Salinity stress and sodium-potassium interactions in micropropagated potatoes

Summary Increased potassium (K) fertilization of saline soils has been implicated in alleviating salt stress in plants. We examined whether varying K concentrations in Murashige & Skoog (MS: 1962) basal medium could affect salt (NaCl) stress in micropropagated potatoes. Plantlets of cvs Sierra and Russet Burbank were evaluated after 1 month of growth in a medium containing 0. 40, or 80 mM NaCl and 6,20, or 30 mMK. The medium K was adjusted using KNO₃ while total nitrogen was kept constant using NH₄NO₃. Growth parameters were less affected in Sierra than Russet Burbank, and roots were less affected than shoots, as the medium salinity increased. Tissue Na levels were greater when the medium K was 6 mM compared with 20 mM MS control. The medium K concentration 50% greater than MS control did not promote growth and did not limit tissue Na levels. While this should be confirmed by field assessment, our results suggest that while K deficiency promotes salt damage, its addition beyond the usual fertilizer recommendations is not beneficial in alleviating salinity stress.     

盐对柚幼苗的胁迫效应分析

以坪山柚为材料,研究了盐对坪山柚幼苗的胁迫效应。结果表明:40mmol/LNaCl胁迫30d,坪山柚幼苗受害症状轻,幼苗生长受影响小;80~200mmol/LNaCl胁迫30d,随NaCl浓度提高,坪山柚幼苗受害症状逐渐加重,幼苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重和根部干重明显降低。不同浓度NaCl胁迫20d,坪山柚幼苗根及地上部Na+,Cl-,甜菜碱质量分数增加,K+质量分数及K+/Na+质量比下降。NaCl胁迫影响坪山柚幼苗生长与Na+和Cl-大量积累有关。NaCl胁迫下,维持相对稳定的根与冠干重比、保持根K+与Na+质量比>1及根部具有较高的甜菜碱含量,是坪山柚幼苗耐盐胁迫的一种适应。      

Effect of Azotobacter vinelandii and compatible solutes on germination wheat seeds and root concentrations of sodium and potassium under salt stress

The effect of plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and exogenous application of compatible solutes on seed germination and root concentrations of sodium and potassium of two wheat varieties (Triticum durum L.) were evaluated under saline stress. In this experiment, Azotobacter vinelandii strain DSM85, glycine betaine and proline were used. Inoculated seeds for each variety were placed on Whatman paper in 9 cm Petri dishes containing 15 mL of distilled water or NaCl solutions at various concentrations (control, 100, 200, 300 mM) supplemented with or without glycine betaine (GB) or proline at 5 mM. The results indicated that addition of proline (5 mM) stimulated the production of indol acetic acid and the growth of A. vinelandii at 200 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively. The germination rate index and the germination final percentage decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing salinity level. The germination was significantly diminished at 300 mM with significant variation among varieties and Waha variety had higher germination percentage than Bousselam variety. Inoculation of seeds by A. vinelandii and exogenous application of proline had significantly positive effect on the germination at this concentration of NaCl. The rate of accumulation of Na+ in roots was important at 100 mM and increased at 200 mM. The concentration of K+ decreased when salinity increased. The effect of inoculation or inoculation with proline decreased the accumulation of Na' and reduced the loss of K+ under salt stress. From the present study we can conclude that the use of A. vinelandii strain DSM85 and external application of low concentrations of proline on seeds might be considered as a strategy for the protection of plants under saline stress.     

Effects of rates and times of application of starter dressings of nitrogen fertilizer to surface sown perennial ryegrass-white clover on hill peat

The effects on clover and grass growth of five levels of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) applied before sowing, at sowing and after nodule initiation have been investigated. A pot experiment in which S184 white clover was grown in a peat soil showed that NH₄-N up to 688 mg N per pot (approx. equivalent to a field rate of 120 kg ha^-1 N) applied before sowing and at sowing did not affect clover growth. N-fixing activity (C₂H₂-reduction), on the other hand, was reduced progressively up to the highest level (688 mg N per pot). Application after nodule initiation increased growth relative to the zero-N treatment at all levels of application. Maximum growth and N fixation occurred at 516 mg N per pot where the DM yield was 70% higher than in the absence of added N. A field trial in which S184 clover and S24 perennial ryegrass were surface sown on to a peat soil showed an increase in grass and clover growth in the first year in response to 120 kg ha^-1 N applied at sowing. Grass growth alone was increased at 120 kg ha ^-1 N applied 40 d before sowing. Lower rates of application before sowing and at sowing did not affect clover or grass growth. The effect of the delayed application of NH₄-N on legume growth was less marked than that in the pot experiment, 90 kg ha^-1 N stimulating clover growth by 40% in the first year. The effect was however different from that in the pot experiment, in that, whilst 30kg ha^-1 N increased N fixation relative to the zero-N treatment, plants exposed to higher levels showed a depression in N-fixing capacity. N-fixation was correlated with nodule numbers in the delayed NH₄-N application, the closest correlation being with the number of multilobed nodules which was highest at 30 kg ha^-1 N and lowest at 120 kg ha^-1 N. It is suggested that circumstances exist when the use of a relatively low starter N dressing (20–60 kg ha^-1 N) at sowing would not increase clover or grass growth in the early stages of the establishment of a hill reseed. Under such circumstances higher rates of application (100 kg ha ^-1 N), preferably delayed until the seedlings are in a position to take up the nitrogen rapidly, would have the greatest effect.     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

盐胁迫对油菜幼苗离子吸收和分配的影响

以宝杂油1号和本课题组选育品系南盐油11号为材料,比较了100和200mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫10d对两个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种(系)幼苗生长及其离子吸收和分配的效应。结果表明,盐胁迫明显抑制油菜幼苗的生长,其中南盐油11号的耐盐性明显高于宝杂油1号。盐胁迫导致植株盐分(Na+、Cl-)含量上升,地上部Na+、Cl-积累明显高于根系;植株体内K+、Ca2+含量明显降低。盐胁迫下,维持体内较高的K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比率,维持较高的SK,Na、SCa,Na(离子吸收和运输的K+、Ca2+、Na+选择性比率)是南盐油11号耐盐性高于宝杂油1号的重要原因。     

Potassium rate and source effects on potato yield, quality, and disease interaction

Field experiments were conducted over eleven site-years where five K rates (0, 93, 187, 280, and 373 kg K ha^?1) as KC1 or K₂SO₄ were band-applied at planting to potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Significant yield increases up to 332 kg K ha^?1 were observed in five of eleven site-years when soil test K ranged from 75 to 110 mg kg¹. The increase in tuber yield was associated with an increase of tuber size (170 to 370 g) and above in the US#1A category. Lack of yield response at the other site-years may be due to the high soil test K (125 to 180 mg kg^?1). Statistically significant differences in total tuber yield were not evident between the two sources of K fertilizer studied; however, there was a tendency for a significant rate x source interaction (p > 0.15) in five site-years where K₂SO₄ increased tuber yield more than KC1 at rates up to 280 kg K ha^?1. Above this rate, tuber yield decreased for K₂SO₄ but remained stable for KC1. Based on the tuber yield data and initial soil test K from the controls of each site-year, data from this study suggest that 104 mg K kg^?1 is a critical pre-plant soil test level. A reduction in specific gravity with increasing applied K was evident in most of the site-years of this study, although decreases were generally not as marked when K₂SO₄ was used. A significant decrease in hollow heart with increasing rate of K fertilization was observed in four of eleven site-years; however, statistically significant yield responses to added K were found at only one of these sites. The incidence ofRhizoctonia solani was generally not affected by K rate; however, there was a tendency in some site-years for a higher disease incidence when KC1 was used instead of K₂SO₄ Potassium rate slightly decreased stem numbers per seed piece, averaging 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3 across all experiments, for the 0, 93, 187, 280, and 373 kg K ha^?1 rates, respectively.     

Sodium fertilizer application to pasture. 1. Direct and residual effects on pasture production and composition

Results are given on the effect of sodium (Na) fertilizer applied as NaNO₃ in five application sat 0 (Nil), 32 (Low) or 64 (High) kg Na ha ^-1yr^-1 and the residual effect of sodium chloride(NaCl) fertilizer applied in the previous year on the growth rate and the chemical composition of herbage cut at fortnightly intervals over the grazing season. Na fertilizer at Low and High rates increased herbage Na contents by 20 and 40% respectively. Magnesium (Mg) content in herbage was increased at Low Na fertilizer application rate but there was no difference between the Nil and the High Na treatments. Calcium (Ca) content was increased in proportion to Na fertilizer level. Potassium (K) content of Nil Na herbage exceeded that of Low and High, but there was no effect of treatment on total harvested K yields. The contents of phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), true protein (TP) and modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) in herbage were not affected, but the dry matter digestibility (DMD) was increased with increasing Na fertilizer level. Applying Na fertilizer at the Low and High levels gave similar increases in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ash contents and decreased crude protein (CP) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents. Net herbage accumulation(fresh and dry weight) was increased by 15 and 26% at the Low and High Na fertilizer application rates respectively. NaCl fertilizer residues from the previous year increased herbage Na, DM, DMD and WSC contents, reduced K contents and did not affect Ca, P, S, CP, TP and NPN contents. Residues from Na fertilizer decreased MADF and ash contents at the Low and High Na application rates. The main and residual effects of Na fertilizer were generally maximal in early season and diminished as the season progressed, with many of the effects eliminated by late season. Proportionally 0·70 of Na applied was recovered in the first two grazing seasons after application. The effects of Na fertilizer on mineral ratios are also described, together with the implications for animal health.     

马铃薯试管苗对盐胁迫的生理反应

利用不同浓度的NaCl对马铃薯大西洋试管苗进行了20d胁迫。结果发现:随着盐浓度的增加,根和茎叶中Na+含量大幅度增加,K+含量基本稳定,Na+/K+呈极显著的上升趋势;叶片中叶绿素含量下降,但丙二醛含量增加,质膜透性增大,脯氨酸大量积累,且在一定盐度下脯氨酸含量与丙二醛含量和质膜透性间呈极显著的正相关,表明盐胁迫下脯氨酸积累的多少可反映马铃薯试管苗的受伤害程度。研究表明,Na+积累、膜透性增大和叶绿素含量下降是影响马铃薯试管苗生长的主要原因。     

Correlation between Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in the Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Salinity

Abstract

The seedlings of Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare grown by hydroponic culture for 3 wks were treated with 75, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl for 14, 14, 6 and 3 days, respectively, and examined for chloroplast ultrastructure in the region where chlorophyll fluorescence had been recorded. NaCl treatment decreased the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield (F_v/F_m) and caused swelling of thylakoids. The swelling of thylakoids was quantified by the percentage of the length of swollen thylakoids to the total length of thylakoids. This value was increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Although F_v/F_m decreased at all concentrations of NaCl, the minimal fluorescence yield F₀ was not increased by the treatment with 75 or 100 mM NaCl. The percentage of the length of swelling was low at 75 and 100 mM NaCl. On the other hand, F₀ increased and the swelling of thylakoids was prominent with 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatment. These results suggest that the decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ under salt stress correlates with the ultrastructural damage. The decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ is expected to be useful as an indicator to evaluate the damage in chloroplasts, especially in thylakoid membranes, under salinity.     

NaCl胁迫对水稻苗期生长及离子吸收和转运的影响

通过室内水培试验,探讨了NaCl胁迫对水稻苗期生长及离子吸收与转运的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫促使株高下降和生物量积累减少,且随着NaCl浓度增加,株高和生物量积累降幅增大,但长白9号降幅均较小。较低浓度NaCl胁迫下,各材料叶片中Na+浓度增幅显著小于根和茎部,但随浓度增加,越光叶片Na+浓度增幅大于根和茎部。长白9号叶片和根部K+/Na+显著高于越光。NaCl胁迫降低了各器官Ca2+吸收量,且随浓度增大,Ca2+吸收量降低。生长叶对NaCl胁迫响应最敏感,下降幅度最大,成熟叶次之。根的Ca2+的降幅最小。从材料上看,长白9号各器官降幅均低于越光。     

海水浇灌对不同品种火龙果扦插苗生长和若干生理指标的影响

为明确海水胁迫对火龙果生长生理的影响,以不同品种火龙果(‘帝龙’、‘红龙’、‘紫蜜龙’和‘白龙’)为研究对象,研究了海水(浓度为0、10%、20%和30%)浇灌下不同品种火龙果生长指标和生理特征的变化。结果表明:(1)海水浇灌下4个品种火龙果地上部鲜重均表现为减小趋势,但10%海水浇灌可显著增加‘帝龙’的株高增加量。(2)与淡水相比,海水浇灌下4个品种火龙果地上部和根部K+/Na+均呈不同程度下降趋势,当海水浓度为30%时,与其他3个品种相比,‘帝龙’地上部和根部K+/Na+下降幅度最小。(3)4个品种火龙果地上部可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、CAT活性和SOD活性随海水浓度增加均呈先上升后下降趋势。其中,20%海水处理下,‘帝龙’可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量和CAT活性上升幅度均高于其他品种。可见,低浓度海水胁迫下,火龙果表现出一定耐盐性,且‘帝龙’耐盐性相对较好。     

The influence of ethofumesate on the growth and development, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Lolium perenne L.

Pot experiments and a hand-weeded field trial were carried out to investigate the direct effect of ethofumesate on the growth and development of Lolium perenne cv. S24.
In the field trial, ethofumesate was applied in autumn as Nortron 20% ec formulation in a volume of 2001 ha^-1 at rates of 0, 1 or 2 kg a.i. ha^-1. Treatments had no direct effect on yield in the following summer. In both the field trial and pot experiments there was initial growth suppression in the form of a reduction in shoot dry weight, lamina dry weight, tiller number per plant and plant height. However, ethofumesate increased the chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of L. perenne laminae, but only when available soil nitrogen was not limited.
It is concluded that ethofumesate can increase the yield of L. perenne by suppressing weed competition, but there is no evidence of the herbicide directly increasing the growth or yield of cv. S24.     

The effects of sodium chloride application to pasture, or its direct supplementation, on dairy cow production and grazing preference

The experiment aimed to examine the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) application to pasture on dairy cow production, distinguishing the effects of Na supply on pasture production from the direct effects on animal production, and also to examine the preference of dairy cows for sodium-fertilized pasture. Twenty-four dairy cows were grazed in six treatment areas with three fertilizer levels—all (A), one-half (H) or none (N) of the area fertilized with 50 kg NaCl ha⁻¹, and with or without 50 g cow⁻¹ day⁻¹ NaCl supplementation (+, −) offered in concentrate feed. The experiment was a changeover design with four 3-week periods. NaCl fertilization increased herbage growth rate and Na, Cl and calcium (Ca) contents and reduced K content. Milk yield and liveweight gain were increased by NaCl application to pasture but not by direct supplementation. Milk fat content was increased with increasing Na concentration in the diet. Grazing time was increased by NaCl application to pasture, but only cows not receiving direct NaCl supplementation preferred NaCl-fertilized pasture. Ruminating time was increased both by NaCl application to pasture and by direct supplementation. It is concluded that in the warm, dry conditions of this experiment, increasing Na supply to natrophilic herbage increased both pasture and animal production, and that within the range 3–8 g Na kg⁻¹ dietary DM, increasing Na supply to the cow increased milk fat content.     

盐胁迫对垂盆草生长和生理特性的影响

以垂盆草为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl[0(对照)、25、50、100、150、200 mmol/L]对垂盆草生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,随着NaC1浓度的增加,垂盆草鲜重、干重、含水量、K+含量、根Na+/叶Na+、叶的K+/Na+和SOD活性均呈下降趋势;而Na+、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、有机酸、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和质膜透性均呈上升趋势;叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势,而NO3-含量则呈相反的变化趋势.综合分析显示,盐胁迫对垂盆草生长有抑制作用,其耐盐阈值为100 mmol/L NaCl;盐胁迫下垂盆草通过积累Na+、有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、脯氨酸进行渗透调节.     

低盐锻炼提高水稻幼苗耐盐性及其与活性氧毒害的关系

 研究了幼苗期低盐锻炼对水稻耐盐能力的影响。中国91和83-51幼苗经低盐(0.1% NaCl)锻炼后可降低盐处理(0.3% NaCl)对其生长的抑制; 低盐刺激叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性升高,从而在盐胁迫时保持较高活性;虽然低盐也使过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量以及Na+含量有一定程度的增加,但在盐胁迫时其增加速率明显减慢而低于未经低盐锻炼的苗株；相反，低盐锻炼时K+含量有所下降，但在盐胁迫时其下降幅度低于未经低盐锻炼的植株，至处理结束,两者水平接近。结果表明,幼苗期采用低盐锻炼的方法可以增强水稻的耐盐能力, 这与低盐锻炼可在一定程度上增强地上部组织内清除活性氧的防护系统能力, 使其在随后的盐胁迫过程中由活性氧诱导脂质过氧化作用产生的盐渍伤害减轻有关     

Differential Sensitivity of Chloroplasts in Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells in Maize,an NADP-Malic Enzyme-Type C4 Plant,to Salinity Stress

Abstract

The changes in chloroplast ultrastructure and the contents of chlorophyll, Na and K in response to salinity stress were investigated in leaves of maize, an NADP-malic enzyme-type C₄ plant species possessing dimorphic chloroplasts. The seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2 or 3% NaCl for three or five days under a light or dark condition. In both light and dark conditions, the dry weight of salt-treated plants decreased as NaCl concentration increased. Chlorophyll and K contents of the second leaf blade decreased as NaCl concentration increased under the light condition but not under the dark condition. Na content of the second leaf blade was significantly higher at high NaCl concentrations under both light and dark conditions. However, Na content was much lower under the dark condition than light condition. Higher concentrations (2 and 3%) of NaCl significantly increased the size of plastoglobules, decreased the number and size of starch granules and altered the chloroplast ultrastructure. Under the light condition, mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts appeared more sensitive to the damaging effect of salinity than the bundle sheath cell (BSC) chloroplasts. MC chloroplasts became more globular in shape and showed swollen and disorganized thylakoids and reduced thickness of grana by salinity. BSC chloroplasts were less affected by salinity than MC chloroplasts. Although chloroplast size and number and size of starch granules were reduced, there was no structural distortion in the thylakoids of BSC chloroplasts. However, the thickness of grana was increased by salinity. Under the dark condition, the chloroplast structure was less affected by salinity. Though the envelope of BSC chloroplasts was occasionally damaged, the thylakoids in both MC and BSC chloroplasts were preserved under salinity stress. The present study suggests that the chloroplast damage caused by salinity is light-dependent and MC chloroplasts are more sensitive to salinity than BSC chloroplasts.     

NaCl胁迫对柱花草幼苗生物学指标的影响

采用盆栽法研究不同NaC(l盐)浓度胁迫对12个柱花草(Stylosanthes)品种幼苗生长的影响。测定叶片危害情况、植株生长高度、地上生物量、地下生物量等生物学指标,采用灰色局势决策模型法进行分析与综合评价。结果表明,随着盐处理浓度的增加,植株表现的萎蔫程度加强,植株的萎蔫速度加快;受胁迫植株的生长高度与对照相比呈下降趋势,受胁迫植株的生物量(茎叶、根)与对照的差异均达极显著。12个柱花草品种最终耐盐性排序为:有钩>热研5号>西卡>GC1480>GC1463>Mineiro>热研7号>GC1581>GC1517>热研2号>热研10号>热研13号。     

外界K＋水平对水稻幼苗耐盐性的影响

外界Ｋ~＋水平对水稻幼苗耐盐性的影响晏斌，戴秋杰（江苏省农业科学院，南京２１００１４）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＥｘｔｅｒｎａｌＫ~＋ＬｅｖｅｌｏｎＳａｌｔＴｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｏｆＲｉｃｅＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓ￥ＹＡＮＢｉｎ，ＤＡＩＱｉｕｊｉｅ（ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＡｃａｄ...     

Effects of soil applications of gibberellic acid on the yield and quality of tubers ofSolanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje

Summary In two outdoor pot experiments with potato (cv. Bintje) gibberellic acid (GA) was applied to the soil on different dates at 25 (Exp. 1) or 12.5 (Exp. 2) mg/pot. Dry-matter yields were reduced by early treatments in Exp. 1. In both experiments fresh yields were increased by an application about 40 days or later after planting (DAP). GA increased the number of tubers, especially when applied 38 or 40 DAP, treatments which also induced the largest shift in size distribution towards the smaller grades. GA reduced the dry-matter content of the tubers, especially when applied 60 (Exp. 1) or 48 (Exp. 2) DAP. Because the development over time of sensitivity to GA was not similar for all yield and quality variables, GA can be used to alter tuber-size distribution without greatly affecting other quality characteristies or yield.