫迁飞现象普遍存在,迁飞是导致其猖獗为害、暴发成灾的重要因子,并就如何开展迁飞蝗虫监测和防治工作提出建议。     

绿僵菌微胶囊剂防治黄脊竹蝗的潜力评价

采用定量喷雾法测定了绿僵菌微胶囊悬浮液对黄脊竹蝗2龄跳蝻的室内毒力,同时应用绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂对林间黄脊竹蝗跳蝻进行防治,并且评估了绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂对黄脊竹蝗天敌红头芫菁的种群数量影响。结果显示绿僵菌微胶囊粉悬浮液对黄脊竹蝗幼虫具有良好的毒杀活性,10μg孢子/mL浓度下对2龄跳蝻的LT₅₀为4.56 d,僵虫率达到93.67%。林间施用绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂30 d后,防治效果可达92.59%。同时对黄脊竹蝗主要天敌红头芫菁种群数量没有影响。因此,绿僵菌微胶囊剂在黄脊竹蝗生物防治方面具有极大潜力。     

黄脊竹蝗在中国的发生及防控技术

黄脊竹蝗为重大林业害虫,多在竹林造成为害。2020年黄脊竹蝗从老挝、越南等地跨境进入中国云南省并在农区造成了严重为害。本文主要综述了黄脊竹蝗在我国发生的历史与现状、暴发的原因以及主要的防治措施,归纳了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段的有效防治措施,重点总结了利用生防天敌和生物农药防治黄脊竹蝗的研究进展,为黄脊竹蝗综合防控提供参考依据。     

绿僵菌在不同类型草原防治蝗虫的效果分析

金龟子绿僵菌是一种对靶标昆虫具有高毒力和致病性的重要杀虫真菌,通过接触直接侵染使蝗虫致死,对草原蝗虫治理具有重要意义。本试验研究了不同类型草原喷施金龟子绿僵菌粉剂对蝗虫的防治效果。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌对蝗虫有较好的防治效果,喷药后7 d优势种蝗虫毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus和宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis的虫口减退率达60%、防治效果超过62%,其中白边痂蝗、毛足棒角蝗、亚洲小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗的虫口减退率和防治效果均高于宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis和轮纹异痂蝗Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum;同时,金龟子绿僵菌在不同类型草原的防治效果存在差异,在典型草原和荒漠化及半荒漠化草原的防治效果高于草甸草原。研究绿僵菌在不同草原类型蝗虫的防治效果,为建立草原蝗虫绿色可持续防控体系提供支持。     

5种竹子对黄脊竹蝗生长发育和取食选择的影响

为明确寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu生长发育及取食选择的影响,采用毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、苦竹Pleioblastus amarus、大叶箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus、铺地竹Pleioblastus argenteostriatus和靓竹Sasaella glabra f.albostriata单寄主饲养黄脊竹蝗初孵若虫至成虫,分别测定取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗1～5龄若虫和成虫的死亡率,若虫的发育历期,成虫的体重和寿命,并测定了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段对5种竹子的取食选择。结果表明,黄脊竹蝗1、2龄若虫取食大叶箬竹的死亡率最高;3～5龄若虫取食铺地竹的死亡率最高,尤其是4、5龄若虫死亡率显著高于取食其余4种寄主;成虫期取食5种竹子的死亡率则无显著差异;黄脊竹蝗若虫取食不同竹子的总发育历期存在显著差异,其中取食毛竹的发育历期最短。发育至成虫后,毛竹处理组的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫体重均为最高,靓竹处理组雌虫体重最低,铺地竹处理组雄虫体重最低,两处理组成虫体重均显著小于毛竹处理组;取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫寿命均无显著差异。取食选择...     

2020年云南农区黄脊竹蝗应急防控策略及展望

2020年黄脊竹蝗在云南暴发,各级部门采取有力行动,开展应急防控,有效控制了黄脊竹蝗扩散蔓延,保护了农作物生产安全。笔者简要介绍了黄脊竹蝗跨境迁入云南农区的为害概况和防治成效,总结了及时启动响应、明确防控重点、开展统防统治、夯实物资保障等方面的应急防控经验。同时对2021年的黄脊竹蝗防控工作提出了对策建议。     

黄脊竹蝗发生与环境因子的关系

黄脊竹蝗分布于长江流域以南的竹林地区。温度高低,对黄脊竹蝗的跳蝻和成虫的活动有密切的关系。温度在32℃以上,跳蝻避入阴凉处;中午温度高时,成虫也有下大竹乘凉的习性。光的强弱对黄脊竹蝗的跳蝻上大竹的迟早有一定的影响。在野外,跳蝻喜欢栖在光线充足的地方。若用灯火引诱,对跳蝻和成虫的效果不大。黄脊竹蝗取食有一定的选择性,以毛竹、矮竹、淡竹最为喜食。其次是棕榈、水稻。对芭蕉也有取食。黄脊竹蝗的产卵,以东南方向的山腰间为最多。在山顶、山脚及向北的山腰产卵极少。最高到海拔780米也发现有卵,而以300—400米高度处产卵较多。蝗卵孵化日期,在小满节前后,此时正是新竹抽枝发叶之时。     

广西蝗虫天敌调查初报

广西蝗虫已知有132种(尤其儆等,1987;1990),其中东亚飞蝗、稻蝗、蔗蝗、竹蝗、棉蝗、黄脊蝗等种类为重要的经济昆虫.建国以来,广西于1955年、1963年及1988年闹过三次较大的蝗灾(李永禧,1955;广西文史馆,1959;胡少波等,1964;尤其儆等,1991),发生面积在3—46万亩,主要危害水稻、甘蔗、玉米、高梁等作物,虫口密度在1200一60000头/亩,多的高达15—70万头/亩.按现行价格初步估算建国后广西的三次大蝗害给广西主要农作物造成的经济损失约1849万元.在蝗害治理对策及农林害虫生物防治中,对广西蝗虫的天敌资源尚未见系统研究报道(谢道同等,1985;中科院动物所,1979;金孟肖,1991).本文初步研究了广西蝗虫的天敌,以供农、林业生物防治及研究部门参考.     

The discovery of pyridalyl: a novel insecticidal agent for controlling lepidopterous pests

Synthesis of analogues of two compounds with known insecticidal activity, both of which contain a 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy group, produced 2-(trifluoromethyl)-4-phenoxyphenyl 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyl ether, which had weak activity against lepidopterous larvae. Structural modifications around this lead compound led to the development of pyridalyl [Pleo, S-1812; 2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenyl 3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]propyl ether], which belongs to a new class of insecticides. Pyridalyl gives very good control of various lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests on cotton and vegetables, without phytotoxicity. It controls populations of Heliothis virescens F and Plutella xylostella (L) which are resistant to various currently used insecticides. It also produces unique insecticidal symptoms, so it may have a different mode of action from other existing insecticides. Pyridalyl is also less harmful than existing insecticides to various beneficial arthropods, so it should provide an important tool in IPM and insecticidal management programmes for the control of lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests. The first market introduction is expected in Japan and some Asian countries in the years between 2004 and 2005.     

杀虫剂fluralaner及其衍生物的生物效应和毒理学研究进展

新型异唑啉类杀虫剂fluralaner通过干扰γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)门控氯离子通道发挥作用。作为新型高效GABA门控氯离子通道干扰剂,与环戊二烯类、苯基吡唑类和大环内酯类杀虫剂相比,fluralaner在分子结构、作用位点、选择性以及交互抗性等方面均有显著差异。本文综述了fluralaner及其衍生物的研发、毒性、防治范围以及作用机理等,并预测了其应用前景。     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

杆状病毒杀虫剂研究进展

杆状病毒杀虫剂已成功用于农林害虫的防治 ,但与化学农药相比 ,它有杀虫谱窄 ,杀虫速度慢等缺点。近年杆状病毒杀虫剂在扩大病毒宿主域 ,提高病毒杀虫速度 ,增强病毒毒力等方面的研究有较大的进展。     

The synthesis and insecticidal activity of indole-derived carbamates

Thirty-seven novel 3H-indolyl and indolinyl carbamates were synthesised as potential insecticides. They were generally found to be good inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in vitro, but although several compounds were highly insecticidal no correlation was found between their in vitro activity and their in vivo performance. Experimental evidence suggested that the insecticidal activity of the compounds was governed by a combination of their relative rates of penetration into insects and subsequent metabolic breakdown.     

沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂研究进展

沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂是20 世纪60 年代开发兴起的一种新型有机合成仿生杀虫剂,具有广谱、高效、低毒等特点,而且作用方式多样,现已被广泛用于水稻、蔬菜和果树等多种农作物上害虫的防治。从结构和生物活性方面概述了nereistoxin类和guinesines类等沙蚕毒素化合物的发展现状及研究进展。     

Synthesis,insecticidal activity and pyrethroidal mode of action of new tin ether derivatives

A novel range of trimethylstanniomethyl ethers of well known pyrethroid alcohols were synthesised, and their insecticidal activities and modes of action as insecticides were investigated. Among them, ethers from three types of alcohol (3-phenoxybenzyl, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl and 6-phenoxy-2-pyridylmethyl) showed remarkable insecticidal activities against rice stem borers, houseflies and German cockroaches. According to electrophysiological studies on the abdominal nerve cords of German cockroaches, trimethylstanniomethyl 6-phenoxy-2-pyridylmethyl ether induced a rapid decline in spontaneous firing similar to that from tetramethrin. However, insecticidal trimethyltin chloride caused an entirely different response. These observations suggest that the present tin ether derivatives resemble pyrethroids, rather than the insecticidal tin compounds known so far.     

Toxicity of biorational insecticides: activity against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

The relationship between dose for each of four biorational insecticides (pyrethrins, neem extract, capsiacin extract, insecticidal soap) and mortality of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) was determined using a laboratory bioassay. These insecticides were toxic to aphids and paired mixtures of the insecticides provided synergistic activity as measured by aphid mortality under the laboratory bioassay conditions. Capsiacin extracts were found to provide low levels of mortality alone but acted synergistically in mixtures with the other insecticides and provided higher than expected levels of mortality. Activity as determined in the laboratory for each insecticide was not evident under field-use conditions in five separate experiments. Under field conditions and using common application methods, these insecticides did not provide significant levels of control of aphids.     

Purification and characterisation of proteins secreted by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with insecticidal activity against adults of the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: The control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wied) is usually performed with protein bait sprays incorporating chemical insecticides that may have adverse effects on humans, non‐target organisms and the environment. In recent years, scientists have sought more environmentally friendly insecticides for medfly control, such as plant‐ and microorganism‐derived compounds. Among these compounds, entomopathogenic fungi are an unexplored source of natural insecticides. RESULTS: The crude soluble protein extract (CSPE) of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) (strain EAMa 01/58‐Su) shows chronic insecticidal activity when administered per os. Mortality in flies exhibits a dose response. The CSPE produces an antifeedant effect in adult flies, a result probably due to a progressive deterioration of the fly midgut after ingestion of the extract. Protease and temperature treatments show that insecticidal activity against C. capitata is due to proteinaceous compounds that are highly thermostable. Four monomeric proteins from this crude extract have been purified by liquid chromatography and gel electroelution. Although all four monomers seem to be involved in the insecticidal activity of the CSPE, the 15 kDa and the 11 kDa proteins appear to be mainly responsible for the observed insecticidal effect. CONCLUSIONS: Four new fungal proteins with insecticidal activity have been purified and identified. These proteins might be combined with insect baits for C. capitata biocontrol. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性及其治理策略

烟碱和新烟碱类杀虫剂都是作为后突触烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的激动剂作用于昆虫中枢神经系统,但这两类杀虫剂存在明显不同的选择毒性:烟碱类对哺乳动物毒性较高,而杀虫活性低;新烟碱类具有高杀虫活性,而对哺乳动物低毒。由于新烟碱类杀虫剂的作用方式独特,对以前使用的如拟除虫菊酯类、氯化烃类、有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类等杀虫剂很少或无交互抗性,该类杀虫剂为防治一些世界性重大害虫(包括对以前使用的杀虫剂具有长期抗性的害虫)作出了重要贡献。但现已发现不少害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生了抗性。文章就害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性概况、抗性机理和抗性治理策略进行了综述。