栓皮栎伐桩萌苗保留量对其生长和生物量积累的影响

以秦岭南坡商洛地区栓皮栎次生林皆伐后的伐桩萌苗为研究对象,通过对不同生境条件下伐桩萌生幼苗监测,分析阴坡阳坡2个生境不同萌苗保留量对栓皮栎伐桩萌苗生长和生物量累积的影响.结果表明:1)皆伐后5年期间,2个生境条件下伐桩萌苗数量从伐后第2年开始减少,第4年数量趋于稳定.2)2个生境条件下,不同萌苗保留量监测表明,伐桩随着萌苗数量增多,萌苗平均基径、高度、冠幅减少.3)栓皮栎伐桩不同萌苗保留量监测表明:萌苗基径、高度均为阳坡＞阴坡;与对照(自然生长)相比,确定萌苗保留量之后,伐桩萌苗基径、高度增长迅速,4年之后减缓;2个生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩萌苗随着萌苗保留量增多,高度、基径增长幅度降低.4)皆伐5年之后,2个生境条件下不同萌苗保留量栓皮栎伐桩萌苗器官生物量为主干＞侧枝＞叶片;随着栓皮栎伐桩萌苗保留量增多,伐桩萌苗生物量呈现先增多后减少的趋势,保留3个萌苗的伐桩萌苗生物量最大.萌苗保留量对栓皮栎伐桩萌苗生长和生物量累积影响显著;留萌栓皮栎伐桩保留1个萌苗有利于萌苗生长,保留3个生物量积累较多.选择不超过3个的留萌数量,更能实现不同目的的次生林培育.     

不同生境下栓皮栎伐桩萌苗的生长特征及在种群更新中的作用

以秦岭北坡发育良好的栓皮栎林为研究对象,对比分析不同生境条件下(林内、林窗、林缘)栓皮栎伐桩萌苗在种群更新中的地位以及环境条件对伐桩萌发能力、萌苗数量和萌苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)研究区域中存在3种起源的栓皮栎幼苗,分别为伐桩萌苗、实生苗和主干基部萌苗;2)伐桩萌苗在不同生境中对种群更新的贡献不同,在林内,种群更新以伐桩萌苗和实生苗为主,林窗和林缘的种群更新主要依靠伐桩萌苗;3)生境条件对伐桩的萌芽能力、萌苗的保存率和生长产生影响,林窗和林缘的伐桩萌芽能力较强,但萌苗枯死率也相对较高;萌苗在林窗中生长最好,其高度、基径、叶面积和地上生物量均大于林缘和林内的萌苗;4)林窗对栓皮栎的伐桩萌芽更新较为有利,在更新不良的栓皮栎次生林中适当间伐,开辟林窗,有利于栓皮栎种群更新。     

辽东栎伐桩萌苗的发育规律

通过对黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林固定样地连续6年的调查,研究间伐强度分别为13.4％(弱度间伐)和30.0％(强度间伐)的辽东栎伐桩萌苗的存活与生长规律.结果表明:1)间伐第1年,辽东栎伐桩均有萌生枝发生,每桩萌生枝数量和萌生枝高度在不同强度间无显著差异;2)萌生枝数量受伐桩高度和直径的影响,当伐桩高度较低时,萌生枝数量随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过20cm后随之减少,呈三次抛物线关系;伐桩萌生枝数量随着伐桩直径增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,直径30～50cm的伐桩萌生枝数量最多;3)伐桩萌生枝数量与最长萌生枝高度呈显著线性负相关,存在“萌生枝数量——高度权衡”现象;4)间伐第6年,伐桩的存活率为97.01％,强度间伐区萌生枝高度显著高于弱度间伐区;5)调查期间,辽东栎伐桩萌生枝数量逐年下降,伐桩产生的萌生枝数量越多,后期萌生枝死亡的数量也越多,表明伐桩能够自我稀疏,存在“萌代主”现象.在黄土高原地区,辽东栎伐桩萌芽潜力很大,应合理利用;间伐时伐桩高度应尽量低于20cm;伐桩直径在30～50cm更有利于其无性更新;间伐后伐桩应及时除蘖定株,促进萌生枝生长;间伐强度30.0％(强度间伐)更有利于辽东栎伐桩萌生枝的生长.     

不同伐桩直径及高度对马占相思萌芽更新影响的研究*

对速生多用途树民占相思进行了不同伐桩高度（25cm,50cm,75cm和100cm)及不直径（4．1－8．0cm和8．1－12．0cm)萌芽更新影响的研究，结果表明，伐桩的萌芽率及平均萌条数随伐桩高度的增加而增加，随直径的增大而减少，萌条直径，长度及直萌条（可望生长成材之萌条）总断面积随伐桩的高低和大小而增减，伐桩最低的萌芽率比以往的结果高4倍以上，以短轮伐期经营的马占相思人工林，采用50－75cm伐桩高度萌芽更新效果好。     

采伐季节 伐桩直径 桩高及树龄对刺槐萌芽更新的影响

在河北省灵寿县进行了采伐季节、伐桩直径、桩高及树龄对刺槐当年萌芽更新效果影响的初步研究。结果表明:①非生长季采伐的萌芽更新效果明显优于生长季节内采伐,即前者的萌条数量、萌条径高生长及生物量显著高于后者;②伐桩直径对萌条数及伐桩萌条总生物量有显著影响,而各径级伐桩萌条的径高生长差异不显著;③在6～15a生的年龄范围内或伐桩高度低于30cm时,伐桩萌芽力是均等的,即树龄和桩高对伐桩的萌芽更新没有显著影响。     

东北东部林区次生林主要阔叶树种的萌芽更新规律

对固定样地调查,采用伐桩的径、高度、萌芽的数量、萌芽的生长情况等指标,分析东北东部林区主要阔叶树种的伐桩萌芽更新规律。结果表明:在一定的伐桩径范围内,伐桩萌生枝数随着伐桩径的增大而增多;增长到一定程度后随着伐桩径的增大而减少;得出不同树种萌芽能力较强的年龄范围的伐桩径级。对于不同阔叶树种,伐桩高与当年生萌生枝数量的关系存在着不同的变化规律,研究地点具有产生萌芽能力的阔叶树种可划为3种类型:对数型、直线型、指数型,阔叶树的萌生枝高生长与伐桩径和伐桩高无明显关系。第2年伐桩萌生枝的数量与伐桩径的关系在总体趋势上与第1年基本相同,同时次年仍有新的萌生枝产生,但数量很少。与第1年不同之处在于萌生枝开始死亡,一方面,伐桩产生的萌生枝越多,死亡的数量也增大;另一方面,第2年的伐桩存活率在不同种类树种间差别较大:水曲柳高达96·2%,槭树为23·3%,榆树类为21·8%。所探讨的树种在研究区域内都有“萌代主”的能力,并且不同树种以及同一树种不同年龄,“萌代主”的能力和单个伐桩保存的萌生大树的数量不同。     

桩径对尾叶桉萌芽更新的影响

试验对5.5年生尾叶桉实生林砍伐后，进行不同桩径的萌芽率、萌芽力、萌芽条的高和径生长调查。结果表明，桩径对萌发率的影响不显著，但对萌芽力有极显著的影响，在桩径3-17cm的范围内，萌芽数量随桩径的增大而增加；萌芽条的高和径的生长也随桩径的增大而显著增大。     

间伐强度对杉木伐桩萌芽特性的影响

通过对不同间伐强度的杉木林分伐桩萌芽特性的研究,结果表明:间伐强度对杉木伐桩萌芽保存率和萌条生长有明显的影响,强度间伐有利于杉木伐桩萌芽保存率的提高,增加杉木伐桩萌条数,促进杉木伐桩萌芽条生长；伐桩直径和留置高度对杉木伐桩萌芽特性也有明显的影响.     

不同直径伐桩对赤桉萌芽更新影响的初步研究

对速生树种赤桉进行了不同直径伐桩（２．１～６ｃｍ）萌芽更新影响的研究，结果表明：伐桩的萌芽率及平均萌条数随伐桩直径的增大而增大，萌条直径、高度随伐桩直径变化不大．     

杂交杨的萌芽条-疏芽不能促进生长

16年生杂交杨(populas.sp)林砍伐后的一个生长季节里,对100个伐桩进行疏芽,保留健壮条:将另100个伐桩作为对照。3个生长季节后,每一疏芽和未疏芽伐桩在萌芽的数量或健壮条的直径上没有明显差异。未疏芽伐桩上的健壮条明显较高。杂交杨砍伐后进行疏芽是不必要的。杂交杨砍伐后,其伐桩的地上茎和地下茎可萌发大量的新萌条。这些萌条只需几年的时间就可成材(达维德森和达维斯1972) ,但要经过长期的竞争。为了检验疏芽是否能促进壮条生长,我们在宾夕法尼亚的一块近期砍伐迹地上进行了一次研究。     

Development of stump suckers by betula pubescens at different light intensities

Young trees (4–5 year old) of Betula pubescens Ehrh. growing in a stand in the middle of Sweden (lat. 60°15'N) were cut in early June to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different relative light intensities (100, 50, 25 and 10%) for 100 days until mid September. Five stumps per treatment were used in a randomized complete block with seven blocks on mesic dwarf‐shrub type with low herbs and three blocks on moist dwarf‐shrub type. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with relative light intensity and forest type. 2.5 % of the stumps of mesic and 14 % of moist forest type did not produce suckers. On mesic forest type, 7% of the stumps exposed to 10% light did not sprout compared with 1.4, 3.0 and 0% at 25, 50 and 100% light, respectively. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was significantly lower at 10% light intensity than at other levels. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to light intensity but to forest type. More suckers were produced on mesic than on moist forest type. The dry weight of suckers was significantly lower at 10 and 25% relative light intensity than at 50 and 100%. On moist forest type, the dry weight of suckers was lower than on mesic forest type.     

Development of suckers by two‐year‐old birch (Betula pendula Roth) at different temperatures and light intensities

Two‐year‐old seedlings of Betula pendula Roth of three provenances were cut to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different light levels (25–400 μEm^?2s^?1) and temperatures (6–24°C) for 100 days in climate chambers. Birches were also cut down to seven stump heights (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) and exposed to light intensity 25 and 200 μEm^?2s^?1 at 12/6°C for 100 days in climate chambers. In the third experiment 10 cm stumps of birch were exposed to different light intensities (10–400 μEm^?2s^?1) for 30 days in a greenhouse at 20°C. Starch content in root systems was analyzed before and after treatment. Ten stumps per treatment were used in the experiments except the third experiment where 15 stumps were used. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with light intensity and temperature. None of the stumps exposed to 6 or 9°C produced suckers. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was higher the higher the temperature both on 0 and 10 cm stumps. There were differences between provenances in height growth. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to temperature or light intensity. Starch content in root systems of 10 cm high stumps was 4.0% compared with 14.7% in root systems of non‐stumped birch plants after 30 days in the greenhouse. Starch content decreased from 4.0 to 3.0% with decreasing light intensity (400–10 μEm^?2S^?1). The number of suckers and their mean height were correlated with starch content depending on light intensity.     

Sprouting characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest following clear-cutting in Okinawa,Japan

This study explores the sprouting characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest after clear-cutting based on a survey of 1,893 stumps of 62 tree species in Okinawa, Japan. The sprouting capabilities of the stumps varied among tree species. The stumps of 60 species could produce sprouts, while those of the other two species could not. In 10 of the sprouting species, the mean sprout-stem number was higher than 4.0 stems per stump; nine sprouting species showed low sprouting capabilities. Additionally, Castanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, the dominant species, exhibited high sprouting capabilities. Further, the sprouting capabilities varied with stump diameter at breast height (DBH). Stumps with a larger DBH tended to have a higher mean number of sprout stems per stump, higher DBH, and higher tree height than the smaller stumps. The forest stands regenerated by sprouting might recover into a tree community similar to that before clear-cutting.     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响*

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现。结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层