ph1b基因在普通小麦与Ae.ovata(T.ovatum)杂交中的作用

中国春 phlb 突变体、中国春与 Ae.ovata 杂种 F_1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每个细胞染色体交叉数分别为12.882和0.983个。说明,phlb 基因在普通小麦与 Ae.ovata 杂种中具有强的诱导部分同源配对的作用。在中国春 phlb 突变体×Ae.ovata 中有四价体、五价体及单价体少于14的细胞出现,说明 phlb 基因可以诱导普通小麦与 Ae.ova     

陆地棉86-1（G.hirsutum L.)与辣根棉（G.armourianum Kearn.)种间杂种及其利用的研究

陆地棉品种86-1 G.hirsutum L.×辣根棉C.armourianum Kearn.F_1染色体2n=3x=39,平均染色体构型为14.051 12.45Ⅱ 0.01Ⅲ。F_1直接与陆地棉回交,得到的BC_1F_1是一株混倍体(mixploid),其染色体为54—67个,其中2n=65的整倍体(euploid)只占15.7％,非整倍体(aneuploid)占82.8％,平均2n=61,平均染色体构型为7.741 25.83Ⅱ 0.45Ⅲ 0.06Ⅳ 0V 0.01Ⅵ。又以BC_1F_1为母本,与陆地棉二次回交,BC_2F_1苗期夭折;而以陆地棉为母本、BC_1F_1为父本回交的BC_2F_1生长健壮,有些辣根棉性状继续传递。通过多年选育已获得一些结铃性强、中长绒纤维高品质、高衣分的新材料。     

克服节节麦×普通小麦杂交不亲和性的研究

采用幼胚培养的方法,克服了节节麦作母本与普通小麦杂交的困难。在授粉后15～30天,在无菌条件下剥下杂种胚,接种在修改的 B_5培养基上。从25个培养的胚得到3个植株,F_1的形态学特征像小麦亲本,完全或高度不育,用普通小麦花粉授粉回交结了种子。杂种的育性恢复很快,BC_1自交结实率18.1～22.2%,BC_2为28.6～58.1%,BC_3植株的育性已经基本正常。检查的 BC_2植株根尖细胞染色体2n=42。它们的酯酶同工酶酶谱与父本小麦相似。BC_1F_3和BC_1F_4的主要性状倾向小麦,也出现了一些新类型。     

稻属种间杂种(Oryza sativa×O.latifolia)再生植株的形态与染色体变化

供试材料 种间杂种[O.sativa(AA,2n=24)×O.latifolia(CCDD,2n=48)]F_1的幼穗,杂种基因型是异源三倍体(ACD)3n=36。利用幼穗诱导愈伤组织与再生植株,经过多次继代培养后,再生植株分为2大类型:(1)完全不结实株,形状与 F_1杂种相似,染色体数2n=36。(2)结有少量种子的植株,性状介于双亲之间,染色体数2n=24。我们的结果表明:幼穗     

节节麦×六倍体小黑麦杂种胚再生植株育性及其变异的细胞学研究

对节节麦(2n=2x=14)×六倍体小黑麦(2n=6x=42)杂种胚培养植株和胚愈伤组织再生植株的育性比较,发现杂种胚愈伤组织再生植株育性有较大的变异。8株胚培养杂种植株的平均育性为0.87％(0.39％～1.40％),同期抽穗的杂种胚愈伤组织再生植株的平均育性为0.75％(0～5.39％)。细胞学研究表明杂种F_1可育性是由于未减数配子产生的结果,在一些PMCs中,单价体中期Ⅰ集结到赤道板上,后期Ⅰ分裂失败形成再组核,再组核分裂产生二分体或细胞质提前分裂产生有核和无核子细胞,有核子细胞分裂产生未减数配子。细胞学研究揭示再生植株的育性和染色体数目和配对构型无关而和单价体中期Ⅰ在赤道板上的集结程度呈正相关。远缘杂种F_1再生植株的育性变异为克服杂种不育提供了技术途径。     

phlb基因在中国春Tal kr phlb基因综合体与Agropyron intermedium杂交中的作用

本文对中国春Tal kr phlb基因综合体,Tal中国春与Ag.intermedium杂种F_1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对情况进行了比较研究。 证明phlb基因可以诱导普通小麦与Ag.intermdium间部分同源染色体配对、交换,从而有可能以染色体易位的方式把Ag.intermedium中的有益基因转移到普通小麦中。在Ag.intermedium(葡萄牙),Ag.intermedtam(伊朗)中都不含有Ph1基因。但在Ag.intermedium(伊朗)中可能存在Ph-like基因,其作用比Ph1小。     

谷子(Setaria italica)Ch4n×法氏狗尾草(S.faberii)杂种幼胚培养及杂种F_1的鉴定

1989年,进行了谷子(Setaria italica)Ch4n×法氏狗尾草位(S.fabeiii)的远缘杂交和杂种胚培养。共接种已授粉子房264个,得到22株苗,仅11株成活。试管苗经继代培养和繁殖,得到了大量的小植株,移栽成活并发育到成熟。经形态学和细胞学鉴定,其中有两个株系是杂种,杂种F_1的染色体数为2n=4x=36,花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对不正常,染色体构型为(18-2)Ⅰ+(13-0)Ⅱ+(0-9)Ⅲ+(0-3)Ⅳ,后期染色体分离不正常,形成不正常的四分体和微型小孢子,花粉败育。F_1高度不育,其形态特征介于双亲之间,植株在许多性状上都与父本法氏狗尾草相似,而与母本相差较远。     

普通小麦(Taestivum)ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系与黑麦(Secale cereale)的杂交及回交研究

利用中国春ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系及对照中国春分别与甘肃黑麦杂交,结实率分别为94.0％、87.9％、93.8％和90.8％,其F_1减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对交叉数分别为9.748、2.968、5.000和1.376,ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因诱导小麦与黑麦F_1部分同源染色体配对顺序是ph1b>ph2b>ph2a。用中国春回交F_1取得了成功,回交结实率分别为1.06％     

活体保存对栽培棉种间四元杂种育性和染色体构型的影响

将(亚洲棉×草棉)F1进行染色体加倍,再与(陆地棉×海岛棉)F1进行杂交,产生亚洲棉、草棉、陆地棉和海岛棉四元杂种.对四元杂种F1进行15年的嫁接保存,对其花粉活力进行几年连续测定,并进行自交和回交.结果表明,四元杂种可育花粉率和弱生活力花粉率在逐年增加,不育花粉率逐年减少,其中弱生活力花粉增加到占10%以上,并能获得回交和自交种子.染色体组分析结果表明,四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的染色体构型为2n=52=4.92Ⅰ 14.62Ⅱ 2.29Ⅲ 1.56Ⅳ 0.71Ⅴ 0.19Ⅵ,而15年前该四元杂种的染色体构型为2n=52=8.4Ⅰ 8.1Ⅱ 5.7Ⅲ 1.9Ⅳ 0.6Ⅴ.长期活体保存使四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的每个细胞单价体数减少3.5个,二价体数增加6.5个,且多价体数也有明显减少.说明活体保存有利于协调染色体组之间的关系,使其染色体构型趋于协调和平衡,育性逐渐改善和恢复.     

普通小麦川农16与圆锥小麦杂交后代分析

对小麦川农16与圆锥小麦地方品种杂交后代进行了分析。结果表明,杂种F_1均含有35条染色体,减数分裂时出现多种配对形式,染色体组成上存在差异。F_1植株株高和小穗数普遍介于双亲之间,穗长表现出了超亲优势,穗粒数不同组合间存在差异,同时F_1正常结实。F_2代表现出较大分离,单株间差异较大,同时育性发生分离。采用优异品种回交可以有效控制远缘杂种后代分离。     

栽培大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）与纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliaris (Trin) Nevski）属间杂种F1、F2和BC1的形态和细胞学研究

采用幼胚培养技术,获得了栽培大麦纤毛鹅观草之间的属间杂种。研究了杂种F1,F2和BC1的形态和细胞学特点。结果表明：杂种形态介于双亲之间,不同生育阶段其主要特征分别倾向双亲之一。在结实率和主要经济性状上F2和BC1较F1有相当大的提高,但生育期进展不大。根尖染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂构型分析表明：F1、F2和BC1     

海岛棉品种抗黄萎病遗传规律初步研究

在黄萎病圃对3个海岛棉抗感品种、1个陆地棉高感品种及其4个杂种后代进行了多年遗传研究.结果表明,海岛棉抗病品种对黄萎病的抗性遗传受单基因显性或少数主效基因控制.当抗病海岛棉品种与感病品种杂交时,F1代抗病均表现为显性,杂交组合的F2代群体分离除个别组合外,一般表现为31抗感病分离,呈现单基因或少数主效基因遗传.剖杆调查结果表明,棉花黄萎病发病的内部剖杆症状重于叶部,二者存在微弱的正相关性.     

百玉1号干物质积累、分配及灌浆特性的研究

在中上等土壤肥力下,对百玉1号品种的干物质积累、分配与籽粒灌浆特性进行了试验研究.结果表明,百玉1号植株干物质积累与生育特点表现出前期增长缓慢,中后期增长较快.前期干物质主要分配在叶片,占全株的67％;中期干物质重为:叶(45.96％)、茎(32.63％)、根(12.65％)、雄穗(5.17％)、雌穗(4.37％).后期生殖器官成为光合产物的主要分配中心,营养物质向果穗运转.叶片干物质重在灌浆中期比率下降为27.22％,但绝对值达高峰值,灌浆后期百玉1号千粒重日增量平均达到7.12g,比对照郑单958千粒重日增量(平均5.88 g)增加1.24 g,增长率21.09％.加强百玉1号的中后期管理,有利于获得高产.     

新疆小麦Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、TaLox-B1等位变异对面粉色泽的影响

利用已开发的面粉色泽相关性状基因的分子标记,检测了182份新疆小麦品种(系)的Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1等位变异,并结合表型鉴定结果,分析不同等位变异对面粉色泽的影响。结果表明,单基因等位变异对面粉色泽的影响不同,其中4个基因等位变异L*值的差异均不显著;对a*值的效应,Psy-A1a高于Psy-A1b(P0.01),Ppo-A1b高于Ppo-A1a(P0.05),Ta Lox-B1a高于Ta Lox-B1b(P0.05);Psy-A1a基因型的b*值高于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01);Psy-A1a基因型的Wht值低于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01)。说明Psy-A1是影响面粉色泽(红度、黄度和白度)的重要基因,而Ppo-A1和Ta Lox-B1基因的等位变异只对面粉红度有显著影响。4个检测基因共有12种等位变异组合,对a*、b*和Wht值有显著效应(P0.01),但对L*值影响不显著(P0.05);Psy-A1b/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1b组合具有最高的Wht值和最低的a*、b*值,Psy-A1a/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1a组合具有最低的Wht值和最高的a*、b*值。182份品种的Wht值平均为86.86,其中审定品种平均为86.87,冬小麦品种为86.42,春小麦品种为87.32。青春5号具有优良的基因型和较高的面粉白度,应加强利用。总体来看,改良新疆小麦面粉的白度,应重点加强对Psy-A1基因的选择,提高Psy-A1b比例。     

Genetic, agronomic and quality comparisons of two 1AL.1RS. wheat-rye chromosomal translocations

The 1AL.1RS wheat-rye chromosomal translocation originally found in ‘Amigo’ wheat possesses resistance genes for stem rust, powdery mildew and greenbug biotypes B and C, but also has a negative effect on wheat processing quality. Recently, a second 1AL.1RS translocation carrying Gb6, a gene conferring resistance to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, G and I, was identified in the wheat germplasm line ‘GRS1201′. Protein analytical methods, and the DNA polymerase chain reaction were used to identify markers capable of differentiating the 1RS chromosome arms derived from ‘Amigo’ and ‘GRS1201′. The secalin proteins encoded by genes on 1RS chromosome arms differed in ‘Amigo’ and ‘GRS1201′. A 70 kDa secalin was found in the ‘Amigo’1AL.1RS, but did not occur in the ‘GRS1201’1AL.1RS. Polymorphisms detected by PCR primers derived from a family of moderately repetitive rye DNA sequences also differentiated the two translocations. When ‘GRS1201’was mated with a non-1RS wheat, no recombinants between 1RS markers were observed. In crosses between 1RS and non-1RS parents, both DNA markers and secalins would be useful as selectable markers for 1RS-derived greenbug resistance. Recombination between 1RS markers did occur when 1RS from ‘Amigo’ and 1RS from ‘GRS1201’were combined, but in such intermatings, the molecular markers described herein could still be used to develop a population enriched in lines carrying Gb6. No differences in grain yield or grain and flour quality characteristics were observed when lines carrying 1RS from ‘Amigo’ were compared with lines with 1RS from ‘GRS1201′. Hence, differences in secalin composition did not result in differential quality effects. When compared with sister lines with 1AL.1AS derived from the wheat cultivar ‘Redland’, lines with ‘GRS1201’had equal grain yield, but produced flours with significantly shorter mix times, weaker doughs, and lower sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation volumes.     

利用BC_2F_3产量选择导入系定位水稻耐盐QTL

本研究以生产上大而秋推广的籼稻恢复系蜀恢527和明恢86为轮同亲本,以ZDZ057和特青为供体亲本,培育选择了蜀恢527/ZDZ057、明恢86/ZDZ057、蜀恢527/特青和明恢86/特青4个BC2F3产量选择导入系群体,分别选取65个、75个、73个和60个均匀分布在12条染色体上的SSR标记用于以上4个群体的基因型分析.对4个BC2F3群体的幼苗耐盐等级和幼苗存活天数两个性状进行了表型鉴定.采用性状-标记间的单向方差分析对上述性状进行了QTL定位.在群体蜀恢527/ZDZ057、明恢86/ZDZ057、蜀恢527/特青和明恢86/特青中分别检测到了11、15、11和6个控制幼苗耐盐等级和幼苗存活天数的QTL,其中群体明恢86/ZDZ057检测到的15个QTL中有3个QTL具有多效性.其中有2个QTL能存蜀恢527/ZDZ057和明恢86/ZDZ057群体分别检测到,1个QTL可以在蜀恢527/ZDZ057和蜀恢527/特青群体分别检测剑,1个QTL在明恢86/ZDZ057和明恢86/特青群体中分别检测到.QSst2c、QSst10b、QSst12、QSds1b、QSst4b、QSst2d、QSst2e、QSds10、QSst1b、QSst10c、QSst10d和QSds4b能解释的表型变异分别为20.36%、24.06%、22.50%、28.45%、21.39%、23.31%、34.92%、42.18%、20.29%、20.50%、21.3l%和26.27%,位点QSst2c、QSds1b、QSst9a和QSst2e与前人定位在同一区域.QSst12表现为负向超显性,QSst4b和QSds10表现为正向超显性,QSst10b和QSst2d分别表现为负向和正向部分显性.本研究结果将为水稻高产耐盐育种提供有益参考.     

Factors determining the performance of synthetics in Vicia faba L. 1. Heterogeneity,heterozygosity, and degree of cross-fertilization

Summary The relative performance of synthetic varieties in faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as compared with line varieties is the result of the joint effect of several factors. Factors investigated in the present study were (1) effects of heterogeneity and (2) heterozygosity on agronomic performance, (3) genetic variance for the degree of cross-fertilization among inbred lines and (4) genetic variance among homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for yield. The evaluation was based on multilocational trials in Germany with 36 inbred lines and derived entries with contrasting population structure (levels of heterozygosity and heterogeneity). When inbred lines and F₁-hybrids are included in the same mixture of genotypes, the resulting heterogeneity had a positive effect on yield. Relative mid-parent heterosis for yield was between 33% and 51%. The average degree of cross-fertilization was 53.5%, and its genetic standard deviation was 8.3%. The estimates for genetic standard deviation for yield among inbred lines were between 3.4 q/ha and 5.3 q/ha. The highest yielding synthetic variety is expected to outyield markedly the highest yielding line.     

Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Vernalization Genes Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1, and Vrn‐D1 in Spring Wheat Germplasm from the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S.A.

The objective of this study was to determine the Vrn‐1 allelic composition of spring wheat germplasm from the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. Individual plants from 56 spring wheat lines were crossed to near‐isogenic tester lines carrying the dominant allele Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1 or Vrn‐D1. F₂ progeny were evaluated for growth habit in the field and Vrn‐1 allelic composition was determined through chi‐square analysis. Lines also were analysed with DNA sequence‐based Vrn‐1 allele‐specific markers. A majority of the germplasm carried the dominant allele Vrn‐A1a alone or in combination with Vrn‐B1, Vrn‐D1 or Vrn‐B3 alleles. Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1 were almost always associated with other dominant Vrn‐1 allele(s). Based on DNA sequence analysis, a novel Vrn‐B1 allele referred to as Vrn‐B1b, which carried a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a 36 bp deletion, was identified in cultivar ‘Alpowa’. These results will be useful to wheat breeders for choosing parents with different Vrn‐1 alleles for crossing to maximize diversity at the Vrn‐1 loci with an expectation of identifying superior Vrn‐1 allelic combinations for cultivar improvement.     

氮磷钾复合肥与促生菌Bacillus sp. KTS-1-1配施对太子参生理特性、生物量及品质的影响

以太子参品种‘三泓1号’为材料进行盆栽试验,设置CK（自来水）、T1（2.00g氮磷钾复合肥水溶液）、T2（3×10⁸CFU/mL促生菌KTS-1-1菌悬液）、T3（0.25g氮磷钾复合肥+3×10⁸CFU/mL促生菌KTS-1-1菌悬液）、T4（0.50g氮磷钾复合肥+3×10⁸CFU/mL促生菌KTS-1-1菌悬液）和T5（1.00g氮磷钾复合肥+3×10⁸CFU/mL促生菌KTS-1-1菌悬液）6个处理,探究不同比例的氮磷钾复合肥与促生菌KTS-1-1配施对太子参生理特性、生物量及品质的影响。结果表明,相比CK处理,T2、T3、T4处理均能显著改善叶片中营养元素含量和防御酶活性,提高植株生物量,增加块根多糖、氨基酸、钙和钴元素含量,尤以T4处理最为明显,与CK处理相比,叶片氮、磷、钾含量分别显著提高了82.14%、54.55%和94.16%;叶片超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨基酸解氨酶和过氧化物酶活性分别显著提高了50.20%、19.72%和40.24%;株高、平均叶面积、块根鲜重及块根干重分别显著提高了10.20%、28.05%、70.62%和54.95%;块根多糖、氨基酸及钙、钴元素含量分别显著提高了35.38%、68.14%、29.17%和21.56%。与T1处理相比,T4处理在叶片营养元素含量、叶片防御酶活性及块根生物量方面也有明显的促进作用。综上说明,T4处理为太子参生产中肥料使用的推荐方式。     

RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat

Chromosome 5A of wheat carries several major genes of agronomic importance, including Vrn1 controlling spring/winter wheat difference, Q determining spike morphology and B1 inhibiting awn development. A population of single-chromosome recombinant lines from the cross between two chromosome substitution lines, 'Chinese Spring' (Cappelle-Desprez 5A) and 'Chinese Spring' (Triticum spelta 5A) was developed to map these genes on the long arm of chromosome 5A relative to RFLP markers. Using 120 recombinant lines, a map of approximately 230 cM in length was constructed. The gene order was centromere– Vrn1– Q– B1. The Vrn1 locus was tightly linked to two RFLP markers, Xbcd450 and Xrz395 with 0.8 cM, and to Xpsr426 with 5.0 cM. The Vrn1-adjacent region was located in the central of the long arm, approximately 90 cM from the centromere. The chromosome region around Q and the 5A/4A translocation break-point were mapped by three RFLP markers, and their order was found to be Q– Xpsr370– Xcdo457–4A/5A break-point– Xpsr164. The B1 locus was located on the most distal portion of the long arm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.