Levels and trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Spanish commercial fish and shellfish products, 1995-2003

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contents of 123 Spanish commercial salmon, tuna fish, sardine, oyster, mussel, and clam samples from 1995 to 2003 were investigated. A significant decrease of dioxin and non-ortho PCB concentrations in the studied species was found over the years. The decrease was greater in the case of dioxins than in that of non-ortho PCBs, especially during the early years of the study. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in the years 2001-2003 were comparable to those reported in the literature for similar species collected after 1999. Mean PCB concentrations ranged from 3.46 ng/g of fresh weight (fw) in clams to 100 ng/g of fw in tuna fish. PCDD/F mean current levels ranged from 0.62 pg/g of fw in clams to 2.89 pg/g of fw in oysters. Toxic equivalent quantities (WHO-TEQ) ranged from 0.05 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in clams to 0.5 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in salmon (in the upper bound determination levels). When coplanar PCBs were included, the WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs+cop) (PCBs) values increased by a range of 1.7 times in oysters to 14.1 times in tuna fish. The decrease in dioxin concentrations suggests that efforts to control dioxin emissions and to reduce human exposure through foodstuffs are succeeding. The high contribution of PCBs to total WHO-TEQs in the fish and shellfish species investigated suggests that it is important to determine PCBs in foodstuffs, and especially in fish products, and they should be included in further research and future legislation.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Moscow soils

Data are given on the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) with chlorine atoms in positions 2, 3, 7, and 8 in the upper horizons of Moscow soils, in the structure of profiles of congeners and their accumulation in the city top-soil. An average equivalent of toxicity of the totality of PCDD/PCDF is in the range of 48.66–0.27 ng of I-TEQ/kg, while for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, it reaches 1.78 ng of I-TEQ/kg, which is in accordance with permissible European norms. About half the stress of dioxins on urban topsoil-soil is determined by the most toxic congeners 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, which have a high ability to accumulate in adipose tissue of organisms. The concentration coefficients of PCDD/PCDF congeners in the soil are in tens of units.     

Chlorinated and methylated dibenzothiophenes in sediment samples from a river contaminated by organochlorine wastes

Eleven sediment samples from the lower Kymijoki River were analyzed for the occurrence of polychlorinated and polymethylated dibenzothiophenes (PCDT and PMeDTs). The area was heavily polluted by wastes from a pulp chlorobleachery and by leakage from a factory producing wood preservative chlorophenol formulation Ky-5. Levels in the sediments were from <5 to 400, 200 and 50 pg g^-1 dw for tetra, penta and hexa-CDT, respectively. The concentrations of mono, di, tri and tetra-MeDTs were in the range of 1–5, 5–85, 5–500 and 15–2300 ng g^-1 dw, respectively. PCDT contents in surface sediment (0–3 cm layers) decreased by distance downstream from the bleachery and Ky-5 factory similar to those of the bound polychloroguaiacols (PCG) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). In contrast, PMeDT contents showed a steep increase by distance with a maximum at 32 km downstream.     

Coexposure of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in free-range hens and implications derived from congener profile analysis

The consumption of free-range eggs is becoming more popular worldwide. We analyzed the levels of 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and their congener profiles from 6 free-range and 12 caged egg samples. The mean levels of dl-PCBs in the free-range samples were 5.4 times higher than those in caged eggs. All egg samples exhibited at least two characteristic dl-PCB congener patterns, which reflected distinctive contamination sources. Additionally, for the first time, we demonstrated that the dl-PCB levels in the free-range eggs were highly correlated with elevated levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) (r = 0.986; p < 0.001), indicating a coexposure scenario in free-range hens. Cluster analysis of congener patterns implied that this coexposure scenario could be attributed to distinct dl-PCB and PCDD/F sources. This congener profile information provides insights from a different perspective for further identifying potential dl-PCB and PCDD/F sources in the polluted free-range eggs.     

Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Sediment Samples of the Venice Lagoon, Italy

Surface sediment samples were collected at six locations of the Lagoon of Venice reflecting potential different contamination sources and representative of different hydrological situations. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABS) and coprostanol have been carried out by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the influence of various pollution sources: urban, industrial and combustion processes. PAHs, PCBs, coprostanol, and LABS showed the highest levels in the sample collected within the city of Venice (Canal Grande) indicating a very heavy contamination due to combustion sources and to the domestic waste waters directly entering the canals of the city. The highest levels of PCDD/PCDFs were found in samples collected near the industrial area of Porto Marghera. The investigation on the PCDD/PCDFs homologue profiles suggested the presence of two different sources for these pollutants, one due to combustion processes and another one due to the chemical processes of Porto Marghera.     

Environmental distribution of acetochlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and propisochlor under field conditions

The environmental behavior, movement, distribution, persistence, and runoff by rainfall of the pesticides acetochlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and propisochlor were studied under field conditions during a five-month period at normal weather conditions. The pesticide concentrations in soil depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm, and in sediment and runoff water samples (collected from an artificial reservoir built in the lower part of the experimental plot) were measured every second week and following every runoff event. The contamination of a stream running across the lowest part of the plot was also monitored. The weather conditions were also recorded at the experimental site. The pesticide residues were quantified by a capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen phosphorus selective detector (GC-NPD). There was a consistent decrease in pesticide residues in the 0-5 cm soil layer with time after spaying. At 140 days after treatment only atrazine and chlorpyrifos were present; acetochlor and propisochlor were not detected in this soil layer. Atrazine and chlorpyrifos in the soil at a depth of 5-20 cm were detectable during the whole experimental interval, whereas acetochlor and propisochlor concentrations were below the limit of detection. Pesticide losses by the surface runoff process and the contamination of the stream were closely related to the time of rainfall elapsed after treatment and amount of rain at the experimental plots. Losses were primarily dependent on surface rainfall volume and intensity. The maximum detected residues of atrazine and acetochlor in stream water were 1 order of magnitude higher than the maximum residue limit specified by the European Union (EU) for environmental and drinking water (0.1 microg/L for individual compounds and 0.5 microg/L for total pesticides). Chlorpyrifos and propisochlor were not detected in this matrix.     

Hydrological properties of a Mediterranean soil burned with different fire intensities

The influence of vegetation cover on soil hydrological properties and its response to the impact of different fire intensities, in a Mediterranean forest environment, has been evaluated. The study was carried out in the Permanent Experimental Field Station of La Concordia (Llíria–Valencia, Spain), on a set of nine erosion plots (4 × 20 m²). The Station is located on a calcareous hillside S–SE oriented, with soils of Rendzic Leptosol type and supporting Mediterranean shrubland vegetation. All runoff generated and sediment produced in every rain event was collected from each plot. The set up includes a system of sensors for the continuous monitoring of climatic parameters (air temperature and humidity, rain volume, intensity, etc.).In June 1995, a set of experimental fires was carried out to the Station. Three of the plots were burned with high intensity fire, three with moderate intensity and the remaining were left unaltered. Soil water content and water retention capacity (WRC) were measured in the different plots and in two different vegetation covers: under canopy (UC) and in bare soil (BS). The pF curves were also obtained for each fire treatment.A year after the fires (June 1995–June 1996), great differences, reaching 77.15%, in runoff generation between fire treatments and the control plots were observed.No significant differences were detected on water retention capacity between soils UC and BS in the burned plots. However, these differences appeared in the control plots, giving UC and BS values of 13% and 18%, respectively. Plots corresponding to the high intensity fire treatment showed values of WRC significantly higher than those of the moderate intensity and of the control treatments.The pF curves show that the values of water volume, at the different pressure points studied, were slightly greater on UC soil. Values obtained for BS samples are higher in the fire treatments, showing significant differences in respect to the control plots at pF 1 and 2. These differences were also observed for UC soil, but in this case at pF 2, 2.5 and 4.2.     

Changes in hydrology,sediment loss and microtopography of a vegetated mine waste rock dump impacted by fire

Dry season burning to control wildfire is conducted in Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. The ERA Ranger Mine is adjacent to the park, and it is likely that at some stage the post-mining landform will be affected by fire. Rainfall simulations were conducted on a vegetated site on the mine waste rock dump. The site was then burnt and the rainfall simulation series repeated. Initially, there was little difference between sediment loss and runoff from the vegetated condition and sediment loss and runoff from the burnt condition. As simulations continued, total sediment loss from the burnt condition increased as a result of increasing runoff compared to the vegetated condition. Burning of vegetation affected the surface hydrology of the site, resulting in increased erosion under saturating rainfall similar to rainfall expected at the commencement of a wet season. Litter dams formed during runoff from the burnt condition providing areas of localized deposition. The distribution of the dams was non-random. If fire is used as a management tool to control wildfire, placement of artificial microdams on steep slopes may provide areas of sediment deposition and seedbank storage to reduce the effects of elevated runoff and sediment loss and facilitate vegetation regeneration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seaweed accelerates the excretion of dioxin stored in rats

To prevent health problems of humans exposed to dioxin, it is important to enhance the fecal excretion of dioxin stored in the body. The effects of seaweed such as wakame, hiziki, and kombu on the gastrointestinal absorption and reabsorption of 17 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners was investigated in Wistar rats. Rats were fed 4 g of the basal diet or a seaweed diet containing PCDD and PCDF standard solution [233 ng of toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg of body weight] once during the experiment period. In the group fed the 10% wakame diet, the levels of fecal excretion of PCDD and PCDF congeners were higher (p < 0.01) from days 1 to 5 by 2.8-fold for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, by 4.0-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, by 3.4-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, by 2.5-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD, by 1.7-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, by 1.1-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octaCDD, by 3.0-fold for 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF, by 3.7-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, by 3.7-fold for 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF, by 3.0-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDF, by 2.9-fold for 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.6-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDF, by 2.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptaCDF, and by 1.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octaCDF than those of the basal group, respectively. Rats were fed 4 g of the basal diet containing PCDD and PCDF standard solution (2991 ng of TEQ/kg of body weight) once on day 1 and then place on the basal diet for 7 days. After 1 week, the rats were fed either the basal diet or seaweed diet from days 8 to 35. In the group fed the 10% wakame diet, the levels of fecal excretion of PCDD and PCDF congeners were higher (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) during the period from days 8 to 35 by 1.7-fold for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, by 1.8-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, by 2.0-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, by 1.6-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD, by 1.5-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, by 2.0-fold for 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, by 2.1-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.7-fold for 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.5-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDF, and by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptaCDF than those of the basal group, respectively. These findings suggest that the administration of seaweed such as wakame is efficient in preventing the absorption and reabsorption of dioxin from the gastrointestinal tract and might be useful in treatment of humans exposed to dioxin.     

Human pharmaceuticals, hormones, and personal care product ingredients in runoff from agricultural fields irrigated with treated wastewater

Irrigation of crops with treated wastewater has the potential to introduce effluent-derived organic microcontaminants into surface waters through agricultural runoff. To determine whether compounds indicative of the presence of treated effluent in irrigation water could be identified in agricultural runoff, surface runoff samples collected from effluent-irrigated and rain-fed cultivated fields were analyzed for a broad spectrum of organic compounds. A variety of compounds was identified that appeared to be associated with irrigation with treated wastewater. These compounds included human pharmaceuticals (e.g., carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, carisoprodol), personal care product ingredients (e.g., insect repellent, polycyclic musks), and alkyl phosphate flame retardant chemicals. Most of these compounds appear not to have been previously reported in agricultural runoff. These compounds were present at concentrations below the few published aquatic toxicology data available; however, their potential to elicit more subtle effects in aquatic organisms cannot be excluded. None of these compounds were detected by broad-spectrum analysis in samples from the same fields during runoff-producing rain events.     

次生马尾松林下植被恢复措施的水土保持效益

通过采集江西省赣县花岗岩区次生马尾松纯林地不同植被恢复措施坡面径流小区2010—2011年的降雨产流产沙资料,分析不同模式的水土保持功能及其植被恢复的水土保持效益。结果表明:1)次生马尾松稀疏纯林地水土流失严重,年产流系数为0.50～0.60,侵蚀模数在2 700～6 000 t/(km2.a)之间。2)植被恢复可以降低林地土壤侵蚀强度,但植被恢复的水土保持效益与林冠结构和地表覆盖度密切相关,当形成乔草或乔灌复合层时,可以起到50%～60%的年蓄水效益和65%～70%的年固土效益。3)植被恢复的水土保持效益亦受植被和降雨类型的影响,百喜草蓄水效益随降雨量先增后减,暴雨是蓄水效益变化的转折点,而胡枝子蓄水效益变化规律不一;植被恢复措施固土效益随降雨量的增加而降低,特别是在大暴雨情景时急剧下降。     

Hydrological properties of a Mediterranean soil burned with different fire intensities

The influence of vegetation cover on soil hydrological properties and its response to the impact of different fire intensities, in a Mediterranean forest environment, has been evaluated. The study was carried out in the Permanent Experimental Field Station of La Concordia (Llíria–Valencia, Spain), on a set of nine erosion plots (4 × 20 m²). The Station is located on a calcareous hillside S–SE oriented, with soils of Rendzic Leptosol type and supporting Mediterranean shrubland vegetation. All runoff generated and sediment produced in every rain event was collected from each plot. The set up includes a system of sensors for the continuous monitoring of climatic parameters (air temperature and humidity, rain volume, intensity, etc.).In June 1995, a set of experimental fires was carried out to the Station. Three of the plots were burned with high intensity fire, three with moderate intensity and the remaining were left unaltered. Soil water content and water retention capacity (WRC) were measured in the different plots and in two different vegetation covers: under canopy (UC) and in bare soil (BS). The pF curves were also obtained for each fire treatment.A year after the fires (June 1995–June 1996), great differences, reaching 77.15%, in runoff generation between fire treatments and the control plots were observed.No significant differences were detected on water retention capacity between soils UC and BS in the burned plots. However, these differences appeared in the control plots, giving UC and BS values of 13% and 18%, respectively. Plots corresponding to the high intensity fire treatment showed values of WRC significantly higher than those of the moderate intensity and of the control treatments.The pF curves show that the values of water volume, at the different pressure points studied, were slightly greater on UC soil. Values obtained for BS samples are higher in the fire treatments, showing significant differences in respect to the control plots at pF 1 and 2. These differences were also observed for UC soil, but in this case at pF 2, 2.5 and 4.2.     

植被自然恢复对煤矸石堆场Fe/Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果

[目的] 探讨植被自然恢复下植被类型对煤矸石堆场Fe，Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果，为煤矿区煤矸石堆场的生态环境治理及生态修复提供科学依据。[方法] 通过对贵州省中部废弃煤矿区不同植被条件下煤矸石堆场地表径流进行采样分析，同时通过移植煤矸石堆场上生长的马尾松、光皮桦和类芦进行盆栽试验以及采集基质渗透水样品。[结果] 马尾松、光皮桦及类芦生长的煤矸石基质渗透水和煤矸石堆场地表径流水中Fe，Mn含量均显著地低于无植物生长的煤矸石，煤矸石堆场植被自然恢复后地表径流水中Fe，Mn含量下降率分别达45.27%~85.60%，60.17%~90.13%，植被作用效果的大小顺序为：马尾松幼林 > 阔叶树幼林 > 类芦草丛。同时，马尾松幼林、阔叶树幼林、类芦草丛煤矸石堆场地表径流水中泥沙含量分别比无植被裸露的煤矸石堆场平均减少了40.18%，30.67%，27.91%。煤矸石中矿物颗粒态Fe，Mn的迁移量也出现明显的降低。[结论] 植被自然恢复能显著地减少煤矸石堆场Fe，Mn向水体的迁移及改善废弃煤矿区地表水环境质量。植物生长，特别是马尾松生长对减少煤矸石中Fe向水体迁移产生的环境效应大于Mn。     

Associations Between Dioxins/Furans and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Estuarine Sediment and Blue Crab

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between the quantity, toxicity, and compositional profile of dioxin/furan compounds (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in estuarine sediment and in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Sediment and blue crab samples were collected in three small urban estuaries that are in relatively close proximity to each other. Results show that differences between PCDD/F and DL-PCB mass concentrations and total toxic equivalents (TEQ) toxicity in sediments of the three estuaries are reflected in those of the blue crab. TEQs are higher in the hepatopancreas of the crabs than in the sediment, but the concentration factor is inversely proportional to the TEQ in the sediments. Congener profiles in the crabs are systematically different from those in the sediments, and the difference is more pronounced for PCDD/Fs than for DL-PCBs, possibly due to differences in metabolization rates. Compared with sediment profiles, more lesser-chlorinated PCDD/Fs that have higher TEFs accumulate in crab hepatopancreas. This selective bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs results in a TEQ augmentation in crab hepatopancreas compared with sediments. The bioaccumulation in the blue crab is also selective for PCDD/Fs over DL-PCBs.     

Sulphate in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, Lakes: Recent Trends and Status

Sulphur emissions from the Sudbury, Ontario, metal smelting industry have affected thousands of lakes in Ontario, Canada. Reductions in these emissions during the 1970's resulted in reduced lakewater SO₄ concentrations and other water quality changes in the 1970's and 1980's. Further declines in lakewater SO₄ concentrations have accompanied additional recent S emission reductions achieved by 1994. Recent (1997) SO₄ concentrations are still related to distance from the Sudbury smelters. A strong inverse relationship with distance is evident to about 45 km, and is most pronounced in lakes within about 20 km. In lakes beyond 45 km, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which was correlated with hydrological response time and total phosphorus concentrations, was the best correlate with recent SO₄ concentrations, indicating that some slowly-flushing, oligotrophic lakes still exhibit a "Sudbury" effect. Most lakes beyond 45 km, however, showed SO₄ declines and recent SO₄ concentrations comparable to lakes around Dorset, ～200 km from Sudbury, suggesting that these lakes are now most affected by the long-range atmospheric transport of S.     

干旱河谷区草坡防火工程对坡面径流侵蚀的影响

为探究干旱河谷区草坡防火工程对坡面径流侵蚀的影响，以四川省凉山州的3个27.5°的草地坡面为研究对象，进行流量分别为6,9,12 L/min的模拟冲刷试验。3个坡面的处理为：(1)移除植被地上地下部分，平整坡面代表草坡防火通道；(2)移除植被地上部分代表草坡防火隔离带；(3)未进行处理作为对照。通过收集坡面出口的产流量和产沙量，研究不同的防火工程在不同的放水冲刷流量下分别对坡面径流侵蚀的影响。结果表明：(1)草坡由于修建防火通道导致坡面土质松散，水分入渗量增加，初始产流时间表现为草坡防火通道(20.33 min)>对照坡面(7.62 min)>草坡防火隔离带(5.22 min);(2)3个流量下的累计产流量和累计产沙量均表现为草坡防火通道>草坡防火隔离带>对照坡面，并且随着放水流量的增加3个坡面之间的差异显著增加，表明草坡防火工程的修建加剧陡坡水蚀；(3)对照坡面的产流量和产沙量之间呈线性关系，而草坡防火通道坡面的产流量与产沙量之间的关系呈指数、对数或线性关系，草坡防火隔离带坡面的产流量和产沙量之间呈对数或线性关系，表明草坡防火工程的修建改变水沙之间原有的线性关...     

The impact of vegetation and soil on runoff regulation in headwater streams on the east Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China

Vegetation type is one of many factors that affect watershed hydrology and is an especially important influence on surface hydrological processes. Canopy and ground cover vegetation provide a natural cushion against the impact energy of rainfall in headwater portions of a stream basin, increasing water filtration into the soil and reducing surface runoff, but effects of different vegetation types are not fully understood. We sought to evaluate the capacity of different vegetation communities to regulate surface runoff in an alpine landscape. We collected water samples for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analyses from precipitation, throughfall, soils, streams, and rivers and compared their isotopic signatures. Results indicated that different vegetation types had different capacities for water conservation. Forested vegetation types were best able to regulate surface runoff. Land use changes have dramatically affected water conservation in the study area in the past several decades; if forested land cover existed at the levels present in 1986 or 1974, the ability of the watershed to intercept surface runoff would increase by about 7% and 3%, respectively, over its capacity in 2000.     

Bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs in Lower-Trophic-Level Organisms in Sendai Bay,Japan

In Sendai Bay, Japan, the total PCDD, PCDF, and Co-PCB (dioxins) concentrations in phytoplankton were equivalent to 150, 12, and 51 pg/g wet weight (ww), respectively. The average concentrations in seaweed were 3, 0.095, and 2.1 pg/g ww, respectively. The total concentrations in phytoplankton were much higher than those in seaweed, even though both groups are algae. The concentrations in zooplankton were 11, 1.1, and 110 pg/g ww, respectively. The total PCDD/F concentrations in zooplankton (primary consumers and lower-trophic-level invertebrates) were lower than in phytoplankton (primary producers), but the total Co-PCB concentration in zooplankton was higher than that in phytoplankton. The concentrations in mysids (secondary consumers and higher-trophic-level invertebrates) were 190, 18, and 290 pg/g ww, respectively. The average concentrations in shrimp (secondary consumers and higher-trophic-level invertebrates) were 120, 17, and 410 pg/g ww, respectively. The concentrations in higher-tropic-level invertebrates were higher than those in lower-trophic-level invertebrates. The average concentrations in sand lance were 4.5, 1.7, and 550 pg/g ww, respectively. The total PCDD concentration in sand lance was lower than that in zooplankton (prey of sand lance), but the total Co-PCB concentration in sand lance was higher than that in zooplankton. The bioaccumulation of PCDD congeners in sand lance differed from that of Co-PCB congeners. The bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs from lower- to higher-trophic-level invertebrates through the food web differed from that from lower-trophic-level invertebrates to fish.     

南方红壤区植被结构类型与降雨模式对林下水土流失的影响

植被和降雨是水土流失的关键因素,探究二者对水土流失的影响对开展水土保持具有重要意义。该研究基于鹰潭红壤生态试验站5种植被结构类型的径流小区2016-2018年93次降雨、径流、泥沙观测资料以及各小区植被结构参数,利用自组织映射(self-organizing maps,SOM)方法,根据雨量、历时、60 min最大雨强、平均雨强、降雨集中性等特征指标划分降雨模式,研究了不同降雨模式和植被结构类型的水土流失特征,并采用冗余分析(RDA)定量研究降雨与植被对林下水土流失的影响。结果表明,SOM方法能客观识别红壤区4种典型侵蚀降雨模式,R_Ⅲ模式(短历时、大雨强、雨量集中)是造成水土流失的主要降雨模式,R_Ⅳ模式(多雨量、大雨强、长历时)最具侵蚀性破坏力;植被结构类型显著影响水土流失,水土保持功能从大到小依次为:灌草混交林、草地、低灌林、乔木林、高灌林。RDA分析表明,降雨模式与植被结构类型能够改变降雨、植被对水土流失的影响,随着降雨模式由弱到强转变,植被的水土保持功能逐渐减小,降雨影响增强,水土流失由植被主控演变为平衡控制、降雨主控;随着植被结构类型由近地表植被向灌木、乔木的变化,植被的调节能力减小,降雨影响增强。