杂种小麦干物质积累及其杂种优势的研究

对6个澳大利亚杂种小麦在不同生育期植株及各器官的干物质积累、分配及干物质积累的杂种优势进行了研究。结果表明,植株总干物质积累在籽粒灌浆末期达到最大值,茎秆和叶片干物质积累均在开花期达到最大值。挑旗期茎秆、叶片各占植株总干物质的50％;从孕穗王灌浆末期,茎秆为干物质的主要贮存器官,占植株总干物质的 39.87％～66.67％;在成熟期,籽粒成为干物质贮存的最主要部位,占37.65％,茎秆占35.23％。从6个杂交种平均值来看,干物质积累多表现为正向杂种优势,尤其在营养生长期优势最明显。相关分析表明,营养生长期植株总干物质积累量较大且主要分配在茎秆部位的杂交品种,一般具有较高的籽粒产量和较强的产量优势。     

两个杂交粳稻组合超高产生长特性的研究

 : 将两个杂交粳稻组合（陵香优18和常优1号）于大田条件下种植,对超高产（产量＞12.0 t/hm2）田块的水稻物质生产和产量形成生长特性进行了分析。结果表明,与高产栽培（CK, 10.5～11.0 t/hm2）水稻相比,超高产栽培水稻穗数、每穗粒数显著高于CK,结实率和千粒重略高于CK,但差异不显著;超高产栽培水稻二次枝梗数、二次枝梗总粒数显著高于CK;有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前,超高产栽培条件下水稻生长比CK快,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期茎蘖数达到预期的穗数,叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK大;有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期,超高产栽培条件下水稻生长平稳,无效分蘖发生少,高峰苗低,叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK小;拔节以后,超高产栽培条件下水稻茎蘖数下降平缓,成穗率高,叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK高,尤其是抽穗以后,超高产栽培条件下水稻具有明显的生长优势,叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率均极显著高于CK。     

Post-flowering tillering in contrasting light environments of two New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars with different perennation strategies

Post-flowering tillering responses of 'Ellett' and 'Grasslands Ruanui' perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) cultivars after inflorescence production were studied at INRA, Lusignan in France, at near ambient light (absence of light competition, control treatment) and under shading (low-light intensity and low red–far red ratio). A dense sward containing inflorescence bearing plants of both perennial ryegrass cultivars at ambient light was cut to a height of 50 mm above ground level after which the light treatments were imposed. Forty-five days later, data were collected on the number of tillers per plant, the number of new tillers per original tiller and the dry weight of vegetative and reproductive tillers. Regardless of light treatment, cv. 'Ellett' had fewer tillers per plant, higher weight per tiller and a higher proportion of reproductive tillers than did cv. 'Grasslands Ruanui'. Number of tillers per plant and number of new tillers per tiller were consistently reduced under shade compared with the control treatment for both cultivars. When shaded, weight of reproductive tillers of cvs 'Ellett' and 'Grasslands Ruanui' were 40% and 43%, respectively, less than the control, whereas vegetative tiller weight did not change. In addition, differences between cultivars in the tillering strategy after flowering seem to be unaffected by the light environment. Thus, field observations regarding tillering of cvs 'Ellett' and 'Grasslands Ruanui' were consistent with current results suggesting different grazing managements are needed after flowering to optimize the replacement of tillers for both cultivars.     

稀植条件下杂交稻分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构研究

研究了19.5,13.5和7.5穴/m2 3个种植密度下杂交稻组合中优6号和两优培九不同时期的分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构.结果表明,稀植促进分蘖发生,并导致最高分蘖期和有效分蘖期延迟,13.5和7.5穴/m2比19.5穴/m2的最高分蘖期分别推迟7和14 d;随种植密度下降,中后期发生的分蘖在茎蘖数中的比例提高,相应成穗率也提高;早期分蘖所成的穗与后期分蘖所成穗的每穗粒数差异较大,结实率差异较小,两者的产量差异主要由穗粒数差异引起;随种植密度下降,分蘖力较弱的组合产量显著下降,而分蘖力较强的组合产量没有差异.     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.     

Physio-morphological Studies of F1 Hybrids in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Photosynthetic ability and yield

Summary

Photosynthetic ability in terms of CO₂ exchange rate and leaf area, dry matter accumulation (dry weight) and other important growth components along with yield and yield contributing characters in two F₁ hybrids of Akebono × Chiyonishiki (A × C) and Zenith × Akebono (Z × A) were studied. The photosynthetic rate at the flowering stage was lower than that at the panicle initiation stage in all the inbred parent cultivars and F₁ hybrids. Heterosis in photosynthetic rate was higher at the panicle initiation stage than that at the flowering stage. Pre-anthesis leaf area in the F₁ hybrid was significantly larger than that in the parent cultivars. However, the post- anthesis decline in leaf area was more rapid in the F₁ hybrids than in the parent cultivars and its magnitude was the highest in the F₁ hybrid of Z × A which was tall having long and curved panicles. Pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation in both hybrids was significantly higher in the F₁ plants than the parental cultivars, but post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in the F₁ hybrid was lower than the mid-parental value in Z × A. The degree of heterosis in grain yield varied with the hybrid combination, an average heterosis being 1.03. Heterosis in grain yield was closely associated with heterosis in harvest index.     

缓释肥与速效氮肥配比施用对滨海盐碱稻区水稻产量及生长发育的影响

以盐丰47为试验材料,采用小区对比试验方法,研究缓释肥与速效氮肥配比施用对机插水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,在插后1.5叶龄期施用一次蘖肥45 kg/hm^2,在插后7叶龄期施用112.5 kg/hm^2穗肥会获得高产。该施肥模式增加了后期穗肥的施用量,促进了齐穗后干物质向穗部的转移,抽穗期和成熟期干物质积累量大,同时高效叶面积指数、高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率大,该施肥模式齐穗及生育后期仍有较强的光合能力,达到了保蘖促花的作用。通过产量构成因素分析得出该施肥模式通过增加颖花数、千粒重、结实率和每穗成粒数实现高产。     

减缓施肥对水稻生长和产量形成的影响

为了探讨海南水稻氮肥运筹达到提高产量、减少施肥对环境污染的目的,以籼型杂交稻特优669为材料,研究减少水稻前期氮肥施用量并延缓氮肥施用时期（减缓施肥）与当地习惯施肥对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明：减缓施肥在分蘖期和孕穗期分蘖数少、植株矮小、叶面积小、干物质积累少,在结实期叶面积减少缓慢、群体干物质生产能力较高;减缓施肥在减少氮、磷、钾肥施用量的条件下,通过较高成穗率弥补前期分蘖数少,以较高成穗率和高结实率获得了比习惯施肥略高的产量。     

耕种方式对华北地区冬小麦群体质量及产量的影响

为探讨华北地区耕种方式对冬小麦群体质量和产量的影响,2011-2013年通过大田定位试验,分析了免耕条播、深松条播、旋耕条播、机械撒播方式下冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、干物质积累、产量及其构成的特点。结果表明,免耕条播冬小麦分蘖不足,群体数量小,干物质积累少,叶面积指数偏低,穗粒数、千粒重较低,产量低于其他耕种方式;深松条播冬小麦成熟略晚,群体较大,茎蘖成穗率高,干物质积累量、叶面积指数、成穗数和产量均高于旋耕条播,穗粒数、千粒重与之差异不明显;机械撒播冬小麦虽然存在种子有效覆盖度小、种子深浅不一、出苗率低等缺点,但分蘖优势明显,干物质积累最多,叶面积指数最大且最大值出现早,千粒重、穗粒数略有降低,成穗数极显著高于其他处理,较旋耕条播和深松条播分别增产15%和11%以上。综合来看,机械撒播有利于优化小麦群体质量,提高整体产量水平,是目前华北地区冬小麦较理想的耕种方式。     

增铵营养对小麦早期生长的促进效应

应用水培试验的方法,研究了小麦在不同形态氮营养下（ＮＨ＾＋４／ＮＯ＾－３分别为０／１００、５０／５０和１００／０）的生长特征。与单一形态氮营养相比,增铵营养在五叶期显著增加了小麦植株的株高、叶干重和总干重;在７叶期,显著增加了小麦株高、单株分蘖数、叶面积、叶干重、茎鞘干重、地上部干重和总干重。与单一ＮＯ＾－３营养相比,单一ＮＨ＾＋４营养显著降低单株分蘖数、叶面积、叶干重、茎鞘干重、根干重、地上部干     

豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律研究

通过对豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律的研究,结果表明:豫南地区旱地花生苗期短,有效花期短,前期生长发育快,产量形成分配系数高。旱地花生出苗后25 d左右始花,花期45 d左右,花后20d进入盛花期,单株平均开花量为120.1朵,初花期结果数占总果数的26.5%,盛花期结果数占总结果数的73.5%,末期开的花为无效花。干物质积累出现苗期和开花下针期增长慢、结荚期增产快,饱果成熟期又下降的趋势,干物质积累的高峰出现在苗后68 d,日增重量达0.92 g/株。     

高产味优粳稻分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系

以高产优质粳稻品种南粳5718和中产优质粳稻品种常农粳10号为参试材料,比较研究不同基因型品种分蘖发生与成穗特性的蘖位差异,明确高产味优基因型品种的优势叶位。结果表明,高产味优基因型与中产味优基因型在水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性上存在明显差异。与中产味优基因型相比,高产味优基因型一次和二次分蘖发生率与成穗率高,单株与群体成穗数多,花后各蘖位光合特性好,促进了库容充实,最终产量较高,南粳5718产量较常农粳10号显著提高7.7%,较多的有效穗数是其产量优势形成的重要基础。与常农粳10号相比,南粳5718拔节期群体穗数较低,但抽穗期和成熟期则较高。南粳5718和常农粳10号分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位较为一致,一次分蘖中以4/0、5/0和6/0为主,二次分蘖则以1/4和1/5为主。南粳5718单株成穗数、一次和二次分蘖成穗个数显著高于常农粳10号。不同蘖位对单株成穗数和群体产量的贡献率均表现为一次分蘖>主茎>二次分蘖。南粳5718和常农粳10号产量差异主要体现在一次分蘖和二次分蘖上,南粳5718在花后30 d一次分蘖和二次分蘖剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量均显著高于常农粳10号。     

威优46干物质积累与分配特性研究

威优４６系一高产、稳产，抗性好、米质优、适应性广的中晚籼型优良组合，目前正在大面积推广。本文对该组合进行了干物质积累与分配特性测定研究，并提出在栽培上相应的技术措施。     

江苏淮北地区不同栽培方式对水稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

以大穗、特早熟籼粳品种甬优2640为材料,对钵苗机栽、旱育手栽和毯苗机插3种栽培方式水稻的产量、干物质积累、茎蘖动态等进行比较研究。结果表明,3种不同栽培方式间水稻产量存在显著差异,钵苗机栽、旱育手栽产量极显著高于毯苗机插,钵苗机栽显著高于人工手栽,产量差异主要来源于每穗粒数;物质生产上,移栽至N-n叶龄期钵苗机栽和旱育手栽物质积累量多于毯苗机插,无效分蘖期毯苗机插物质积累量较多,至拔节期不同栽培方式干物质量相当,拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期钵苗机栽旱育手栽毯苗机插,三者间存在显著差异。说明与毯苗机插、旱育手栽相比,钵苗机栽水稻全生育期干物质积累(除无效分蘖期)都具有一定优势,特别是生育中、后期物质积累多,叶片不早衰,结实率和千粒重较高。     

秸秆还田下适宜施氮量提高机插稻南粳9108产量和群体质量

为探明秸秆还田条件下机插稻适宜施氮量,阐明机插稻产量和高质量群体形成对氮肥响应的特点,在大田秸秆全量还田条件下,以优质食味水稻南粳9108为材料,设置0、135.0、202.5、270.0、337.5、405.0 kg/hm²等6种施氮水平,研究氮肥用量对机插稻产量及其构成和群体质量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,机插稻产量先增加后减少,以施氮量为270 kg/hm²产量最高。产量提高的主要原因是较高的群体颖花量,在施氮量为270 kg/hm² 条件下,机插稻群体颖花量达最大值。机插稻单位面积穗数随着施氮量增加而增加,每穗粒数先增后减,而结实率和千粒重表现为递减趋势。随着氮肥用量增加,机插稻分蘖中期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的茎蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累量均呈递增趋势,而抽穗后干物质积累量、成穗率、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率和粒叶比呈先增后降的趋势。因此,秸秆还田后适当增加施氮量利于提高机插稻产量,优化群体质量。     

Changes in the physiology and feed quality of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) during regrowth

Abstract A glasshouse study was undertaken to determine the physiological and morphological changes in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) during regrowth after defoliation. Individual plants were arranged in a mini‐sward in a randomized complete block design. Treatments involved harvesting each time one new leaf had expanded (one‐leaf stage), up to the six‐leaf stage, with the plants separated into leaf, stubble (tiller bases) and roots. Stubble and root water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC), stubble and leaf dry matter (DM), tiller number per plant and leaf quality (crude protein (CP), estimated metabolizable energy (ME) and mineral content) were measured to develop optimal defoliation management of cocksfoot‐based pastures. WSC concentration in stubble and roots was highest at the five‐ and six‐leaf stages. Mean WSC concentration (g kg^?1 DM) was greater in stubble than roots (32·7 ± 5·9 vs. 9·4 ± 1·5 respectively). There was a strong positive linear relationship between plant WSC concentration and leaf DM, root DM and tillers per plant after defoliation (Adj R² = 0·72, 0·88 and 0·95 respectively). Root DM plant^?1 and tiller DM tiller^?1 decreased immediately following defoliation and remained low until the three‐leaf stage, then increased from the four‐leaf stage. Tillers per plant remained stable until the four‐leaf stage, after which they increased (from 9·9 ± 0·5 to 15·7 ± 1·0 tillers plant^?1). Estimated metabolizable energy concentration (MJ kg^?1 DM) was significantly lower at the six‐leaf stage (11·01 ± 0·06) than at any previous leaf regrowth stage, whereas CP concentration (g kg^?1 DM) decreased with regrowth to the six‐leaf stage. Both the levels of ME and CP concentrations were indicative of a high quality forage throughout regrowth (11·37 ± 0·04 and 279 ± 8·0 for ME and CP respectively). Results from this study give a basis for determining appropriate criteria for grazing cocksfoot‐based pastures. The optimal defoliation interval for cocksfoot appears to be between the four‐ and five‐leaf stages of regrowth. Delaying defoliation to the four‐leaf stage allows time for replenishment of WSC reserves, resumption of root growth and an increase in tillering, and is before herbage is lost and quality falls due to onset of leaf senescence.     

用~(14)CO_2示踪研究汕优10号不同类型群体的成穗率及光合效率

以汕优１０号为材料，在齐穗期采用１４ＣＯ２同化标记，研究了汕优１０号不同类型群体的成穗率和光合效率。还就群体成穗率和光合强度，群体净同化率和成穗率，群体的呼吸消耗和光合产物分配比例与产量的关系，以及提高成穗率的途径作了探讨。     

籼粳杂交稻精准条播育秧机插减氮增产的效应研究

【目的】明确精准条播育秧机插对籼粳杂交稻产量形成的影响及其在减氮条件下降低产量损失的作用。【方法】以甬优538和甬优1540为供试品种,精准条播(precision drill sowing, PS)16条机插,并以相同播种量传统撒播(broadcast sowing, BS)机插为对照,同时设置不施氮肥(0 kg/hm², zero-nitrogen application rate, 0N)、适氮(240 kg/hm², suitable nitrogen application rate, SN)、减氮15%(204 kg/hm²,reduced nitrogen application rate, RN)等3个氮肥施用梯度处理,分析比较产量形成、植株均匀度、干物质积累及氮利用效率。【结果】1)与撒播相比,精准条播通过提高有效穗数使籼粳杂交稻产量平均提高4.3%,减氮条件下精准条播处理的水稻产量降幅小于撒播。2) 精准条播显著降低漏秧率,提高机插苗数均匀度以及有效穗数均匀度。与撒播相比,精准条播处理提高减氮下高峰苗数,两个品种趋势一致。3)与撒播相比,精准条播增加抽穗期叶面积指数,同时增加了抽穗期和抽穗开花后的干物质积累和氮吸收总量,其中减氮处理下表现尤为明显。4) 除0N外,氮素干物质积累量和氮素稻谷生产效率在不同品种方式及氮处理间无显著差异,但精准条播处理显著提高了氮肥吸收利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率,两个品种趋势一致。【结论】精准条播机插能够提高籼粳杂交稻植株均匀度,增加高峰苗数和叶面积指数,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收,进而提高产量,有效减少氮肥减施下籼粳杂交稻的产量损失。     

播期对不同穗部特征小麦品种(系)生育期和农艺性状的影响

为了解播期对多小穗和寡小穗小麦生育期及农艺性状的影响,对13份不同来源的小麦品种(系)两年分期播种的生育期和6个农艺性状(株高、单株有效分蘖数、穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)进行了分析和评价。结果表明,播期的推迟导致材料间出苗期差异变大,抽穗期差异缩小,但开花期和成熟期差异变化不大,各农艺性状值减小。经方差分析,各农艺性状在不同播期和品种(系)间均存在极显著差异,其中单株有效分蘖数的变异系数最大,穗粒数次之,每穗小穗数最小。多小穗材料10-A和寡小穗材料BE89的穗长、每穗小穗数和穗粒数在播期间差异较小。经相关分析,播种至出苗和分蘖至抽穗天数与温度呈极显著负相关,出苗至分蘖和开花至成熟天数与平均日照时间呈显著负相关,抽穗至开花天数与温度和降水量呈显著负相关。经多元逐步回归分析,日最高温和日均温对多小穗和寡小穗材料的分蘖至抽穗天数有显著影响,平均日照时间在开花期、日最高温在成熟期分别对多小穗材料发育有显著影响。由此可见,小穗数特异性材料的每穗小穗数在不同播期下能保持稳定。     

基因型和氮肥对冬小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响

于１９９８～１９９９ 年在浙江大学华家池校区实验农场进行了田间试验,研究基因型和环境对小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响。试验由３ 个基因型（浙麦１ 号,ＺＡＵ９７－２,扬麦５ 号）和３ 种氮肥水平（０,１２０,２４０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２）的９ 种组合处理组成。主茎各叶片长度,除第１、９ 和１０ 外,基因型之间差异显著,叶片宽度随叶位高度而增加,各叶片面积的变化与叶长基本一致,第１ 至５ 叶依次增加,第６ 叶明显减小,第７ 叶又逐渐递增;单株分蘖数和分蘖消长动态因基因型而异。氮对叶片形态有明显影响,但除旗叶外,Ｎ１２０ 和Ｎ２４０ 两种氮水平之间叶长无显著差异。氮对分蘖的发生影响较小,但能显著促进其后的生长。基因型和氮肥对叶片形态和分蘖的影响存在着一定的互作效应。