硅作用下铜对小麦幼苗生理特性影响研究

通过水培试验,研究了在不同加硅量(0,30,60,90,120,150 mg/L,以SiO2计)作用下,铜(10 mg/L,以Cu计)对小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶系统活性(SOD、POD、CAT)、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及MDA含量的影响,结果表明:在加硅量(30,60,90 mg/L,以SiO2计)作用下,小麦幼苗叶绿素a含量、抗氧化酶系统(SOD、POD)活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量的升高以及MDA含量的降低,减轻了铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用;在加硅量150 mg/L作用下,小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量的降低,MDA含量的升高,加重了铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用。研究结果表明,加硅处理能够在一定浓度范围内缓解铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用,从而为铜毒害的小麦区域增施硅肥提供理论依据。     

DBP和Cd复合污染对油菜的毒性作用研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度的DBP(0,5,10,20,30,50,100mg/kg)和Cd(5mg/kg)复合污染对油菜抗氧化酶系统(SOD、CAT、POD)活性、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着DBP浓度的升高,油菜抗氧化酶系统活性、游离脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势;当DBP浓度为5,10mg/kg时,SOD和CAT活性比对照组显著提高,在一定程度上减轻了油菜受到的毒害作用;当DBP浓度为50,100mg/kg时,SOD和POD活性、游离脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量与对照组比均显著降低,说明高浓度的DBP可能进一步加剧了油菜受到的毒害作用;随着DBP浓度的升高,油菜MDA含量也逐渐升高,并与对照组比差异显著,说明其细胞膜脂质过氧化作用逐渐加重。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以国能4号甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 mmol·L^-1)硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理1.6%NaCl胁迫下的种子和幼苗,统计种子发芽数,测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了甜高粱种子的萌发,种子发芽指标(种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)显著降低,1.6%NaCl是甜高粱种子萌发的敏感盐浓度;喷施不同浓度SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的发芽率及幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低叶片MDA含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,其中0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理效果最佳。0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理下,与单独盐浓度处理相比,甜高粱种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别增加了29.51%、39.21%和38.91%;幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高了230.00%、184.38%、214.13%、17.00%、8.78%和40.63%;MDA含量降低了34.01%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别增强了33.38%、55.75%、23.17%和116.46%。综上,盐胁迫下适宜浓度的SNP处理,可提高甜高粱幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除体内活性氧,从而促进幼苗生长,增强植株抗盐性。本研究结果为提高甜高粱耐盐性及揭示其耐盐机制提供了理论依据。     

外源水杨酸对铝胁迫下菊芋光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的南京菊芋和耐铝性较弱的资阳菊芋为对比试验材料,在水培条件下,研究叶面喷施500μmol/L水杨酸(SA)对50μmol/L铝胁迫下菊芋幼苗叶片生长特性、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及耐铝性的影响。结果表明,经过50μmol/L铝处理21d后,南京菊芋和资阳菊芋均受到一定的抑制,株高、根长及地上部分鲜重、叶绿素含量、最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、最大荧光产量(Fm)及电子转移速率(ETR)显著降低,SOD、POD与CAT呈现相反的变化趋势,显示出2个菊芋品种的耐铝性差异,初始荧光(F)、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)以及MDA含量均上升。喷施500μmol/L SA后显著提高菊芋的株高、根长及地上部分鲜重、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光相关指标、抗氧化酶活性;降低叶片的超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-),可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现上升的变化趋势。通过灰色关联度分析可知,喷施SA对菊芋的叶绿素b、Fm和ETR影响最大;由隶属函数分析得出,每天喷施500μmol/L SA通过提高抗氧化酶活性和光合作用等途径缓解铝胁迫对菊芋造成的伤害,增强菊芋抵抗铝胁迫的能力。     

PEG与SNP对低温下马铃薯试管苗相关生理指标的影响

研究了在4℃低温胁迫下,5%聚乙二醇PEG-6000和0.10mmol/LSNP分别处理,5%PEG-6000与0.10mmol/LSNP同时处理对陇薯3号马铃薯试管苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和对丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,4℃低温下,PEG-6000和0.10mmol/LSNP都可以胁迫试管苗,导致其酶活性、MDA、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量都有所上升,其中0.10mmol/LSNP可以显著提高上述各项生理指标,并在和5%PEG-6000共同处理时缓解PEG造成的渗透胁迫。     

钙对铅胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,研究不同浓度Ca~(2+)(0~25mmol/L)对一定浓度铅(100mg/L)胁迫下玉米幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。结果表明,重金属铅明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,与对照相比,玉米幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性分别降低57.58%,54.33%和55.21%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别降低61.15%,92.45%和74.49%;而幼苗叶片的MDA含量和细胞膜通透性明显高于对照,较对照分别增加20.89%和32.36%。一定浓度的Ca~(2+)(10mmol/L)能显著促进玉米幼苗生物量(叶干鲜重、根干鲜重)增加,与单独铅胁迫处理相比,保护酶SOD,POD和CAT活性分别增加55.43%,36.01%和87.72%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别增加55.28%,91.68%和67.16%,MDA含量下降62.03%;外源钙还有效改善铅胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合作用,其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)均较单独铅胁迫处理条件下明显增加。外源钙对玉米幼苗铅胁迫的缓解具有剂量效应,以10mmol/L Ca~(2+)的效果最好,增强了玉米幼苗对重金属铅的抗性。     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

水杨酸对废电池胁迫下绿豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性及生理特性的影响

采用室内有培养土的纸杯培养方法,研究了不同浓度水杨酸（SA）处理对废电池胁迫下,绿豆幼苗抗氧化酶及生理特性的影响。结果表明,废电池胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,过氧化物酶（POD）活性降低,光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量下降,脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,电导率增大,膜稳定性降低,显示出一定的毒害效应;低浓度（≤100mg·L-1）的外源SA处理能够明显增强废电池胁迫下绿豆叶片SOD、POD活性,改善多项指标,但随着SA浓度升高,SOD和POD酶活性逐渐降低。说明低浓度SA能通过刺激抗氧化酶活性,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解废电池对绿豆幼苗的毒害作用,但高浓度SA（≥100mg·L-1）缓解作用降低。     

看麦娘叶片对化感小麦根水提液的生理响应

为阐明小麦化感抑草的生理机制,选择强化感小麦‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’,通过添加浓度为0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的小麦根水提液进行水培试验3周后,测定了各处理看麦娘的鲜重,分析叶片中叶绿素(SPAD值)、可溶蛋白、MDA、类黄酮、总酚的含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明,水提液处理显著抑制了看麦娘的生长,抑制率在不同处理浓度及小麦品种间均存在显著差异,强化感小麦的抑制率显著高于弱化感小麦。在处理浓度范围内,不同小麦根水提液的抑制率大小依次为‘115/青海麦’(24.7%~74.3%)‘92L89’(15.7%~71.6%)‘抗10103’(13.8%~61.4%);0.2%、1.0%和5.0%水提液处理的抑制率大小依次为13.8%~24.7%、41.7%~66.4%和61.4%~74.2%。看麦娘叶绿素含量(SPAD值)随处理浓度增大显著降低,可溶蛋白含量,SOD、POD、CAT活性,MDA、类黄酮含量随处理浓度增大显著升高,强化感小麦对看麦娘的生理刺激作用高于弱化感小麦。1.0%‘115/青海麦’及5.0%各小麦水提液处理的看麦娘总酚含量高于对照。可见,小麦化感胁迫提高了看麦娘的保护酶系统活性,增强了抗氧化物质代谢,但显著增强了细胞膜脂质过氧化和叶绿素降解,不利于靶标植物看麦娘的生长。     

PEG预处理对盐及镉胁迫下黑麦草生理代谢的影响

为了探讨PEG预处理对盐胁迫和镉胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生理特性的影响,将黑麦草幼苗分别用0,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%(对应水势分别为0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.50,-0.77 MPa)的PEG-6000营养液进行预处理后,分别用含150 mmol/L NaCl和Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的胁迫液培养,然后测定黑麦草幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。结果表明:盐胁迫下15%(-0.30 MPa)PEG预处理和镉胁迫下10%(-0.15 MPa)PEG预处理可以有效提高多年生黑麦草的光合色素含量,降低MDA、游离脯氨酸含量,增加可溶性糖含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。PEG预处理下多年生黑麦草在遭受逆境胁迫时,受到多种生理生化的调节,其生理指标的动态变化是黑麦草应答逆境因子胁迫的重要调节机制,体现了其对逆境胁迫的适应能力以及在多种逆境胁迫下的交叉适应能力。     

水培条件下硼对青蒜苗光合特性及品质的影响

在水培条件下,设置4个硼水平（B 0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L）,研究硼对青蒜苗硼含量、生长、光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明,青蒜苗硼含量随着硼浓度的提高而增加,在1.5mg/L硼浓度处理下含量最高;在硼水平0～1.0mg/L范围内,青蒜苗生长量、色素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率 （Tr） 和气孔导度（Gs）随硼浓度的升高而增加,至硼浓度1.0mg/L时达最大,此时青蒜苗叶身和假茎中维生素C（Vc）、可溶性蛋白、大蒜素含量也达最大,分别比不施硼处理提高33.5%和14.5%、40.5%和35.9%、41.0%和57.2%,当硼浓度升至1.5mg/L时,上述各指标呈下降趋势;同时硼浓度为1.0 mg/L时,可显著降低叶身中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量,提高其在假茎中的含量,其中叶身较不施硼处理分别降低了34.3%和22.8%,假茎则增加了160.5%和43.6%。     

Influence of cadmium and phosphorus enhance absorption and membrane damage in wheat seedlings grown in nutrient medium

The effects of cadmium (Cd) and their amelioration with phosphorus (P) on plant growth, antioxidative components, and accumulation of Cd, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were studied in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Reduced biomass and chlorophyll contents under the influence of Cd were observed to be increased on P application. As compared to control, the content of NP-SH, proline, and cysteine were observed to be increased in Cd treated seedlings which was also comparatively higher in Cd with P exposed seedlings. The activities of CAT, POX, SOD, APX, and GR were increased both in root and shoot at lower dose of Cd but reduced at higher dose, while P application enhanced the activity of these enzymes even at higher dose. Application of P, reduced the uptake of Cd but enhanced the accumulation of Fe and Zn both in root and shoot tissue. A close relationship existed between lipid peroxidation and tissue metal concentration.     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and electronic taste and aroma properties of antho-beers from purple wheat grain

Moderate consumption of beer is known to be beneficial for health. Thus, antioxidant, likely taste, and aroma properties of antho-beers made from purple wheat grain (antho-grain) were evaluated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical (DPPH*) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and phenolic acid compositions of antho-bran were also investigated. DPPH* scavenging activity at 60 min was 50.6-59.9% for control and antho-beer extracts, 15.0-54.1% for antho-bran extracts and hydrolysates. The TPC ranged from 410 to 609 mg/L, from 84 to 95 mg/L, and from 2473 to 7634 mg/kg for control (from barley malt) and antho-beer original samples, control and antho-beer extracts, and antho-bran extracts and hydrolysates, respectively. The corresponding ORAC values were 3050-4181 mg/L, 2961-3184 mg/L, and 74-213 g/kg, respectively. The major known phenolic acids comprised four types in control beer, five types in antho-beers, and seven types in antho-bran hydrolysates. Total anthocyanin content of antho-bran was up to 1160 mg/kg. Differences in likely taste and aroma were found between control and antho-beers by using electronic tongue and nose methods. Brewing materials had an effect on the antioxidant, likely taste, and aroma properties of beers; however, antho-grain may have potential as a novel brewing material.     

北方麦区土壤有效磷阈值及小麦产量、籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施肥的响应

  【目的】  分析我国北方麦区不同土壤有效磷水平下,监控施肥后小麦籽粒产量与养分吸收利用变化,为保证减施磷肥后小麦的丰产、优质、绿色生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区49个地点进行了田间试验。所有试验均设农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(RF)和监控无磷(RF-P) 3个处理,监控施肥的磷(P₂O₅)肥用量较农户施肥平均减少60 kg/hm2,相当于减少了46%。在小麦成熟期调查了土壤不同磷素水平下,小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量,并计算了磷素养分吸收利用率;在小麦收获期,采样测定土壤有效氮磷钾含量。  【结果】  当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg时,小麦产量最低,为5155 kg/hm2;当土壤有效磷在25～30 mg/kg时,产量达到最高,为7217 kg/hm2;有效磷过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,反而因穗数、千粒重低导致产量降低。土壤有效磷<15、15～20、20～25、25～30和>30 mg/kg时,监控施肥处理小麦产量与农户施肥处理相比差异虽然未达显著水平,但小麦的磷肥吸收效率与磷肥偏生产力平均分别为1.03和104.7 kg/kg,分别较农户处理显著提高了119.6%和112.2%,籽粒氮磷钾含量与农户施肥处理相比无显著差异。当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg,或速效钾达171和200 mg/kg、有效磷为15～20和>30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥小麦显著减产;但土壤速效钾为147和158 mg/kg、有效磷在20～25和25～30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥不减产。土壤有效磷含量越高,小麦籽粒平均氮含量越低、磷含量越高,籽粒平均钾含量在有效磷为20～25 mg/kg时达到最高。  【结论】  在北方麦区,过高的土壤有效磷含量有降低小麦氮素营养的风险,适当降低磷肥用量在保证产量的同时,还可大幅提高磷肥的利用率。土壤有效磷维持在20～30 mg/kg时,减施或不施磷肥依然可以实现小麦高产,但若速效钾>170 mg/kg时不施磷肥小麦有减产风险。因此,应基于对小麦目标产量、籽粒养分含量和土壤有效磷钾的监控,确定合理的磷肥用量,实现北方麦区化肥减施,小麦稳产提质增效和绿色生产。     

铅胁迫对茶树生长及叶片生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤铅浓度对茶叶生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤铅浓度的升高,夏茶叶绿素含量显著下降,并有失绿现象,茶树生长受到一定程度的抑制。春茶叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,夏茶叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。当铅浓度为100mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最大值2.93mg·g-1;铅浓度为1500mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最小值2.28mg·g-1;随铅浓度增加,叶片中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量显著增加,两者与铅浓度呈显著正相关,春茶的相关系数分别为0.922（P〈0.01）和0.880（P〈0.01）,夏茶的相关系数为0.871（P〈0.05）和0.971（P〈0.01）,且夏茶中的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量大于春茶。铅对春茶、夏茶中可溶性糖的合成有一定的抑制作用,相关系数分别为-0.715（P〈0.01）和-0.912（P〈0.01）。在铅浓度为0～200mg·kg-1时,春茶可溶性糖有小幅度增加;在铅浓度为200mg·kg-1时,春茶、夏茶可溶性糖含量都同时达到最大值。     

钼对含甲基营养型芽孢杆菌基质栽培甜瓜产量及氮磷钾吸收的影响

  【目的】  甲基营养型芽孢杆菌常接种于基质中以解决甜瓜生产过程中土传病害严重的问题。然而，甲基营养型芽孢杆菌对基质中微量元素的含量十分敏感，为此，我们研究了钼酸铵的适宜添加浓度，以期为甜瓜优质高效生产提供合理有效的技术参考和理论依据。  【方法】  试验于2019年5—8月在陕西省杨凌农业示范区进行，以薄皮甜瓜品种‘千玉6号’为材料，营养液中 (NH₄)₂MoO₄·4H₂O含量设置0、0.02 和0.04 mg/L 3个水平。测定甜瓜结果各时期器官干物质和全氮、全磷、全钾含量，分析结果中期甜瓜各器官对果实的养分贡献率、果实品质和果实全钼含量，统计产量并计算氮磷钾元素养分利用效率。  【结果】  甜瓜果实全钼含量随施钼水平增加而增加，而游离氨基酸、硝态氮含量、单果重及产量均在钼酸铵 0.02 mg/L水平最高，可溶性蛋白质含量在不施钼处理最高。除结果初期和中期甜瓜茎干物质量在3个施钼处理之间没有显著差异外，甜瓜各器官干物质、植株总干物质、全氮、全磷、全钾的积累量和转运量均以钼酸铵0.02 mg/L处理显著高于0和0.04 mg/L处理。0.02 mg/L钼酸铵处理通过提高营养器官中积累的氮磷钾对果实养分的贡献率，进而提高果实产量和氮磷钾养分利用效率；与钼酸铵0.02 mg/L处理相比，0和0.04 mg/L处理的果实产量及氮、磷及钾素养分利用率分别降低48.63%和17.50%、16.58%和22.44%、2.39% 和13.84%及27.34%和25.28%。  【结论】  在含有甲基营养型芽孢杆菌的基质栽培中，施用含0.02 mg/L (NH₄)₂MoO₄·4H₂O的营养液可显著提高甜瓜结果期干物质量和养分积累、转运及产量和品质。     

Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality.

Chitosan treatment (2-8 mg/mL) of wheat seeds significantly improved seed germination to recommended seed certification standards (>85%) and vigor at concentrations >4 mg/mL, in two cultivars of spring wheat (Norseman and Max), by controlling seed-borne Fusarium graminearum infection. The germination was <80% in the control and >85% in benomyl- and chitosan-treated seeds. Seed-borne F. graminearum was reduced to >50% at higher chitosan treatments compared to the control. Synthesis of phenolic acids was stimulated in primary leaves following chitosan treatment, and levels of these phenolic acids, especially ferulic acid, increased significantly with increasing chitosan concentration. Lignin content of primary leaves also showed a similar pattern. The synthesis of precursors of lignin such as p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids and phenolic acids having antimicrobial activity such as benzoic, p-coumaric, caffeic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and gallic acids was also stimulated by chitosan treatment. The induction of phenolic acids and lignin was significantly lower in cv. Max compared to Norseman. Chitosan also inhibited fungal transmission to the primary roots of germinating seedlings. Results suggest that chitosan controlled seed-borne F. graminearum infection and increased the resistance in seedlings by stimulating the accumulation of phenolics and lignin. Thus, chitosan has a potential for improvement of seed quality and enhancement of crop yields as well as increased value of stored grains for food and feed.     

Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab, Pakistan:II. Root growth and nutrient uptake of wheat and sorghum

Crop yields can be reduced by soil compaction due to increased resistance to root growth, and decrease in water and nutrient use efficiencies. A field experiment was conducted during 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 on a sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA; Luvic Yermosol, FAO) to study subsoil compaction effects on root growth, nutrient uptake and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Soil compaction was artificially created once at the start of the study. The 0.00–0.15 m soil was manually removed with a spade. The exposed layer was compacted with a mechanical compactor from 1.65 Mg m⁻³ (control plot) to a bulk density of 1.93 Mg m⁻³ (compacted plot). The topsoil was then again replaced above the compacted subsoil and levelled. Both compacted and control plots were hoed manually and levelled. Root length density, measured at flowering stage, decreased markedly with compaction during 1997–1998 but there was little effect during 1998–1999. The reduction in nutrient uptake by wheat due to compaction of the subsoil was 12–35% for N, 17–27% for P and up to 24% for K. The reduction in nutrient uptake in sorghum due to subsoil compaction was 23% for N, 16% for P, and 12% for K. Subsoil compaction increased N content in wheat grains in 1997–1998, but there was no effect on P and K contents of grains and N and P content of wheat straw or sorghum stover. During 1997–1998, K content of wheat straw was statistically higher in control treatment compared with compacted treatment. In 1998, P-content of sorghum leaves was higher in compacted treatment than uncompacted control. Root length density of wheat below 0.15 m depth was significantly reduced and was significantly and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Therefore, appropriate measures such as periodic chiselling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, and incorporating of crops with deep tap root system in rotation cycle is necessary to minimize the risks of subsoil compaction.     

LaCl3对桑树组培苗生长与分化的影响

本试验目的是通过研究不同浓度的稀土化合物(LaCl3)对桑树组培苗生长分化以及生根的影响,确定培养基中加入LaCl3的浓度。在前人研究稀土元素对植物生理生化影响的基础上,本试验将不同浓度稀土化合物(LaCl3)添加于桑树组培苗分化与生根培养基中,研究其对桑树组培苗生长与分化的影响。结果表明,低浓度的LaCl3（40 mg/L）能促进桑树组培苗的生长与分化,株高、生芽数、生根率、根长和根重都显著高于对照及其他浓度处理;分化芽数、株高及生根率分别比对照高84.2%、63.5%、12.5%。同时还能提高叶绿素含量,其中叶绿素a含量为对照的2.06倍;叶绿素b含量为对照的1.64倍;以及改变光合色素比例,提高过氧化物酶活性。高浓度LaCl3（60～80 mg/L）的促进作用减小甚至抑制桑树组培苗的生长。说明本试验条件下,有利于桑树组培苗分化及生根的LaCl3最佳浓度为40 mg/L。     

Isoflavone profile and biological activity of soy bread

The present study examines the ability of isoflavone extracts from whole soy bread and two soy bread fractions, crumb and crust, to modulate the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Total isoflavone content in the two fractions of soy bread were similar (3.17 micromol/g dry basis). However, their conjugate patterns were altered. Both fractions of soy bread contained a similar level of isoflavone aglycones ( approximately 24%). Low concentrations of soy bread extracts increased PC-3 cell proliferation as much as 47% compared to untreated control. This proliferative effect in cell growth was reduced at higher extract concentration. Soy bread crust extract (10 mg/mL) reduced PC-3 cell proliferation by 15% compared to untreated control. Interestingly, wheat bread extracts increased cell proliferation at all concentrations tested. Although extracts from both breads possessed biological activity, only soy bread crust extract reduced PC-3 cell proliferation. This observation may be related to the presence of soy in this bread.