基于土壤颗分粒径的泥沙来源量化研究

[目的]揭示黄土高原风水复合侵蚀区风力作用对水蚀的影响,为具有不同泥沙粒径侵蚀物质来源识别提供一种有效的方法支撑,也为风水复合侵蚀区侵蚀泥沙来源辨识提供理论参考。[方法]以覆沙模拟风蚀产物,基于室内模拟试验,研究覆沙之后坡面侵蚀发育特征,同时为了有效区分不同时刻侵蚀物质的来源,尝试采用泥沙粒径作为指纹因子进行侵蚀泥沙来源贡献的辨识。[结果]不同泥沙粒径组的3个指纹因子(粒径范围分别为：26.303～34.674,104.713～138.038,138.038～181.970μm)通过检验被确定为最佳指纹因子。基于最佳指纹因子,通过多元混合模型计算得出,在对同一土槽进行的3个阶段模拟降雨试验中覆沙层和黄土层的平均泥沙贡献率分别为48.2%和51.8%,24.8%和75.2%,6.8%和93.2%,且MAF>0.8。覆沙层的泥沙贡献率为第一阶段试验>第二阶段试验>第三阶段试验,计算结果与DEM相吻合。[结论]泥沙源地和侵蚀泥沙中的不同泥沙粒径组可作为指纹因子进行泥沙来源辨别,复合指纹法具有较好的适用性。     

土壤剖面中~(210)Pb_(ex)的分布特征及其在土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用

210Pb由于在环境中特殊的分配关系及其在土壤中迁移性小、极易被土壤细颗粒吸附等特性而被视为良好的示踪剂,210Pb的沉降具有连续性和相对稳定性,可示踪百年尺度的平均土壤侵蚀速率。具有初始分布及其在未扰动土壤剖面中均呈现出土表含量最高,随深度增加含量减少的分布特征。在耕作土壤中由于耕作混合作用210Pbex呈均匀分布。评述了目前用到的210Pbex侵蚀模型重量逼近模型和质量平衡模型,210Pbex与其它核素(137Cs、7Be)复合示踪研究土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源是核素示踪的一大亮点。提出了210Pbex示踪土壤的优点和应用210Pbex示踪应注意的问题。     

137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪"三北"防护林区退耕前后坡地土壤侵蚀变化

为查明"三北"防护林建设前后农耕地和退耕地土壤保持效益变化，利用137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪技术，选择了防护林建设较为成功的张家口坝上地区（风力侵蚀区）作为典型区，研究了农耕地以及退耕地土壤137Cs和210Pbex的剖面变化规律及其示踪的土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明：1）由于耕作的混匀作用，农耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex均呈均匀态分布；退耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex则表现为表层（0～5cm）浓度最高、下层（5～25cm）浓度均相对较低且分布相对均匀的形态，这表明退耕后坡地土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面形态均会发生一定变化，退耕驱动土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化导致运用土壤核素估算侵蚀模型在该区域难以适用；2）基于土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化规律，利用210Pbex质量平衡方程，提出了退耕地土壤210Pbex土壤侵蚀估算模型；3）利用137Cs比例模型估算退耕地土壤侵蚀速率为27.94±11.92 (t/hm2·a)，农耕地侵蚀速率为29.11±14.42 (t/hm2·a)，而利用修正后的210Pbex转换模型估算得到"三北"防护林区退耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为82.16±14.36 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率为-41.28±33.91 (t/hm2·a)；农耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为68.55±22.11 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率-8.52±47.32 (t/hm2·a)。这表明137Cs示踪技术主要表征了1963年以来该区坡地土壤侵蚀和沉积的平均结果，而210Pbex示踪技术则可以较好地示踪防护林建成前后的土壤侵蚀变化。此外，研究结果也表明，相比于"三北"防护林建成之前，建成之后该区农耕地和退耕地的土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著下降趋势，且均由前期的风沙侵蚀转变成了风沙沉积。     

西南喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流细粒泥沙来源的137Cs和磁化率双指纹示踪研究

在黔中喀斯特高原农林复合生态系统峰丛谷地小流域,利用¹³⁷Cs和磁化率双指纹因子对碳酸盐岩表层土壤(坡地和坝地)、深层土壤(沟道和洞穴/裂隙)以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源开展指纹特征分析,通过多元混合模型对流域暴雨过程侵蚀悬移质泥沙进行指纹复合示踪,并计算小流域地表及地下出口输出泥沙的主要来源及相对贡献率。结果表明:¹³⁷Cs和磁化率在碳酸盐岩表层土壤、深层土壤以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源存在显著差异,流域内表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑的¹³⁷Cs和磁化率平均含量分别为3.39 Bq/kg和310.07×10^-8 m^3/kg、0.50 Bq/kg和180.69×10^-8 m^3/kg、0 Bq/kg和7.02×10^-8 m^3/kg。表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地表出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为16.2%,4.3%和79.5%,拟合优度为99.97%;表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地下出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为<0.1%,37.9%和62.1%,拟合优度为83.80%。喀斯特流域泥沙来源区别于其他碎屑岩流域具有的特点为:(1)碳酸盐岩风化表层土壤来源少,对河流泥沙贡献小,主要贡献于地表河流。(2)无论流域地表出口还是地下出口,河流泥沙来源主要为流域中碳酸盐岩所夹的少量(地面物质组成<10%)的碎屑岩夹层岩屑。(3)深层土壤略有贡献,地下河流贡献比例高于地表河流。另外,¹³⁷Cs和磁化率可作为双指纹示踪物较好地示踪喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流泥沙来源和确定相对贡献率。     

指纹法研究花岗岩区典型崩岗小流域悬浮泥沙来源

为研究花岗岩区典型崩岗小流域内悬浮泥沙来源,以安溪县龙门镇崩岗侵蚀小流域为研究对象,在4种土地利用类型(侵蚀林地、茶园、耕地和崩岗侵蚀区)中共采集85个泥沙源地土样,同时在河道布设采样器收集降雨后侵蚀悬浮泥沙。通过分析样品中的34种指纹因子,运用复合指纹法筛选出最佳指纹因子组合,并计算出各泥沙源地的泥沙运移规律。结果表明:不同泥沙源地悬浮泥沙中同种指纹因子存在显著差异,利用Kruskal-Wallis检验和多元判别筛选出Ca、Li、Sn、K和Ba为最佳指纹因子组合(累积贡献率大于90%);同时利用多元混合模型得出茶园的悬浮泥沙相对贡献百分比为33%,耕地为27%,侵蚀林地和崩岗侵蚀区均为20%,且混合模型优度拟合检验值为0.89。进一步分析表明,降雨对崩岗侵蚀区的影响最大,茶园和崩岗侵蚀区单位面积产生悬浮泥沙量明显高于其他两个源地,说明崩岗侵蚀区和茶园是花岗岩区崩岗小流域中需要采取防治措施的重点。     

黄土高原小流域泥沙来源的复合指纹识别法分析

流域泥沙来源分析对流域治理及水土保持措施评价有重要意义。通过在陕北选定的汇水区内采集的主沟道沟壁、坡地果园、坡耕地及支沟道土壤样品中17种物质的分析,利用Kruskal-WallisH-test和多元判别分析,筛选出土壤全N,低频磁化率χIf、Cu、137Cs和226Ra组成复合指纹识别因子,利用混合模型,对一次洪水携带的泥沙来自4种源地的贡献比进行了动态分析,结果表明:洪水发生时间段内,主沟道发生了重力侵蚀,对今后定量化研究黄土区的重力侵蚀提供了手段。通过加权平均,总体上,本次洪水携带的总泥沙有33.7%来自主沟道,60.0%来自坡地果园,3.0%来自小块的坡耕地以及3.3%来自支沟道。混合模型拟合优度检测值为0.91,证明在黄土高原可以应用复合指纹识别方法研究洪水泥沙来源,并且能对重力侵蚀产沙进行定量分析。     

桑干河流域淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及其来源解析

[目的]为查明桑干河流域的泥沙主要策源地和侵蚀产沙变化。[方法]选取阳原县高墙乡典型淤地坝沉积泥沙为研究对象,利用复合指纹识别技术,测定沉积泥沙及其源地的土壤粒径、SOC、TN、¹³⁷Cs、低频质量磁化率等9种指纹因子,研究了不同淤积阶段的泥沙策源地及坝控小流域侵蚀产沙演变规律。[结果](1)沉积泥沙中¹³⁷Cs平均含量较低,与沟壁土壤无显著差异(p>0.05),但极显著小于林草地和耕地的¹³⁷Cs含量(p<0.01),这指示淤地坝沉积泥沙主要来源于沟壁;(2)由于沟壁中大部分¹³⁷Cs含量低于检出限,¹³⁷Cs较好地指示泥沙主要来源沟谷地中的沟壁,但难以用于小流域多种策源地的判别,经Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验和多元逐步判别分析筛选,确定TN+X_lfb+SOC构成最佳指纹因子组合,有效地判别小流域2006—2017年泥沙源地的平均贡献率为沟壁(82.68%±8.20%)>耕地(15.36%±8.46%)>林草地(1....     

基于复合指纹法的岩溶洼地小流域泥沙来源解析

岩溶洼地是重庆岩溶地区常见的一种地貌类型,洼地小流域是人们从事农事活动的重要场所,研究流域不同土地利用侵蚀产沙特征,对认识流域侵蚀产沙规律和治理水土流失具有重要意义。选取了1个建有水库的岩溶洼地小流域,分析源地和泥沙样品的39个地球化学特征,利用复合指纹和多元混合模型计算各源地侵蚀泥沙贡献率。结果表明:流域筛选出的最佳指纹因子组合为U、χ_(lf)、Rb、Li、~(137)Cs、χ、Mn,正确判别累积率为99.93%,6种泥沙源地的总正确判别率为91.49%,符合复合指纹法应用的条件。碳酸盐岩耕地、碳酸盐岩林地、碳酸盐岩草地、碎屑岩林地、碎屑岩草地和沟道/裂隙对流域沉积泥沙的相对贡献分别为16.29%,41.16%,13.03%,16.67%,4.48%,8.37%,拟合优度为93.57%,相对误差平均值为8.26%,表明模型判别结果可信。各泥沙源地中碳酸盐岩耕地单位面积泥沙贡献值远高于其他泥沙源地,是碳酸盐岩林地的1.98倍,碳酸盐岩草地的2.07倍,碎屑岩林地的2.13倍,碎屑岩草地的2.21倍,即单位面积碳酸盐岩耕地土壤抗蚀能力最弱。     

农耕地土壤~(210)Pb_(ex)含量对侵蚀速率变化的响应模型

论文在分析了农耕地土壤侵蚀速率改变后土壤中210Pbex含量变化的基础上,检讨了现行的计算农耕地土壤侵蚀速率210Pbex法存在的问题误区。根据质量平衡原理建立了农耕地土壤210Pbex含量对侵蚀速率变化的响应模型,证明长期以来普遍认为的"210Pbex法测定值为100a或200a以来的较长期的平均土壤侵蚀速率"的看法是不正确的。并用模型模拟计算了侵蚀速率变化后农耕地210Pbex含量的响应过程,结果表明农耕地土壤侵蚀速率发生变化后,土壤的210Pbex面积活度迅即响应,随着时间的增加呈指数变化。侵蚀速率增大的,土壤中210Pbex面积活度降低;减小的,210Pbex面积活度增加。210Pbex可以替代137Cs用于农耕地土壤侵蚀速率的测定。210Pbex不但可以测定持续耕种100a以上农耕地的侵蚀速率,也可以用于调查近期土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀响应。     

西南典型岩溶槽谷小流域地表和地下河悬浮泥沙来源

为了明确岩溶槽谷小流域地表悬浮泥沙与地下河悬浮泥沙的主要来源，制定具有针对性的水土流失防治措施，该研究以青木关岩溶槽谷小流域为例，采集碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、沟道和裂隙等4种不同泥沙源地土壤样品，测定了137Cs、磁化率、Li、As等41种土壤理化性质作为指纹因子；利用双边范围检验、均值检验和Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验对所有指纹因子进行筛选，确定Fe、137Cs、Pb、V、质量频率磁化率5种指纹因子为最佳指纹因子组合；采用复合指纹法定量分析地表和地下河出口悬浮泥沙来源。结果表明：降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度与流域潜在泥沙源地贡献率存在一定的规律；流域潜在泥沙源地对地表悬浮泥沙平均贡献率分别为碳酸盐岩（43.62%）> 沟道（27.34%）>碎屑岩（17.30%）>裂隙（11.74%），拟合优度为91.88%；对地下河出口悬浮泥沙的平均贡献率分别为碳酸盐岩（36.14%）>裂隙（24.02%）>沟道（22.93%）>碎屑岩（16.91%），拟合优度为92.56%。该研究定量分析了岩溶槽谷地表和地下河出口悬浮泥沙的主要来源，可为岩溶槽谷小流域综合治理提供参考依据。     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

Fingerprinting sediment sources in the outlet reservoir of a hilly cultivated catchment in Tunisia

Purpose

Approximately 74 % of agricultural soils in Tunisia are affected by water erosion, leading to the siltation of numerous human-made reservoirs and therefore a loss of water storage capacity. The objective of this study was to propose a methodology for estimating the relative contributions of gully/channel bank erosion and surface topsoil erosion to the sediment accumulated in small reservoirs.

Materials and methods

We tested an approach based on the sediment fingerprinting technique for sediments collected from a reservoir (which has been in operation since 1994) at the outlet of a catchment (Kamech, 2.63 km²). Sampling concentrated on the soil surface (in both cropland and grassland), gullies and channel banks. A total of 17 sediment cores were collected along a longitudinal transect of the Kamech reservoir to investigate the origin of the sediment throughout the reservoir. Radionuclides (particularly caesium-137, ¹³⁷Cs) and nutrients (total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total organic carbon (TOC)) were analysed as potential tracers.

Results and discussion

The applications of a mixing model with ¹³⁷Cs alone or ¹³⁷Cs and TOC provided very similar results: The dominant source of sediment was surface erosion, which was responsible for 80 % of the total erosion within the Kamech catchment. Additionally, we showed that the analysis of a single composite core provided information on the sediment origin that was consistent with the analysis of all sediment layers in the core. We demonstrated the importance of the core sampling location within the reservoir for obtaining reliable information regarding sediment sources and the dominant erosion processes.

Conclusions

The dominance of surface erosion processes indicates that conservation farming practices are required to mitigate erosion in the agricultural Kamech catchment. Based on the results from 17 sediment cores, guidelines regarding the number and location of sampling cores to be collected for sediment fingerprinting are proposed. We showed that the collection of two cores limited the sediment source apportionment uncertainty due to the core sampling scheme to <10 %.     

Comparison of sampling designs for sediment source fingerprinting in an agricultural watershed in Atlantic Canada

Purpose

Sediment fingerprinting is increasingly being used to improve the understanding of sediment dynamics within the critical zone and provide information that can help guide management decisions at the watershed scale. The objectives of this study were to investigate both the implications of different sediment fingerprinting sampling designs and spatial scales on the characterization of sediment dynamics in a predominantly agricultural watershed in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada.

Materials and methods

Color and radionuclide fingerprints were used to discriminate between three potential sediment sources: agricultural topsoil, agricultural streambanks, and forested areas (topsoil and streambanks). Suspended sediment was collected seasonally, between 2008 and 2014, at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 3.0 to 13.4 km². Using the same source and sediment data set, multiple-, nested-, and local-location fingerprinting sampling designs were employed to investigate the influence of scale of observation, geomorphic connectivity, land use, and the heterogeneity of source fingerprints on apportionment results.

Results and discussion

Sediment collected in the headwaters was primarily derived from forested areas while the sediment collected at the outlet of the watershed was primarily from agricultural topsoil. When comparing the multiple- and nested-location designs, it was found that accounting for the spatial variability in the fingerprint properties of each source had a small difference in the sediment apportionment results. Furthermore, the local-location design demonstrated that the sediment collected at each location was composed of predominately local sources as opposed to upstream sediment entering the local catchment.

Conclusions

Assessment of the sources of sediment at a range of spatial scales better accounts for both geomorphic connectivity and differences in land use throughout the watershed. Overall, each of the three fingerprinting sampling designs provided different information that can be used to guide soil and water conservation management.

     

Determining the effects of wildfire on sediment sources using 137Cs and unsupported 210Pb: the role of landscape disturbances and driving forces

Purpose

Wildfires represent one of the major natural disturbances within forested landscapes and have potential implications for the quality and function of downstream aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to determine if a wildfire in a mountainous, forested watershed in British Columbia, Canada, caused a change in the dominant sediment source in the immediate 1?C2?years following the wildfire, and if the sediment sources changed over the medium term (3?C7?years) as the landscape recovered.

Materials and methods

Source materials (surface soil, subsurface soil and channel bank material) and fluvial (suspended and channel bed) sediment samples were collected over the period 2004 to 2010 from a watershed burnt by a wildfire in 2003, and from an adjacent watershed that was not impacted by the fire. Samples were analysed for the fallout radionuclides (FRNs) caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and unsupported lead-210 (²¹⁰Pb_un). An unmixing model was used to calculate the relative source contributions of the fluvial sediment samples.

Results and discussion

¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_un were concentrated in the upper layers of surface soils in both watersheds and were statistically different to concentrations in subsurface and channel bank material. In the burnt watershed, FRN concentrations were greatest in the ash layer. Sediment sources as determined by the unmixing model were 100?% subsurface/channel bank material in the unburnt watershed, while in the burnt watershed 8.5?±?2.5?% was derived from surface soils. In both watersheds, there were no major changes in the relative contributions from surface soil and from subsurface/channel bank material over the period 2004 to 2010. Thus, while the wildfire did cause a change in sediment sources, it was fairly subtle and did not conform to the effects following wildfire described for other studies in contrasting environments, which typically document a major increase in hillslope contributions relative to channel bank sources.

Conclusions

There was a limited response in terms of fine-grained sediment sources (and also sediment fluxes) in the burnt watershed. The reason for this muted response to a severe wildfire is likely to be the lack of precipitation, especially winter precipitation and the associated snowmelt, in the first year following the wildfire. Thus while the landscape was primed for erosion and sediment transport, the lack of a driving force meant that there was a limited immediate post-fire sediment response.     

Investigating the role of connectivity and scale in assessing the sources of sediment in an agricultural watershed in the Canadian prairies using sediment source fingerprinting

Purpose

Sediments adversely impact the quality of surface waters and are a significant source of contaminants, such as nutrients and pesticides, in agricultural watersheds. The development of effective beneficial management practices (BMPs) to minimize these impacts requires a sound understanding of the sources of sediments. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the sources of sediment in an agricultural watershed in the Canadian prairies using sediment source fingerprinting and; (2) to assess the results of the sediment fingerprinting study within the context of the scale of observation and the hydro-geomorphic connectivity of the watershed.

Materials and methods

Geochemical and radionuclide fingerprints were used to discriminate between the three potential sediment sources identified: topsoil, streambanks, and shale bedrock. Suspended and bed sediment samples were collected over the course of 3 years at six locations along the main stem of the creek, ranging from 3rd- (48 ha) to 7th-order (7441 ha) drainage basins. Four sediment fingerprint properties were selected that met statistical- and process-based selection criteria and the Stable Isotope Analysis in R model was used to estimate the proportion of sediment derived from each source at each sampling location in the watershed.

Results and discussion

The suspended sediments in the upper reaches were dominated by topsoil sources (64%–85%), whereas the suspended sediments moving through the lower reaches and being exported from the watershed had a higher proportion of sediment coming from streambank (32%–51%) and shale bedrock (29%–40%) sources. The switch in the sources of sediment between the headwaters and the watershed outlet are due to: (1) changes in sediment storage and connectivity; (2) a transition in the dominant erosion processes from topsoil to streambank erosion; and (3) the incision of the stream through the shale bedrock as it crosses the Manitoba Escarpment.

Conclusions

The results of this sediment fingerprinting study demonstrated that there was a switch in sediment sources between the headwaters and the outlet of the watershed. This research highlights the importance of the sampling location, in relation to the scale and geomorphic connectivity of the watershed, on the interpretation of results derived from the sediment fingerprinting technique, particularly in terms of developing suitable watershed BMPs to protect surface waters.     

137Cs、HCHs测定岩溶洼地沉积物年代及流域产沙强度

以青木关岩溶槽谷区内代表性耕地型与林地型洼地小流域为研究对象,从洼地沉积物入手,探明各洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs比活度、六六六(HCHs)、有机质、黏粒含量及容重的深度分布特征;运用~(137)Cs示踪法,辅以HCHs进行沉积物断代,追溯流域近60年来的土壤侵蚀量演变特征及探讨其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)炮台院子耕地型洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs仅有个别层位检出,无法利用~(137)Cs、HCHs深度分布进行沉积物断代,反映了发育的落水洞对其沉积物剖面影响大。(2)龙洞槽耕地型和劳动村林地型洼地小流域1963—1983,1984—2019年产沙模数分别为231.78,82.04 t/(km~2·a)和68.79,39.46 t/(km~2·a),表明流域生态环境得到明显改善。与1963—1983年时段相比,该地区1984—2019年时段年平均降水量无明显变化,2个小流域产沙模数均显著减小,表明近60年流域产沙强度主要受土地利用方式、水土保持措施等人类活动控制。(3)龙洞槽洼地剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs峰值,表层泥沙~(137)Cs、HCHs数值和不同时期流域产沙模数均明显大于劳动村洼地,主要是由2个洼地分别控制的耕地型与林地型小流域在人类活动影响下产沙强度的差异所致。另外,~(137)Cs和HCHs相结合的示踪方法可较好地用于评估西南岩溶流域产沙量的时间变化。     

Quantifying the contributions of sediment, sediment-P and fertiliser-P from forested, cultivated and pasture areas at the landuse and catchment scale using fallout radionuclides and geochemistry

In this paper we use a combination of fallout nuclides and geochemistry to determine the contributions of sediment and sediment bound phosphorus (sed-P) from the major diffuse sources in the Bundella Creek catchment (8700 ha), NSW, Australia. Sources include surface erosion from cultivated, pasture and steep forested land as well as subsoil erosion from channels and gullies. We determine these contributions to the <10 μm fraction of deposited sediments. Concentrations of P were higher in the surface soils of each landuse than the underlying subsoils, and erosion from these contributed more to offsite sediment-P (60%) than did subsoil erosion at the individual landuse scale. At the catchment outlet, the amount of surface sediment eroded from cultivated lands was a factor of 84 higher than from pastures; the steep forested lands contributed 9 times more than pastures. Sed-P eroded from cultivated land was 42 times higher than from pasturelands; the forests were 8 times greater than from pastures. At the catchment outlet the largest contribution of sediment (70%) and sed-P (62%) was from subsoil erosion of gullies and channels within and between the different landuse areas. There was little contribution of sediment or sed-P at the catchment scale from surface erosion of pastures. Concentrations of P were highest in ‘storm event’ suspended sediment samples taken from the pasture and cultivated areas without gullies. In a suite of samples selected for their high P contents, fertiliser P was detected in two storm event suspended sediment samples and one deposited sediment sample, using the ratio of Nd/P. This suggests fertiliser P may be transported-off landsurfaces with sediments and contribute to offsite sediment-P concentrations in some situations. However, the fertiliser contributions were episodic and variable; and probably influenced by particle size selectivity as well as timing of fertiliser application with respect to size and occurrence of subsequent rainfall.     

Wheat field erosion rates and channel bottom sediment sources in an intensively cropped northeastern Oregon drainage basin

Sediment tracers were used to quantify erosion from cultivated fields and identify major source areas of channel bottom sediment within the Wildhorse Creek drainage, an intensively cropped tributary of the Umatilla River in northeastern Oregon, USA. Available data indicated that Wildhorse Creek was one of the largest sediment yielding tributaries of the Umatilla River. Carbon, nitrogen and the nuclear bomb‐derived radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs were used as tracers to fingerprint sediment sources. Sediment was collected from the stream bottom and active floodplain and compared to samples from cultivated fields and channel banks. Samples were characterized on the basis of tracer concentrations and a simple mixing model was used to estimate the relative portion of bottom sediment derived from cultivated surface and channel banks. The results indicate that the amount of bottom sediment derived from cultivated surface sources was less than 26 per cent for the 1998 winter season, although this estimate has a high margin of error. Cesium‐137 was also used to estimate surface erosion from three cultivated fields in the watershed. Annual estimates of erosion since 1963 from the three sampled fields were from 3 to 7ċ5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. For the 1998 season, it appears that most channel‐bottom sediment was of subsurface origin with much of it likely coming from channel and gully banks indicating that significant reductions in sediment in Wildhorse Creek might be accomplished by the stabilization of eroding riparian areas and swales on the lower slopes of agricultural fields. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.