我国四个自然保护区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布

从我国四个不同立地带——长白山、百花山、鼎湖山、尖峰岭自然保护区,采集到林下0～5cm土层土壤样品75个,分离到苏云金芽孢杆菌39株。其中芽孢杆菌的总数量和苏云金芽孢杆菌的出土率和分离率有所差异,pH偏中性和含水量稍高的土壤,菌数较高;而与所测的各种土壤养分无明显相关。对39株苏云金芽孢杆菌的鉴定:17株属库尔斯塔亚种,6株属松蠋亚种,16株未定名。毒力测定表明:对杨扇舟蛾和马尾松毛虫幼虫的致死率在50％以上的菌株约占70％;对榆蓝叶甲和黄粉甲幼虫均无明显杀虫活性。     

中国八个自然保护区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布

从大兴安岭根河潮查、带岭、千佛山、崂山、黄山、紫金山、武夷山和西双版纳八个自然保护区采集到０—５ｃｍ土层林下土壤样品１２９个,从中分离出大量的苏云金芽孢杆菌。研究表明：不同立地带森林土壤中芽孢杆菌的总数量、苏云金芽孢杆菌的出土率及占所分离芽孢杆菌的分离率间具有一定的差异,但它们与土壤含水量、ｐＨ、单一养分间无明显的相关性。我们还对所分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌所属亚种进行了初步鉴定,对六种有害昆虫进行了毒力测定。     

我国西北干旱地区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌生态分布

对地处我国西北干旱地区新疆、甘肃、宁夏三省（区）内的１１个自然保护区－－哈纳斯、小叶白蜡、天山云杉、野核桃、塔里木、东大山 山、六盘山、崆洞山、兴隆山、莲花山等自然保护区采集的２６０个森林土壤样品,进行了生态因子调查：分析了土壤ＰＨ、含水量、水解Ｎ、有效、速效Ｋ、全Ｎ、有机质;研究了芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌数量和种类生态分布。共分离苏云金芽孢杆菌４２株,其出土率和分离率分别为１１．５３％和２．１８     

我国不同森林立地带土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源研究

利用PCR－RFLP鉴定体系和SDS－PAGE表达蛋白的分析方法，分析了来自我国不同森林立地带（寒温带，中温带，暖温带，北亚热带，中亚热带，南亚热带，高原亚热带，热带）自然保护区森林土壤中分离的72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry 1，cry 2，cry 3，cry 4，cry 5，cry 8，cry 9，cry 10，cry 11，cry 1I杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型，表达蛋白和杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明：同时含有cry 1，cry 2，cry 1I3类 有21株菌，6株菌含有cry 1，cry 2类基因，4株菌含有cry 1和cry 1I基因，只含有cry 1基因的1株，cry 2基因的4株，36株菌不含所鉴定的10类基因。同时证明：绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了130kD蛋白，含有cry2基因的菌株表达了60kD的蛋白。对不同农，林害虫棉铃虫，杨扇舟蛾，舞毒蛾，马尾松毛虫，黄粉甲，榆兰叶甲，落叶松叶蜂等幼虫的杀虫活性进行了生物测定。进一步证明了苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因，表达蛋白及杀虫活性三者的相关性。为生产和科研提供了生物治虫，抗虫育种的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源。     

用黄酒滤渣生产苏云金杆菌的研究*

研究表明,利用生产黄酒的滤渣代替苏云金杆菌制剂生产中的部份原料,如酵母粉、淀粉等,取得了较好效果,用黄酒滤渣配方生产的苏云金杆菌,杀虫活性不低于原生产配方,并且生产成本降低30％以上。     

苏芸金芽孢杆菌孢子囊超微结构的研究

用电子显微镜观察了分属于苏芸金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)23个 H-血清型的30个亚种和3株新分离菌株孢子囊超薄切片的超微结构。结果表明苏芸金杆菌30个亚种的芽孢和伴孢晶体在孢子囊中形成的部位、形状及数量有所不同。大部分亚种的伴孢晶体位于孢子囊的一端,以单个晶体存在于孢外膜之外,只有幕虫亚种(Subsp.finitimus)的伴孢晶体位于孢外膜之内。在孢子囊中晶体的形状分别为菱形、方形、圆形、不规则形。其数量大多数为一个。从不同森林土壤中分离到的87052、85020、85040三株菌,其中87052菌株伴孢晶体为圆形,与已知圆形伴孢晶体的亚种形态特征相似,其它两株菌在形态特征上与已知 30个亚种在孢子囊的超微结构上有着一定的差异。     

大丰麋鹿群对光周期适应的研究*

１９８７－１９９２年研究表明,江苏大丰麋鹿保护区半野生放养的麋鹿,产仔季节比在英国伦敦时提前２５ｄ,雄鹿落角季节比引进初期提前２２ｄ,发情期亦有相应变化。其节律的季节分布情况与１９世纪９０年代生活在伦敦乌帮夺的情况有着惊人的一致,表明鹿群已重新适应了大丰的光周期,它的生命季节性节律已调整在位;逐年产仔期变动显示了调整的具体过程。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌七个亚种酌DNA的G+C克分子百分数的测定

苏云金芽孢杆菌在害虫的生物防治以及植物抗虫育种中的作用日益扩大。该类细菌资源的开发和利用越来越被重视,而正确的分类鉴定方法是进行该项研究的基础。目前苏云金芽孢杆菌的分类鉴定是根据形态特征、生理生化特性、鞭毛抗原(H)的血清型以及营养细胞的酯酶型等,将其分为31个亚种。随着分子生物学和遗传学的高速发展,     

我国封山育林研究进展*

文中概述了封山育林的概念、技术措施以及封山育林的作用等方面的研究进展 ,并提出了封山育林今后研究的重点 ,主要是进行群落演替规律、生态恢复过程等封山育林的生态过程研究、封山育林生态功能及其提高技术研究、困难地带生态恢复与封山育林研究以及封山育林的生态系统管理研究。     

无量山自然保护区南段4种森林类型的林地土壤特性研究

对设于云南省无量山自然保护区南段(景东段)常绿落叶阔叶混交林、中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林、温凉性针叶林4种森林类型的10块监测样地的土壤进行了调查研究,结果表明:4种森林类型的林地土壤类型主要是黄棕壤、棕壤;其土壤的物理性状存在差异;10块样地土壤的有机质、有效氮、有效钾含量丰富,而全磷、有效磷的含量及盐基饱和度较低。在4种森林类型中,温凉性针叶林的林地土壤为砂壤,肥力较其它3种森林类型的林地土壤低。其他3种森林类型林地的土壤肥力没有较大的差异。     

The use ofBacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors give a brief summary ofBacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest management in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subspkurstaki have been widely used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxin gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future prospects of using Bt products in forestry. Biography: Li Gui-ming (1967-), male, engineer in Pingshan Forestry Chemicals Insecticides Factory, Harbin 150324, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Inheritance and cross-resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ac resistance in cotton bollworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> Hubner population from Tamil Nadu,India

Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner selected for five generations with Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ac in the laboratory developed 12.98-fold resistance. Resistance and susceptible populations were mass crossed to study the dominance of resistance. The Cry1Ac—selected (BCR) population showed 5.8-fold resistance to Cry1Aa and 5.04-fold resistance to Cry1Ab. The degree of dominance (D) was 0.34 and 0.40 for the R × S and S × R hybrids, respectively, which indicates incomplete recessive character of Cry1Ac resistance in the population. The estimated realized heritability (h ²) and response quotient (Q) of resistance for Cry1Ac were 0.52 and 0.15, respectively. This indicated the lower phenotypic variation in the selected population. The resistance risk assessment based on h ² indicated that the resistance would increased tenfold after <9 generations for Cry1Ac in the resistant population. The results show the ability of H. armigera to develop resistance against Cry1Ac and cross-resistance to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab.     

菜阳河自然保护区3种森林类型的土壤特性

对设于菜阳河自然保护区 3种森林类型的 8块监测样地的土壤剖面调查结果得出 :3种森林土壤有较明显的差异。季节雨林土壤为粗骨性赤红壤 ,水热条件好 ,有机质等养分含量丰富 ,阳离子交换量较高。山地雨林土壤为紫色赤红壤 ,总孔隙度达 5 0 % ,通透性尚好 ,土壤氮磷钾全量较其他两类土壤低 ,有机质含量及有效氮磷钾含量与季风常绿阔叶林接近 ,交换性能较好。季风常绿阔叶林土壤主要为黄色赤红壤 ,总孔隙度达 5 6 % ,非毛管孔隙度 11 5 1% ,土壤通透性及保肥能力较好。     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区 3 种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤（0~20 cm）为对象,测定了土壤pH 值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结 果表明：（1）山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH 值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;（2）森林土壤有机质、 全氮（N）、全磷（P）、速效N、有效P 含量在不同森林类型间差异显著：山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、 全 N、全P 显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效 N 含量最高,但有效 P 含量最 低;（ 3）3 种森林土壤全N 与全P 含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异, 表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

Insecticidal activity and antifeedant effect of a new type biocide GCSC-BtA against Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Plutellidae)

Insecticidal activity and antifeedant effect of a new type biocide GCSC-BtA and its two reactants Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) crystal and Abamectin against third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Plutellidae) were investigated using bioassays. GCSC-BtA showed significantly higher toxicity to P. xylostella with LC₅₀ of 0.021 mg/ml than B.t. crystal with 0.060 mg/ml and Abamectin with 0.139 mg/ml in leaf-dip bioassay. Net leaf-dip test gave LC₅₀s of 0.073, 0.071 and 0.670 mg/ml for GCSC-BtA, B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively. The significant differences of the biocide toxicities between leaf-dip and net leaf-dip methods showed the potential of net leaf-dip method for separating ingestion and contact poisons. Variation in toxicity of the biocide and two reactants in net leaf-dip method and in mortality in topical application bioassay showed that GCSC-BtA possessed a combination of strong stomach as well as contact poison property higher than B.t. or Abamectin. GCSC-BtA indicated no fumigant and systemic toxicities, which the two reactants lacked. In the antifeedant bioassay, GCSC-BtA acted as a strong antifeedant to the larvae of P. xylostella. Leaf consumption by the larvae after GCSC-BtA treatment was 0.04–0.60 mm² with a concentration range of 0.04–4.00 mg/ml, which was lower than 0.26–1.02 and 0.04–6.47 mm² for B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively. DC₅₀ (concentration resulting in a deterrence index of 50%) value for GCSC-BtA was 0.089 mg/ml, which was also significantly lower than 0.275 and 0.736 mg/ml for B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively.     

长白山国家级自然保护区连续43年未发生森林火灾的分析

长白山国家级自然保护区自建区以来连续43年未发生森林火灾。本文基于历年来森林防火经验对其进行剖析，全面分析了长白山国家级自然保护区森林防火的重要意义和成绩的来之不易，同时认真总结过去，为今后的森林防火工作向科学化发展打下坚实基础。     

Plant biotechnology: A case study ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its application to the future of genetic engineered trees

Agricultural productivity may be raised in a sustainable way by many different technologies such as biological fertilizers, soil and water conservation, biodiversity conservation, improved pest control, and changes in land ownership and distribution. Of these measures, biotechnology applications probably hold the most promise in augmenting conventional agricultural productivity, because biotechnology applications give not only the need to increase production, but also protect the environment and conserving natural resources for future generations. Biotechnology applications will have the possibilities to increase productivity and food availability through better agronomic performance of new varieties, including resistance to pests; rapid multiplication of disease-free plants; ability to obtain natural plant products using tissue culture; diagnosis of diseases of plants and livestock; manipulation of reproduction methods increasing the efficiency of breeding; and the provision of incentives for greater participation by the private sector through investments. Insect resistance through the transfer of a gene for resistance fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most advanced biotechnology applications already being commercialized in many parts of the world. This paper reviews the development and the status ofBt technology and application ofBt transgenic plants in current agriculture, and discusses specific issues related to the transfer of the technology to the future of genetic engineered trees with emphasis on conifers. Biography: Tang Wei (1964-), male, Ph. Doctor, Research associate, Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carelina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA. Responsible editor: Chal Ruihai     

伊氏杀线真菌与苏云金芽孢杆菌对松材线虫的联合毒力研究

[目的]探究伊氏杀线真菌与苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)对松材线虫的联合毒力。[方法]使用Esteya vermicola孢子悬浮液与Bt发酵液处理松材线虫,通过线虫的形态变化、死亡率及死亡速度3个方面测定E.vermicola与Bt联合对松材线虫的影响。[结果]经过E.vermicola孢子悬浮液处理过的线虫会出现内容物渗漏,体腔收缩、弯曲、断裂的现象;高浓度的E.vermicola孢子悬浮液与Bt发酵液联合处理松材线虫可以明显地提高线虫的死亡率,最高可以达到100%;联合处理的线虫死亡速度较快,随着处理时间的延长,死亡率会一直呈上升的趋势。[结论]应用这两种生防微生物在合适的浓度下混配能够在较短时间内提高松材线虫的死亡率。