土壤剖面硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长和氮素吸收特征

为探讨土壤硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长及氮素吸收特征,选用石麦15、衡观35、H10和L14等4个小麦品种为材料,进行土壤分层培养试验,模拟土壤剖面中上下层硝态氮空间分布差异,测定和分析了小麦根系长度、直径、分布等形态学特征及植株氮素含量和累积量。结果表明,当土壤中硝态氮施用量上层较低、下层较高时,小麦植株根系总长和表面积在上下土层中分布比值降低,根系趋向下层土壤生长。上下层土壤中硝态氮施用量均较高时,上下层土壤中的根系总长和表面积比值较大,根系趋向上层土壤生长。土壤剖面不同层次中硝态氮供应非均匀条件下,小麦根系发育呈现明显的可塑性反应。小麦根系总长和表面积以及直径≤0.15mm的细根长(占整个根系的比重很大)与植株地上部氮含量和氮素积累量极显著正相关,与土壤中硝态氮含量极显著负相关。     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops. II: Vertical distribution patterns across the soil profile

Root distribution patterns in the soil profile are the important determinant of the ability of a crop to acquire water and nutrients for growth. This study was to determine the root distribution patterns of selected oilseeds and pulses that are widely adapted in semiarid northern Great Plains. We hypothesized that root distribution patterns differed between oilseed, pulse, and cereal crops, and that the magnitude of the difference was influenced by water availability. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 near Swift Current (50°15′N, 107°44′W), Saskatchewan, Canada. Three oilseeds [canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.)], three pulses [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris)], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length which were pushed into soil with a hydraulic system. Crops were evaluated under low- (natural rainfall) and high- (rainfall + irrigation) water conditions. Vertical distribution of root systems was determined at the late-flowering stage. A large portion (>90%) of crop roots was mainly distributed in the 0-60 cm soil profile and the largest amount of crop rooting took place in the top 20 cm soil increment. Pulses had larger diameter roots across the entire soil profile than oilseeds and wheat. Canola had 28% greater root length and 110% more root tips in the top 10 cm soil and 101% larger root surface area in the 40 cm soil under high-water than under low-water conditions. In 2007, drier weather stimulated greater root growth for oilseeds in the 20-40 cm soil and for wheat in the 0-20 cm soil, but reduced root growth of pulses in the 0-50 cm soil profile. In semiarid environments, water availability did not affect the vertical distribution patterns of crop roots with a few exceptions. Pulses are excellent “digging” crops with a strong “tillage” function to the soil due to their larger diameter roots, whereas canola is more suitable to the environment with high availability of soil water that promotes canola root development.     

Development and Distribution of Root System in Two GrainSorghum Cultivars Originated from Sudan under Drought Stress

Abstract

The difference in rooting pattern between two grain sorghum cultivars differing in drought tolerance was investigated under drought stress. The cultivars, Gadambalia (drought-tolerant) and Tabat (droughtsusceptible), were grown in bottomless wooden or acrylic root boxes to examine root parameters. Gadambalia consistently exhibited higher dry matter production and leaf water potential than Tabat under drought stress in both root boxes. In the experiment with wooden root boxes, under a drought condition, Gadambalia extracted more water from deep soil layers (1.1-1.5 m), which was estimated from the reduction in soil water content, than Tabat. This was because Gadambalia had a significantly higher root length density in these soil layers. The high root length density was due to enhanced lateral root development in Gadambalia. In the other experiment with acrylic root boxes, though total root length in the upper soil layer (0-0.5 m) was declined by limited irrigation in both cultivars, the reduction in Gadambalia was moderate compared with that in Tabat owing to the maintenance of fine root growth. Unlike Tabat, Gadambalia had an ability to produce the nodal roots from higher internodes even under drought, which resulted in the high nodal root length of Gadambalia. The growth angle of nodal roots was significantly correlated with root diameter, and the nodal roots from the higher internodes had large diameters and penetrated into the soil more vertically. These results indicate that the responses of roots (i.e. branching and/or growth of lateral root, and nodal root emergence from higher internodes) to soil dryness could be associated with the drought tolerance of Gadambalia.     

土壤干旱对小麦生理性状和产量的影响

为探讨土壤干旱对小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,以高产小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13为材料进行盆栽,自分蘖末期至成熟设置正常供水(WW)、土壤轻度干旱(MD)和土壤重度干旱(SD)3种处理,研究其对小麦根系和地上部分生理性状的影响。结果表明,与WW相比,MD处理显著提高了各生育期的根系氧化力、根系及籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的含量、花后干物质积累量及茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的运转量;根冠比、叶片光合速率及叶片中Z+ZR的含量在WW和MD处理间无显著差异;SD处理则降低了产量和植株生理活性。MD处理显著提高了穗粒数、粒重和产量,SD处理的结果则相反;穗数随土壤干旱程度的加重而降低。两个品种的结果趋势相同。相关分析表明,根系氧化力、根系和籽粒中Z+ZR含量、花后干物质积累量及NSC运转量与籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重和产量呈极显著正相关。表明土壤轻度干旱可提高小麦根系生理活性并促进光合同化物向籽粒的转运,进而增加产量。     

Root growth dynamics and stomatal behaviour of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under aerobic and flooded conditions

Aerobic rice culture is a new technology designed to reduce water use, but the vulnerability of rice to aerobic condition has limited its development. The objective of this study was to characterize the root growth and stomatal behaviour of four rice cultivars grown in flooded and aerobic culture for 2 years. In aerobic culture, where the soil water potential at 20-cm depth averaged between −15 and −30 kPa, total root biomass was significantly lower than in flooded culture for the whole growth period, owing to a reduction in root biomass in the surface layer. Dry-matter partitioning to roots decreased, but the ratio of deep root biomass to total root biomass tended to be higher in aerobic culture than in flooded culture. The low root-to-shoot ratio and poor root growth in the surface layer in aerobic culture are attributable to the considerable reduction in adventitious root number. As a result, the varietal difference in total root biomass was due largely to individual root growth in aerobic culture. Stomatal closure was distinct at the vegetative stage in aerobic culture, even when the soil water potential was near field capacity, partly because of the poor rooting vigour. When the soil water potential at 20-cm depth was below −50 kPa, the stomatal behaviour reflected the root growth in the subsurface layer. These results suggest the role of vigorous root growth in soil water uptake and hence, in maintaining transpiration in aerobic rice culture.     

磷素对甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡的影响

通过2年盆栽试验研究不施磷P₀（P₂O₅ 0 g/kg）、适量施磷P_0.04（P₂O₅ 0.04 g/kg）和过量施磷P_0.08（P₂O₅ 0.08 g/kg）对鲜食型甘薯‘烟薯25’和‘普薯32’生长前期（栽后0~40 d）根系活力、根系形态分化、潜在块根重量、结薯数、薯块重量、根生物量、叶面积、茎叶生物量、根干物质分配比例、茎叶干物质分配比例及根冠比的影响。结果表明,在块根形成期（栽后0~30 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷显著提高了甘薯总根条数、根尖数、总根长、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根系体积和总根鲜重,并显著提高了根系活力,提高了潜在块根鲜重;显著提高叶面积、叶鲜重、茎鲜重、地上部总鲜重;显著提高甘薯茎叶干重、根干重和植株干重,显著增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,为块根形成提供良好的物质基础。而过量施磷抑制干物质在根中的分配比例,导致根冠比降低,不利于块根的形成。在封垄期（栽后40 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷可以显著增加单株结薯数（主要提高直径5 mm以上的块根数量）、单薯重和单株薯重,若继续增加施磷量将导致单株结薯数和单薯重显著降低。因此,适量施磷可以促进甘薯根系和茎叶发育,增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,增加甘薯单株结薯数和单薯重,提高单株薯重,促进甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡,为甘薯丰产奠定基础。     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops I: Temporal growth patterns across the plant developmental periods

Oilseed and pulse crops have been increasingly used to diversify cereal-based cropping systems in semiarid environments, but little is known about the root characteristics of these broadleaf crops. This study was to characterize the temporal growth patterns of the roots of selected oilseed and pulse crops, and determine the response of root growth patterns to water availability in semiarid environments. Canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested under high- (rainfall + irrigation) and low- (rainfall only) water availability conditions in southwest Saskatchewan, in 2006 and 2007. Crops were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length that were installed in the field prior to seeding. Roots were sampled at the crop stages of seedling, early-flower, late-flower, late-pod, and physiological maturity. On average, root length density, surface area, diameter, and the number of tips at the seedling stage were, respectively, 41, 25, 14, and 110% greater in the drier 2007 than the corresponding values in 2006. Root growth in all crops progressed rapidly from seedling, reached a maximum at late-flower or late-pod stages, and then declined to maturity; this pattern was consistent under both high- and low-water conditions. At the late-flower stage, root growth was most sensitive to water availability, and the magnitude of the response differed between crop species. Increased water availability increased canola root length density by 70%, root surface area by 67%, and root tips by 79% compared with canola grown under low-water conditions. Water availability had a marginal influence on the root growth of flax and mustard, and had no effect on pulse crops. Wheat and two Brassica oilseeds had greater root length density, surface area and root tips throughout the entire growth period than flax and three pulses, while pulse crops had thicker roots with larger diameters than the other species. Sampling roots at the late-flower stage will allow researchers to capture best information on root morphology in oilseed and pulse crops. The different root morphological characteristics of oilseeds, pulses, and wheat may serve as a science basis upon which diversified cropping systems are developed for semiarid environments.     

冬小麦幼苗期初生根生长的基因型差异

为探明冬小麦幼苗期初生根形态的差异,采用室内发芽试验比较31个冬小麦品种(系)的初生根数、根粗、根长的动态变化。结果表明,从种子中伸出的初生根数在发芽后6d确定。初生根数在不同品种(系)间有很大差异,最多为6.2条·株-1,最少为3.6条·株-1;发芽后初生根基部根粗因熟化相对变细,不同品种(系)间根粗差异明显,根基部直径最大为0.33mm、最小为0.19mm;初生根总长度差异明显,最长为57.0cm·株-1,最短为34.8cm·株-1;单条初生根长最长为10.3cm,最短为7.1cm(以上均为发芽15d的值)。聚类分析将31个冬小麦品种(系)分为三组:根数少、根长而粗;根数多、根长而细;根数多、根短而粗。节水高产品种石家庄8号属于根数多、根长细组。发芽试验的初生根系性状参数可作为品种选择的参考指标。     

PEG胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗抗旱生理指标的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种的早期筛选工作提供理论依据,以济麦262(抗旱型)、烟农19(中间型)和临麦2号(水分敏感型)为材料,采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫,探究干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗生物量、含水量、根系形态特征、抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,PEG胁迫下,三个品种中济麦262的生物量最大,地下部含水量显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其根系的总长、总投影面积、总面积和总体积最大,且受抑制程度最低;其抗氧化酶活性在一定程度上明显增强,尤其是叶片和根系过氧化物酶、根系超氧化物歧化酶及叶片过氧化氢酶活性增强幅度显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其叶片光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP)和PSⅡ的实际光化学效率与CK相比均呈下降的趋势,其中qP下降程度最低,荧光非光化学淬灭显著增强且高于其他两个品种。综上所述,在PEG胁迫下抗旱品种的生长受抑制程度最小,清除氧自由基能力较强,光能利用率高。     

甘蔗家系根系性状与地上部性状相关性分析

以甘蔗20个组合实生苗为材料,用盆栽和大田试验研究甘蔗家系根系性状与地上部性状的关系。结果表明:根长与根表面积、根体积变化呈极显著相关;根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积与实生苗新植的株高、径茎、锤度、成活率呈极显著或显著相关;其中,根长、根表面积、根体积与宿根株高呈显著相关;根体积与宿根理论产量呈显著相关。     

生殖生长期干旱对不同耐旱型玉米自交系根系性状及产量的影响

2016～2017年,在大田微区PVC管栽条件下,采用裂区试验设计,主区为玉米自交系,裂区为水分处理,测定根系形态、根冠生长配比和产量等指标。研究结果表明,与耐旱性较弱的玉米自交系CML58相比,耐旱性较强的玉米自交系黄早四在水分胁迫后有效气生根根夹角增大明显,其根数、根长和根表面积等形态指标降幅峰值均早于CML58,40 cm以下土层的根长、根表面积和根体积降幅明显小于CML58,且0～20 cm土层的根系生长冗余在乳熟期后显著少于CML58,其根冠干重比降幅、根冠长度比和根冠面积比均高于CML58,根冠角度比较CML58小39.4%。与CML58相比,黄早四水分胁迫后能较好地调控有效气生根角度,及时调控根冠纵横生长,维持根系主要分布区结构与功能,提高深层根系分布比,减少根系生长冗余,提高物质转化效率。     

Root System Development Including Root Branching in Cuttings of Cassava with Reference to Shoot Growth and Tuber Bulking

Summary

In spite of the important role it plays for water and nutrient acquisition, information on the root system development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is limited. To examine the root length and branching pattern with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking, we grew cassava plants in containers under natural climatic conditions in the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. One 20-cm length cutting of cassava (cv. Ardira IV) was planted in either a plastic bucket or a wooden box. The containers, which were filled with heavy clay soil, had different sizes depending on the growing period. At 30, 60, 100, 140, 180, and 270 days after planting (DAP), both the shoot and roots were sampled for quantitative analysis. The dry weight of both shoot and roots increased rapidly with the leaf area. The axile root number, however, decreased from 60 to 140 DAP as a result of the abscission of roots emerging from the basal part of the cutting during tuber bulking. The total root length reached its maximum at 60 DAP and significantly decreased thereafter because of decay and decomposition during tuber bulking. On the other hand, the root branching either increased the branching order or retained it, as determined from a topological point of view. The root branching during the later growing period compensated for the decrease in total root length and contributed to maintain a sufficient root surface area. The surviving roots with a well-developed branching pattern could absorb water and nutrients essential for tuber bulking.     

东北黑土区高产大豆R5期根系分布特征

利用钻土法及根系扫描分析系统研究不同产量类型大豆R5期根系在植株周围、株间及垄间土壤中的空间分布特征。结果表明：高产类型大豆根冠比较高，而且单位根长、根表面积的地上部干物质较高。根干重不仅在根系较集中的植株周围及株间0 ~ 30 cm的土层，而且在较深的土层（> 30 cm）中都有较多的分布；根长在植株周围的0 ~ 45 cm土层范围内表现出一定的优势。直径 < 1.0 mm的细根形成了根系的主要部分，根长差异的主要原因不是细根比例的大小，而是细根数量的多少。除株间0 ~ 15 cm土层外，高产大豆各土层的根/土体积比较高。     

The Distribution of Wheat and Maize Roots as Influenced by Biopores in a Subsoil of the Kanto Loam Type

Abstract

Biopores are tubular soil macropores left by plant roots after their decay or burrowed by soil animals, which provide channels for deep rooting and improve crop access to water and nutrients. The density oi biopores, number of biopores per unit area, and proportion of biopores occupied by roots were measured on horizontal soil profiles at 30, 50, and 70 cm in depth in a fine-texture subsoil of Andosol (Light clay, a volcanic ash of the Kanto loam type) at the mature stage of wheat and maize. Images of 0,1 mm resolution from the pictures of cleaned profile surfaces were examined on a computer display. Dark spots with a circular and smooth boundary were regarded as biopores. The density of biopores larger than 1 mm in diameter ranged from 500 to 2,000 m^–2. The percentage of biopores occupied by roots was more than 30% of biopores larger than 1 mm and increased with depth. Roots were accumulated in biopores. The proportion of biopores (> 1 mm) with roots increased with depth. It was 28-35% in the wheat plot and 14-20% in the maize plot. This suggested that thinner wheat roots easily entered a biopore and remained in it. The possible influence of biopores on the spatial distribution of roots was discussed.     

Effects of Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading on Growth of Wheat Plants under Drought Conditions in the Ripening Stage: Insufficient Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading Render Wheat Plants More Resistant to Drought during Ripening

Abstract

Plants growing on soil with insufficient moisture need deep and dense roots to avoid water stress. In crop plants, the production of dry matter during ripening of grains is critically important for grain yield. We postulated that shoot growth would be suppressed but root growth would continue under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading, while shoot growth would be more vigorous than root growth under a sufficient soil moisture condition. We anticipated that the plants growing under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading would produce more dry matter and grain under an insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. In order to examine our hypotheses and to determine the fundamental conditions for improving grain yield and efficient use of irrigated water under limited irrigation, we grew wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Ayahikari) in pots (30 cm in diameter, 150 cm in height) with insufficient soil moisture (PD-D pots) or sufficient soil moisture (PW-D pots) for six weeks before heading followed by full irrigation, and then insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. The growth of shoots was suppressed significantly but that of roots was not before heading in PD-D plants, with a higher resultant ratio of root to shoot than in PW-D plants. The former retained a high leaf water potential and, therefore, were able to produce more dry matter and grain during soil moisture depletion during ripening as compared with the latter plants. We also obtained similar results with field-grown plants.     

长期秸秆全量还田对砂姜黑土区冬小麦幼苗生长质量的影响

为探讨安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土麦-玉两熟条件下秸秆全量还田对小麦出苗与幼苗生长质量的影响,基于长期秸秆还田定位试验点,比较分析了秸秆不还田（CK）、玉米单季秸秆全量粉碎翻埋还田（T1）、小麦-玉米周年秸秆全量粉碎还田（T2）和小麦单季秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田（T3）4个秸秆全量还田方式间小麦出苗、分蘖、干物质积累及光合性状的差异。结果表明,长期秸秆全量还田影响小麦出苗速率,出苗速率表现为CK>T1、T3>T2;秸秆全量还田不同程度降低了小麦出苗率,但影响不显著;长期秸秆全量还田下六叶期小麦单株分蘖数、LAI、地上部与地下部干物重、根冠比、SPAD值、根表面积和根平均直径均增加,冬前群体生长率及光合势分别提高了8.33%~35.29%和4.33%~22.11%。 综合来看,在安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区,长期小麦单季秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田有利于壮苗的培育,是适合在当地进行推广的秸秆还田方式。     

福州市长乐沿海木麻黄林下野生苗的根系形态特征

植物根系对环境的形态适应研究对准确揭示植物与环境的关系十分重要。为探索滨海恶劣环境条件下木麻黄林下植被天然更新特征,本研究以沿海木麻黄防护林林下野生苗为研究对象,比较不同高度级木麻黄野生苗根系的总根长、总根表面积、平均根系直径、总根体积和总根尖数,分析林下3种草本植物根系形态特征。结果表明：随着木麻黄野生苗高度级的增加,总根表面积、平均根系直径和总根体积显著增长（P<0.05）;高度级1的野生苗总根表面积随根系径级的增加显著减少,高度级2的野生苗总根表面积在0~2.0 mm随根系径级的增加而减少,但在>2.0 mm时显著增加（P<0.05）;与林下草本植物相比,木麻黄野生苗的根系生长不占优势,其平均根系直径是窃衣和一点红的2~3倍,但是总根尖数最少且显著少于天门冬（P<0.05）;此外,在根系径级>1.5 mm时,仅木麻黄有根尖存在,根尖数占总数的0.33%。研究结果为促进林下植被的更新和保持植物多样性提供参考。     

孕穗期渍水对不同小麦品种根系生长和籽粒产量的影响

为给长江中下游地区小麦高产耐渍品种选用提供参考,以小麦品种扬麦25、扬麦24、宁麦13和宁麦9号为材料,分析了孕穗期连续10 d渍水处理对小麦叶面积和光合速率、地上部干物质积累、籽粒产量及其结构和不同土层（0~100 cm）根系干重的影响。结果表明,与对照（正常水分）相比,渍水处理显著降低小麦籽粒产量,降幅12%~31%,穗粒数和千粒重的减少是减产的主要原因。相比其他品种,渍水后扬麦25产量降幅小,产量构成较协调,受渍水影响轻。渍水处理显著减少小麦开花期和成熟期不同土层根系干重,其中对下层根系的影响大于上层根系;渍水也显著降低乳熟期倒三叶面积、倒二叶和倒三叶净光合速率,明显抑制成熟期地上部各器官和花后光合物质积累。在对照条件下,扬麦25的根系干重在开花期与其他品种相近,成熟期的0~20和80~100 cm土层根系干重则较高;在渍水条件下,扬麦25能在花后维持较高的上层根系生物量,成熟期的0~60 cm土层根干重占总根干重比例较高。不同水分处理下,扬麦25均具有面积大的旗叶且高的净光合速率,花后维持较久的上三叶绿色面积和积累更多的光合产物。因此,小麦花后根系生物量保持稳定（尤其是表层根系）,绿叶面积较大且衰减慢（尤其是旗叶）,有助于增强小麦花后光合物质积累能力,促进籽粒灌浆和单穗高产稳产,这可作为高产耐渍品种的筛选依据。     

几种水氮模式处理下冬小麦根系生长的差异

为了给冬小麦水氮管理提供理论依据,以京冬8号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了4种水氮模式(优化灌溉-传统施肥、传统水肥、秸秆还田-优化水肥、优化水肥、传统灌溉-优化施肥)处理下冬小麦根系生长的差异。结果表明,不同处理间冬小麦0~120 cm土层单位面积的根量有差异。与传统水肥相比,传统灌溉-优化施肥0~60 cm土层的根系长度有所减少,60~90和90~120 cm土层的根系长度分别增加14.62%和73.72%(P<0.05),总根量略增加;优化灌溉-传统施肥0~30 cm土层的根系长度明显增加(P<0.05),30~60、60~90和90~120 cm土层的根系长度分别减少3.52%、6.65%和18.21%,总根量增加;优化水肥和秸秆还田-优化水肥各土层的根量增加。与优化水肥相比,秸秆还田-优化水肥0~60 cm土层的根量有所增加,60~120 cm土层有所减少。各处理冬小麦根系密度随土层加深而递减的速度大小为优化灌溉-传统施肥>传统水肥>秸秆还田-优化水肥>优化水肥>传统灌溉-优化施肥。     

干旱胁迫咖啡嫁接苗内源激素及生物量的变化

为探明咖啡嫁接苗应对干旱胁迫其内源激素变化对植株生长的影响,布置了盆栽试验.接穗为中粒种咖啡'大丰1号',砧木分别为大粒种咖啡'查理种16号'(种间嫁接)和中粒种咖啡'热研2号'(种内嫁接),3种水分处理:(1)正常淋水土壤含水量(soil moisture content,SMC),18％≤SMC≤25％,(2)轻度...