八至九月龄阿尔巴斯绒山羊在不同饲养条件下瓣胃的大体解剖和组织学变化

本文用组织切片方法观察研究了不同饲养条件下，8只8～9月龄的阿尔巴斯绒山羊瓣胃的解剖和组织学变化。研究结果表明：瓣胃的容积均以放牧羊的最大，其次为干草羊，最小的为青草羊。瓣胃的大、中、小瓣叶均以放牧羊的最高，其次为青草羊，最低的是干草羊。上皮的浅层是角化的复层扁平细胞，中间层的细胞有圆形、椭圆形；基底层的细胞是矮柱状，排列整齐。瓣胃大瓣叶黏膜上皮角化层的厚度：最厚的是干草羊、其次为放牧羊、最薄的是青草羊；大瓣叶中央肌层最厚的是青草羊、其次为干草羊、最薄的是放牧羊。     

8～9个月龄阿尔巴斯绒山羊在不同饲养条件下网胃的形态学变化

研究用大体解剖和组织切片方法观察研究了不同饲养条件下,8只8～9月龄的阿尔巴斯绒山羊网胃的位置、形态和胃壁的组织学变化.研究结果表明：网胃的容积均以青草羊的最大,其次为放牧羊,最小的为干草羊.网胃的网格数以青草羊的最多,放牧羊和干草羊的基本相近.光镜观察结果表明：上皮的角化层以干草羊的最厚,其次为放牧羊,最薄的为青草羊.3组羊网胃黏膜上皮的组织结构基本相似.浅层的细胞为扁平形,核扁;中间层的细胞为不规则多角形;基底层的细胞为立方形或矮柱状,核为圆形或椭圆形.     

8～9月龄阿尔巴斯绒山羊在不同饲养条件下瘤胃黏膜组织学的变化

用组织切片方法观察研究了不同饲养条件下，8只8～9月龄的阿尔巴斯绒山羊瘤胃粘膜的组织学变化。光镜观察结果表明：瘤胃的黏膜层内无黏膜肌层；瘤胃黏膜上皮的角化层以干草羊的最厚，其次为放牧羊，最薄的是青草羊。上皮细胞的形态：放牧羊中间层是多角形，基底层是矮柱状，细胞排列整齐；青草羊和干草中间层和基底层不一致，有圆形、椭圆形，细胞排列紧密，而且不整齐。瘤胃胃壁乳头的发达程度以干草羊的最高，其次为青草羊，最矮的是放牧羊。     

不同品种肉用绵羊舍饲条件下前胃组织学变化

采用组织切片方法观察研究了在相同舍饲条件下,蒙古羊、德国美利奴羊、特克塞尔羊、无角陶赛特羊和萨福克羊前胃黏膜组织学的变化.光镜观察结果表明:不同品种肉用绵羊前胃黏膜组织学结构基本相似.前胃胃壁上皮角化层厚度表现为蒙古羊最厚,其次为无角陶赛特羊,最薄的为特克塞尔羊;前胃肌层厚度以蒙古羊最厚,且与其它品种绵羊差异均显著(P<0.05);瘤胃和网胃黏膜下层厚度在不同品种羊间差异也均不显著(P>0.05);网胃和瓣胃粘膜肌层厚度以蒙古羊最厚,其次为无角陶赛特羊;瓣胃中央肌层厚度以德国美利奴羊最厚,且与其它品种羊差异显著(P<0.05).     

不同饲养条件下1.5岁阿尔巴斯绒山羊瓣胃形态学变化的研究

阿尔巴斯绒山羊是内蒙古绒山羊中的优良品种,试验在研究了不同饲养条件下8～9个月龄阿尔巴斯绒山羊前胃形态学变化的基础上,进一步对不同饲养条件下1．5岁阿尔巴斯绒山羊瓣胃的形态学变化进行了研究。结果表明：阿尔巴斯绒山羊的瓣胃有最小瓣叶;瓣胃的大瓣叶上偶尔可见到次级瓣叶;在网瓣口处有明显的网瓣口括约肌。圈养条件下阿尔巴斯绒山羊瓣胃的容积（包括瓣胃大、小弯）会缩小;网瓣口括约肌的厚度会变薄;瓣胃瓣叶的高度会缩短。     

科苑采撷

春防羊只馋嘴病一是早春先躲青,尽量避免在幼嫩的青草地放牧,待青草长到10cm左右时,估计放牧羊能吃饱了再开始跑青,早春要有意地让羊啃干草和黄草;二是跑青要逐渐过渡。开始可先放干草和黄草,每天放2~3h的青草,逐渐增加放青草的时间,直到整天放牧青草时间大约经过10-15d的转变期;三是采用一条鞭的放牧法,就是每天放生场和生坡,这样的草场和山坡草量足,干草、黄草、青草都很新鲜,羊喜欢采食,吃得好,吃得饱。     

1.5岁阿尔巴斯绒山羊在不同饲养条件下瓣胃黏膜的变化研究黏膜的变化研究

作者在包花尔[1]研究的不同饲养条件下8～9月龄阿尔巴斯绒山羊前胃形态、结构的基础上,进一步对1.5岁阿尔巴斯绒山羊瓣胃的形态及组织结构进行了研究,主要探讨阿尔巴斯绒山羊在天然放牧条件下和圈养条件下瓣胃胃壁肌层的厚度变化、瓣叶形态学(包括瓣叶高度、瓣叶中央肌层、角化层厚度、瓣叶角质乳头)变化,为阿尔巴斯绒山羊的合理饲养提供一定的形态学基础和理论依据.     

耕牛瓣胃阻塞的诊治

耕牛瓣胃阻塞,中医又称百叶干,主要是因前胃弛缓,瓣胃收缩力减弱,内容物停滞、充满而干涸,致使瓣胃扩张、坚硬、疼痛,胃壁麻痹,瓣叶坏死,导致严重消化不良引起全身机能变化,是牛的一种严重的胃脏疾病。1病因主要是长期饲喂麸糠、粉渣、酒糟及含有泥沙的饲料,或粗硬的甘薯蔓、花生秧、豆秸、青干草等;其次,放牧转变为舍饲,或饲料突然变换,饲料质量低劣,缺乏蛋白质、维生素以及微量元素,或用饲料不正规,饲喂后缺乏饮水以及运动不足等都可引起。2发病机制当前胃弛缓时,瓣胃收缩力减弱,内容物停滞,过度扩张,致使瓣胃受到过度的机械性刺激和压迫,…     

春季养羊“三注意”

<正>1抓春膘,增强羊的抵抗能力春季草嫩,羊放牧时易贪青,放牧和喂给的草料应巧安排。在放牧前应给羊喂半饱的干草,,经过15～20d的时间,待羊的胃肠功能适应了青草的消化特点后再转入全天放牧,全天放牧时也应在出牧前适当补料。一般     

山羊的春季放牧管理

1 加强放牧 春季放牧要早出晚归，整天放，除有霜之外，一般早7～8时出牧，中午11时拢住羊群在放牧地休息反刍，12时继续放牧，晚5时收牧。春天风大，要顶风放，顺风归。要边走边放，不急赶，不远走，让羊多吃草少跑路，使羊迅速恢复体力。春季放牧要控制好羊群，防止“跑青”。清明前后牧草刚刚萌芽，羊到处奔跑抢吃，不仅吃不饱，反而消耗体力，极易造成春乏死亡。春季放牧要选择草质较好、干草较多的阴坡放牧。青草发芽以后，每天放牧要先放干草，等羊吃半饱后，再赶放青草。谷雨以后，牧草日渐繁茂，待青草够吃半饱时，可逐渐转移到青草地上去放牧。每天饮水3～4次。每当羊吃半饱时就要饮水。如放牧地有水，可加饮一次。早晨出牧前要给盐和饮水，以增进食欲。     

High concentrate: Forage ratio diet inhibiting omasal epithelium growth is associated with decreased cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression in growing goats

The hypothesis that different concentrate : forage ratio diets alter omasal epithelium proliferation of growing goats via cyclins and regulation of the cell cycle was tested. Growing goats were fed with a high concentrate (HC, n = 8) or a low concentrate (LC, n = 8) diet for 42 days. The concentrate : forage ratio was 40:60 in the HC group and 0:100 in the LC group. In the HC group, the relative weight and DNA content of the omasal epithelium were lower, but the protein : DNA ratio was higher. Flow cytometry revealed that HC omasal cell numbers were smaller in S‐ and G₂/M‐phases of the cell cycle and higher in the G₀/G₁‐phases and were accompanied by reduced expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 mRNA and protein. These data are consistent with morphologic observations in the HC that cell density decreased in the stratum spinosum (SS) plus stratum granulosum (SG) and stratum basale, and that cell density was lower in the SS plus SG. Thus, high‐concentrate : forage ratio diet retards omasal epithelial growth by slowing the G₁ to S phase transition of the cell cycle and is associated with decreased cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression in growing goats.     

Morphological Study of the Surface Structure of the Omasal Laminae in Cattle, Sheep and Goats

The mucosal relief of the omasum in cattle, sheep and goats was examined by the naked eye, stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope. The mucosal relief of the omasum showed wide variations both between and within these species. Omasal papillae on the laminae varied highly in shape, i. e. conical, rounded, claw-like, wart-like, finger-like etc. They decreased gradually in size from the oral to the aboral region of the omasal lamina. Ridge-like structures and linear arrangements of the papillae were also seen on the omasal laminae of cattle and sheep. Many grooves and folds were found on the lateral surface of the omasal papillae in adult cattle and on the inter-papillar surface of the laminae of all three species. The mucosal relief of the omasum in cattle seemed to be more well-developed than those of sheep and goats. Dietary effects on the omasal mucosa were also discussed.     

Morphological study of the Forestomach of the Japanese Serow (Capricomis crispus)

Details of the morphology of the forestomach of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) were examined macroscopically, and by light and scanning electron microscopy. The rumen was sac-like in shape, and the right accessory longitudinal groove was not visible externally. The reticulum was relatively small, while the omasum was oval and large. Inside the rumen, even in the dorsal sac, the ruminal papillae were densely distributed, although absent on the pillars. The caudodorsal coronary pillar was indistinct. In the ruminoreticular fold, ruminal papillae were observed even on the reticulum side. In the reticulum, the primary reticular fold was apparent and the ill-defined secondary folds were also detected in some reticular cells. In the omasum, the omasal laminae of four sizes were recognized. The fourth order of laminae was occasionally absent. Histological sections of ruminal papillae revealed that softly keratinized epithelium covered the entire ruminal mucosa. In the reticulum, soft keratinized epithelium was observed throughout, with the exception of the tips of reticular papillae on which the epithelium showed evidence of hard keratinization. The epithelium of the omasal laminae was moderately keratinized. On the floor of the reticular groove, interlaminar area and in the omasal groove, the accumulations of numerous eosinophilic cells were observed in the superficial region. Under the scanning electron microscope, shallow transverse grooves were seen on the surface of the ruminal papillae. In general, the surface structure seemed to be similar to that of sheep rather than cattle. Cellular formations of the collagen fibrils were observed at the subepithelial region. In conclusion, examination of the forestomach allows classification of the Japanese serows as requiring an intermediate type of feeding habit and being between concentrate selectors and grass-roughage eaters from a morphological view.     

不同品种肉用绵羊在舍饲条件下皱胃组织学的变化

采用组织切片方法研究了不同品种肉用绵羊在相同舍饲条件下皱胃组织学的变化,通过光镜观察结果表明,无角陶赛特羊皱胃肌层最厚,其次是蒙古羊,最薄的是德国美利奴羊,且各品种羊之间比较差异显著(P<0.05)。各品种羊之间皱胃黏膜下层的比较亦遵循了皱胃肌层的变化规律,萨福克羊皱胃黏膜肌层最厚,最薄的是蒙古羊。各品种羊皱胃腺区高度比较,蒙古羊与无角陶赛特羊、萨福克羊比较差异均极显著(P<0.01),与德克赛尔羊、德国美利奴羊比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。幽门部与胃底部肌层比较,德克赛尔羊与萨福克羊比较差异显著(P<0.05),与德国美利奴羊比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

小鼠生后不同发育阶段附睾组织中Crb3的表达

应用HE染色法和免疫荧光组织化学技术分别对小鼠生后不同发育阶段附睾组织结构及Crb3在不同发育时期附睾组织中的定位表达进行了研究。结果显示,附睾在4周龄时上皮为2层～3层的假复层纤毛柱状细胞,顶端纤毛细长;6周龄上皮细胞层数减少至1层～2层;8周龄附睾管上皮厚度增至最大,上皮细胞呈单层高柱状;12周龄后附睾管上皮开始变薄,呈单层柱状。免疫荧光染色结果显示,Crb3蛋白主要分布在附睾上皮柱状细胞的胞膜,在精子尾部有微弱的表达,这提示了Crb3不仅与附睾上皮细胞的极性建立和维持有关,而且对精子活力和血-附睾屏障的形成也可能具有潜在的影响。     

Absorption of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid by isolated sheep ruminal and omasal epithelia

Alimet (Novus Inter., Inc., St. Louis, MO) feed supplement (an 88% aqueous solution of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid; HMB) is a source of L-Met commonly used in nonruminants and ruminants. The absorption of HMB across ovine omasal and ruminal epithelia was evaluated in this study. Ruminal and omasal epithelia were collected from eight lambs (BW = 67.6 kg +/- 9.1) and mounted in parabiotic chambers that were repeatedly sampled throughout a 60-min incubation. The appearance of HMB (using DL-[5-14C]-HMB as a radiolabeled marker) in serosal buffers increased quadratically (P < .004) with time in both tissues. More (P < .001) HMB appeared in the serosal buffers with omasal than with ruminal epithelia. Both tissues responded similarly, and, after 60 min of incubation, the accumulation of HMB within the tissues increased linearly (P < .001) as substrate concentration (.375, .75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mM) increased in mucosal buffers. As the concentration of HMB in the mucosal buffers increased, there was a quadratic (P < .001) increase in the appearance of HMB in the serosal buffer of the omasal epithelium, indicating some saturation of the system. The increase in serosal appearance of HMB was linear (P < .001) with ruminal tissue. The results indicate that there are probably multiple mechanisms involved in the absorption of HMB. Because saturation was observed in the omasum, it is likely that mediated transport accounts for at least a portion of the absorption of HMB in the omasum. Other mechanisms (e.g., diffusion and(or) paracellular absorption) are responsible for the balance of the absorption. Omasal epithelium appears to have a greater capacity for HMB absorption than ruminal epithelium. The enzymes involved in the conversion of HMB to 2-keto-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid were found in ruminal and omasal epithelia, liver and kidney. These results indicate that HMB can be absorbed across ruminal and omasal epithelium and that HMB can be used as a source of L-methionine.     

The ependymal lining of the median eminence in goats

Ependymal epithelium of eminentia mediana in goats, examined under a light microscope, was found to be formed by beta 2 tanycytes, basal processes reaching the surface of zona externa and bifurcating in zona interna. The thickest is zona interna, consisting of dense fibres of different arrangement. A scanning electrone microscope revealed that the structure of the ependymal surface of eminentia mediana in goats depends on the phase of sexual activity of a given individual. In female and male animals the findings are almost identical (ependymoresorption is prevailing) in the period of quiescence (anoestrus, out of the season, April); an analogical situation was observed in females and males in the period of mating (hyperependymosecretion, October, November). The ependymal surface of eminentia mediana in female animals has also a typical structure in the preparatory pro-estrous stage of sexual cycle, when the results were almost identical with those in a hermaphrodite (secretion and resorption are almost equilibrated). The occurrence of supraependymal cells on the surface of eminentia mediana is scarce. These cells are very similar to nerve cells as to their external morphological structure. The presence of supraependymal fibres on the surface of the bottom of the IIIrd cerebral ventricle can be explained only partly by the finding of supraependymal cells. The investigations revealed that the structure of the surface of the ependymal epithelium of eminentia mediana in goats is markedly differentiated according to the sex; this confirms the participation of tanycytes in the control of the reproductive cycle.     

Histomorphology of the Proventriculus of three Species of Australian Passerines: Lichmera indistincta, Zosterops lateralis and Poephila guttata

Histomorphology of the proventriculi of nectarivorous, granivorous and omnivorous passerines was studied. The proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscularis and serosal layers. Proventricular wall was thickest in omnivore, thinnest in granivore and intermediate in nectarivore. The openings of mucosal glands had a single spiral-like fold of mucosa in the omnivorous Silvereye, 2–3 spirals in the granivorous Zebra finch and 4–5 spirals in the nectarivorous Brown honeyeater. The mucosal glands were arranged in a uniform row in the wall of the organ and opened individually via a primary duct to the lumen of the proventriculus. The surface epithelial cells of the tunica mucosa contained secretory cells and the proventricular glands contained endocrine, neck and oxynticopeptic cells. The ultrastructural features of the oxynticopeptic cells changed from the oral to the aboral portion of the gland. In the oral region, the cytoplasm presented numerous, smaller (600–900 nm) homogenously dense zymogen secretory vesicles and larger (0.8–2.3 μm) pale floccular, tubular, mucin-like secretory granules, few small mitochondria and RER while in the aboral portion of the gland, the cytoplasm presented numerous, large mitochondria with closely packed cristae, secondary lysosome and infolding of the basal and apical cell membrane. The tunica sub mucosa was thin with occasional large blood vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers. The external tunica serosa contained large bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that were possibly branches of the intestinal nerve. The structural adaptations of the proventriculi of these three species to their various diets are discussed.