Effects of Subsoiling to the Non-tilled Field of Wheat-Soybean Rotation on the Root System Development,Water Uptake,and Yield

Abstract

We introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended to decrease or stagnate. By subsoiling a half of each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments of tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake and yield of both crops were examined to elucidate whether the subsoiling improves the productivity such as shoot biomass and yield through the modification of root system development, and how differ the effects of subsoiling between tilled and non-tilled fields. In wheat, roots were less concentrated in surface (0 ? 5 cm) layer in no-tillage, and distributed more in deep (20 ? 25 cm) layer of the soil. Deuterium labeled heavy water analysis revealed that the subsoiling enhanced water uptake from the deep soil layer in the no-tillage field. Both the no-tillage and subsoiling showed positive and significant effect on total biomass and yield. The effect of subsoiling must be related to water supply by deep roots in spring. In soybean no-tillage significantly increased the productivity, but subsoiling did not though distribution of the roots was modified by both practices. Soybean in non-tilled accumulated roots in the surface soil layer, but subsoiling did not significantly modify the root distribution especially in the deep soil layer. Water uptake trend and yield was thus not changed significantly by subsoiling. Subsoiling in the non-tilled field increased rooting depth and showed the possibility of braking yield stagnation in long-term no-tillage cultivation in wheat, but not in soybean.     

前茬小麦不同耕作方式对土壤含水量和夏玉米产量的影响

2009年采用大区试验,在前茬小麦免耕和耕作方式下,自然条件下对夏玉米田进行土壤含水量变化及夏玉米产量比较研究。结果表明,2009年夏玉米整个生育期降雨量为339.5 mm,前茬小麦两种耕作方式在不同时期不同土层的土壤平均含水量都在13%以上,并且两种方式不同土层平均含水量差异不显著;在夏玉米需水高峰期,相应的有效降水使土壤含水量能够满足夏玉米生长的需要。前茬小麦免耕和耕作下玉米平均产量分别为7 839.2、8 074.5 kg/hm2,差异不显著。因此,前茬小麦免耕可节省劳动量,防止水土流失,保护土壤结构,消除犁底层对作物根系生长与养分吸收的影响。     

吉林半干旱区不同灌溉方式对土壤水分变化及玉米产量的影响

通过对常规垄灌溉、固定隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟灌溉的试验对比,交替隔沟灌溉水量仅为常规沟灌的1/2,有一半左右的地表面处于相对干燥状态,水分渗入率较大,提高了土壤对灌溉水和自然降雨的储存与利用,有利于对有限的水资源进行合理分配和充分利用。运用交替隔沟灌溉技术能提高作物对垄两侧土壤中养料、水分等的利用效率,作物根系进行干湿交替锻炼后,刺激根系生长,提高根系活力,一定程度增强植株抵御干旱的能力,更利于作物健康生长,交替隔沟灌溉是具有较强实用性的大田节水灌溉方法。     

不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响

通过对土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量、土壤田间持水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究深松、常规旋耕、免耕不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式对土壤容重和土壤坚实度的影响效果为深松>常规旋耕>免耕。深松耕作能够打破犁底层,降低深层土壤紧实度。深松耕作后,0~35 cm耕层土壤容重较常规旋耕和免耕分别下降6.5%和8.8%,土壤紧实度分别下降25.6%和32.3%。深松可显著增强接纳灌溉和降水能力,扩大土壤水库容。在21~40、41~60、61~80 cm土层,深松处理土壤含水量比常规旋耕分别提高3.4%、4.5%、2.4%,比免耕分别提高5.6%、4.8%、2.4%。土壤耕层0~35 cm田间持水量,深松和免耕比常规施耕分别提高7.4%和8.1%。不同耕作方式生物产量和经济产量均以深松最高,常规旋耕次之,免耕最小;深松耕作较常规旋耕和免耕分别增产4.3%和5.7%,与免耕处理间差异显著。     

Productivity and Water Source of Intercropped Wheat and Rice in a Direct-sown Sequential Cropping System: The Effects of No-tillage and Drought

Abstract

In Japan, wheat-rice crop rotation with the practice of rice transplanting has been quite popular in the past. Mechanized direct-planted wheat-rice sequential cropping was developed at the Aichi Prefecture Agricultural Research Center by intercropping them for two months in spring. An objective of this study was to evaluate the introduction of continuous no-tillage to the cropping system with emphasis on water stress. The water source of intercropped wheat was also elucidated using deuterated heavy water to analyze water competition between crops. Continuous no-tillage of wheat-rice direct planting was performed for six seasons (three years) in an experimental small paddy field. No-tillage resulted in a doubled soil penetration resistance in the surface layer of soil, indicating the risk of suppressing root development. The higher yield of wheat in the dry plot suggested that excess-moisture stress occurs in the field. In the no-tillage plot, light transmission to intercropped rice seedlings increased significantly due to the reduced wheat biomass production. Wheat and rice yields were not statistically lowered by the no-tillage practice. This indicated that it is possible to introduce continuous no-tillage to the cropping system. The no-tillage significantly increased the deuterium concentrations in the xylem sap in wheat after the application of simulated rainfall with deuterated water. This indicated that the water uptake dependency of wheat shifted from stored soil water to recently applied water, which suggested the higher competition between the crops may occur under no-tillage conditions.     

不同降雨条件对不同耐旱型大豆根系的影响

为了明确耐旱型大豆根构型的特异性,田间条件下,以不同耐旱型大豆为研究对象,探讨不同降雨条件对大豆根系特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了各时期大豆植株的根和地上部生物量;同一地点,R2和R4期取样,辽豆14的根和地上部生物量高于辽豆21。随着生育进程的推进,根冠比值逐渐增大;一般而言,V4~R4期,干旱胁迫提高了植株的根冠比。苗期干旱胁迫显著提高了大豆根长,但结荚期和鼓粒期干旱胁迫均降低了大豆根长、根表面积。大豆根长占比以细根为主,平均根直径≤2.5 mm的根长比例均在90%以上。根表面积占比也主要以细根为主,但大豆根体积分配比例较高的却主要是根系直径2.5 mm的粗根。研究结果进一步丰富了耐旱基因型大豆根器官应答干旱胁迫的理论知识,对大豆抗旱生产栽培具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

保护性耕作对黑土农田土壤水热及作物产量的影响

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的有效耕作技术,为研究其在冷凉区域的适用性,于2004～2009年,以中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站黑土农田为研究对象,开展了免耕秸秆覆盖、少耕和传统旋耕3种耕作措施长期定位对比研究.结果表明:在大豆玉米轮作制度下,实施免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕的保护性耕作方式,连续3 a免耕大豆产量均表现...     

不同秸秆还田模式对大豆根系分布的影响

对免耕、灭茬还田和传统耕作条件下大豆根系在土壤剖面中的垂直分布的变化规律进行了研究,为改善在保护性耕作条件下大豆根系发育条件提供参考。结果表明,免耕、灭茬还田和传统耕作模式的根长、根表面积、根体积及根干重均主要分布于土壤剖面0～10 cm深度。在0～10 cm深度内,不同耕作模式之间的根体积密度、根干重密度差异显著,其中免耕模式最低。在10～20 cm深度内,免耕模式根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根干重密度最低,其根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重占土壤剖面比例最低。土壤剖面根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重累加值亦表现为免耕最低,灭茬还田与传统耕作差异不显著。灭茬还田模式的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度及根干重密度与传统耕作差异不显著,同时其根长、根表面积、根体积及根干重的垂直分布与传统耕作间差异亦不显著。土壤机械阻力和根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度及根干重密度呈显著负相关,土壤机械阻力是限制免耕模式大豆根系发育的重要因素。     

Development and Distribution of Root System in Two GrainSorghum Cultivars Originated from Sudan under Drought Stress

Abstract

The difference in rooting pattern between two grain sorghum cultivars differing in drought tolerance was investigated under drought stress. The cultivars, Gadambalia (drought-tolerant) and Tabat (droughtsusceptible), were grown in bottomless wooden or acrylic root boxes to examine root parameters. Gadambalia consistently exhibited higher dry matter production and leaf water potential than Tabat under drought stress in both root boxes. In the experiment with wooden root boxes, under a drought condition, Gadambalia extracted more water from deep soil layers (1.1-1.5 m), which was estimated from the reduction in soil water content, than Tabat. This was because Gadambalia had a significantly higher root length density in these soil layers. The high root length density was due to enhanced lateral root development in Gadambalia. In the other experiment with acrylic root boxes, though total root length in the upper soil layer (0-0.5 m) was declined by limited irrigation in both cultivars, the reduction in Gadambalia was moderate compared with that in Tabat owing to the maintenance of fine root growth. Unlike Tabat, Gadambalia had an ability to produce the nodal roots from higher internodes even under drought, which resulted in the high nodal root length of Gadambalia. The growth angle of nodal roots was significantly correlated with root diameter, and the nodal roots from the higher internodes had large diameters and penetrated into the soil more vertically. These results indicate that the responses of roots (i.e. branching and/or growth of lateral root, and nodal root emergence from higher internodes) to soil dryness could be associated with the drought tolerance of Gadambalia.     

Cropping sequence and tillage system influences annual crop production and water use in semiarid Montana,USA

Available water is typically the biggest constraint to spring wheat production in the northern Great Plains of the USA. The most common rotation for spring wheat is with summer fallow, which is used to accrue additional soil moisture. Tillage during fallow periods controls weeds, which otherwise would use substantial amounts of water, decreasing the efficiency of fallow. Chemical fallow and zero tillage systems improve soil water conservation, allowing for increased cropping intensity. We conducted a field trial from 1998 through 2003 comparing productivity and water use of crops in nine rotations under two tillage systems, conventional and no-till. All rotations included spring wheat, two rotations included field pea, while lentil, chickpea, yellow mustard, sunflower, and safflower were present in single rotations with wheat. Growing season precipitation was below average most years, resulting in substantial drought stress to crops not following fallow. Preplant soil water, water use, and spring wheat yields were generally greater following summer fallow than wheat recropped after wheat or alternate crops. Water use and yield of wheat following summer fallow was greater than for chickpea or yellow mustard, the only other crops in the trial that followed summer fallow. Field pea performed best of all alternate crops, providing yields comparable to those of recropped spring wheat. Chickpea, lentil, yellow mustard, safflower, and sunflower did not perform well and were not adapted to this region, at least during periods of below average precipitation. Following summer fallow, and despite drought conditions, zero tillage often provided greater amounts of soil water at planting compared to conventional tillage.     

保护性耕作对土壤部分物理特性及大豆产量的影响

研究了免耕和少耕对松嫩平原地区农田土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤紧实性等物理特性和大豆产量的影响。结果表明:在春季大豆播种期,免耕处理(NT)土壤含水量高于少耕(RT)和传统耕作(CT)。在大豆生长前期,免耕条件下的土壤平均温度低于传统耕作和少耕,传统耕作和少耕接近,免耕模式的土壤温度日较差低于少耕和传统耕作。5~20 cm深度内,免耕条件下的土壤容重高于传统耕作,在10~20 cm深度内,免耕和少耕接近。不同模式间的土壤机械阻力表现出差异,在0~20 cm深度内,免耕高于少耕和传统耕作。不同耕作模式间的大豆产量差异不显著。短期保护性耕作试验结果表明:在当地气候和土壤条件下应用少免耕模式,能够减少春季播种期间土壤水分损失和沙尘暴侵袭造成的危害,同时对大豆产量并没有造成不利影响。     

免耕抛栽水稻的根系特性初步研究

通过2005—2007年连续3 a定位试验,在双季稻田研究了免耕抛秧水稻的根系特性。结果表明：免耕抛秧水稻根系干重低于翻耕移栽稻,根系大部分分布在表层（0-5 cm土层）土壤。水稻单穴根系固持力表现为翻耕移栽〉翻耕抛秧〉免耕抛秧,且随着免耕年限的延长,这种趋势更明显。     

Pearl Millet Developed Deep Roots and Changed Water Sources by Competition with Intercropped Cowpea in the Semiarid Environment of Northern Namibia

abstract

The practice of intercropping pearl millet with cowpea is widespread among subsistence farmers in northern Namibia. In this region, the scarce and erratic rainfall may enhance competition for the limited soil water between intercropped plants. Trials were conducted on a field of the University of Namibia (on-station) and on a farmer’s field (off-station) to determine the effects of competition between pearl millet and cowpea on the water sources and plant growth of each crop. The deuterium analysis showed that pearl millet, intercropped with cowpea, significantly increased its dependence on the recently supplied labeled irrigation water. Intercropped cowpea also showed an increased trend of the dependence but it was not statistically significant. At the university field, intercropped pearl millet showed higher dependence on the irrigation water than monocropped pearl millet. At the farmer’s field, the dependence of intercropped pearl millet on the irrigation water was low in the pearl millet-dominant zone. In contrast, the dependence on the irrigation water was high in the cowpea-dominant zone, indicating that the dependence on the irrigation water changes according to the size of the pearl millet canopy. The water sources of cowpea did not show a significant difference at either pearl millet-dominant or cowpea-dominant zone, indicating a stable water uptake trend under competitive conditions. Competition with cowpea significantly increased the root-weight density of intercropped pearl millet in the deep soil layers, but decreased that in the shallow layers. The root-weight density of intercropped cowpea, however, was reduced in most of the soil layers. In conclusion, cowpea has a higher ability to acquire existing soil water, forcing pearl millet to develop deep roots and shift to the surface irrigation water.     

不同土壤水分条件下吲哚丁酸钾对大豆根系形态建成及生理代谢的影响

为了研究吲哚丁酸钾（IBA-K）在减轻干旱对大豆根系的伤害中的作用,以垦丰16（干旱敏感型）和合丰50（耐旱型）为材料,采用盆栽法研究IBA-K拌种对两个品种大豆在正常供水、干旱和复水条件下根系形态建成及生理代谢的影响。结果表明,与正常供水相比,干旱胁迫抑制了大豆根系的生长发育,而IBA-K处理后,大豆根系干物质积累量、形态建成、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量在不同土壤水分条件下均高于其干旱对照,膜受损程度减轻。IBA-K处理下,大豆根系SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量在干旱条件下均显著高于其干旱对照;MDA含量、相对电导率显著低于其干旱对照。IBA-K处理下的两个品种大豆根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、POD活性和CAT活性在复水条件下分别高于其干旱对照,均未达到显著性差异。复水后,IBA-K处理下的垦丰16根干重和总根长分别较其干旱对照显著增加了3.13%和24.51%,合丰50根干重和总根长较其干旱对照未达到显著性差异。IBA-K处理下的合丰50相对电导率和MDA含量分别较其干旱对照显著降低11.80%和15.09%,SOD活性和可溶性糖含量分别较其干旱对照显著增加14.90%和3.94%,垦丰16相对电导率、MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量较其干旱对照未达到显著性差异。IBA-K处理下的两个品种大豆根系脯氨酸含量分别较其干旱对照显著增加了10.62%和10.70%。IBA-K处理和不同土壤水分处理对两个品种大豆根系形态和生理指标存在显著或极显著影响,二者间的交互作用无明显调控作用。综上,IBA-K通过提高根系干物质积累量、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,减轻干旱胁迫对苗期大豆根系的伤害。     

非灌溉条件下播前深松对冬小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为了解华北地区深松土壤的蓄水保墒节水和增产效果,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站,对播前深松+旋耕(S)和旋耕(N)两种耕作方式下非灌溉冬小麦田的土壤容重和水分及小麦根条数、干物质生产和水分利用进行了评价。结果表明,与N处理相比,S处理下0~35cm土层的容重显著降低,越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期的土壤蓄水量分别提高35.8、34.2、23、80和41.3mm,越冬期和拔节期根数显著增加,花前干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量分别增加28.1%、16.3%和23.2%,花后干物质积累量变化不明显,同时耗水量降低28.7mm,籽粒产量-水分利用效率提高39.3%。因此,冬小麦播前深松在降水量稀少的华北地区应该大力推广。     

深松和灌水次数对春玉米耗水特性及产量的影响

试验设置深松条件下灌水3次和4次(SI3和SI4)两个处理,以常规浅旋耕灌水3次和4次(RI3和RI4)为对照,研究深松及灌水次数对超高产春玉米生育期耗水规律、灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规浅旋耕相比较,深松处理可显著改善40~100 cm深层土壤水分条件,为深层根系的水分吸收提供保障,促进春玉米生长发育。深松处理较浅旋耕处理生产单位玉米平均节水量为0.149 m~3/kg,节水6.66%,单位耗水量增产量为0.322 kg/m~3,增产7.17%。相同灌水次数条件下,深松处理显著提高春玉米产量构成因素,增产达12.47%。     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops I: Temporal growth patterns across the plant developmental periods

Oilseed and pulse crops have been increasingly used to diversify cereal-based cropping systems in semiarid environments, but little is known about the root characteristics of these broadleaf crops. This study was to characterize the temporal growth patterns of the roots of selected oilseed and pulse crops, and determine the response of root growth patterns to water availability in semiarid environments. Canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested under high- (rainfall + irrigation) and low- (rainfall only) water availability conditions in southwest Saskatchewan, in 2006 and 2007. Crops were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length that were installed in the field prior to seeding. Roots were sampled at the crop stages of seedling, early-flower, late-flower, late-pod, and physiological maturity. On average, root length density, surface area, diameter, and the number of tips at the seedling stage were, respectively, 41, 25, 14, and 110% greater in the drier 2007 than the corresponding values in 2006. Root growth in all crops progressed rapidly from seedling, reached a maximum at late-flower or late-pod stages, and then declined to maturity; this pattern was consistent under both high- and low-water conditions. At the late-flower stage, root growth was most sensitive to water availability, and the magnitude of the response differed between crop species. Increased water availability increased canola root length density by 70%, root surface area by 67%, and root tips by 79% compared with canola grown under low-water conditions. Water availability had a marginal influence on the root growth of flax and mustard, and had no effect on pulse crops. Wheat and two Brassica oilseeds had greater root length density, surface area and root tips throughout the entire growth period than flax and three pulses, while pulse crops had thicker roots with larger diameters than the other species. Sampling roots at the late-flower stage will allow researchers to capture best information on root morphology in oilseed and pulse crops. The different root morphological characteristics of oilseeds, pulses, and wheat may serve as a science basis upon which diversified cropping systems are developed for semiarid environments.     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops. II: Vertical distribution patterns across the soil profile

Root distribution patterns in the soil profile are the important determinant of the ability of a crop to acquire water and nutrients for growth. This study was to determine the root distribution patterns of selected oilseeds and pulses that are widely adapted in semiarid northern Great Plains. We hypothesized that root distribution patterns differed between oilseed, pulse, and cereal crops, and that the magnitude of the difference was influenced by water availability. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 near Swift Current (50°15′N, 107°44′W), Saskatchewan, Canada. Three oilseeds [canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.)], three pulses [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris)], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length which were pushed into soil with a hydraulic system. Crops were evaluated under low- (natural rainfall) and high- (rainfall + irrigation) water conditions. Vertical distribution of root systems was determined at the late-flowering stage. A large portion (>90%) of crop roots was mainly distributed in the 0-60 cm soil profile and the largest amount of crop rooting took place in the top 20 cm soil increment. Pulses had larger diameter roots across the entire soil profile than oilseeds and wheat. Canola had 28% greater root length and 110% more root tips in the top 10 cm soil and 101% larger root surface area in the 40 cm soil under high-water than under low-water conditions. In 2007, drier weather stimulated greater root growth for oilseeds in the 20-40 cm soil and for wheat in the 0-20 cm soil, but reduced root growth of pulses in the 0-50 cm soil profile. In semiarid environments, water availability did not affect the vertical distribution patterns of crop roots with a few exceptions. Pulses are excellent “digging” crops with a strong “tillage” function to the soil due to their larger diameter roots, whereas canola is more suitable to the environment with high availability of soil water that promotes canola root development.     

大豆肥田机制的研究Ⅱ.常规技术条件下大豆根系动态

研究大豆根系的动态变化有助于探讨大豆根系对土壤环境影响的各个时期和各土层的机制。结果表明：大豆分枝期至开花期根系生长迅速,各处理此时期皆占苗期至鼓粒期总根量的６０～７０％,Ａ、Ａ’和Ｂ三处理最大根量在结英期,只有Ｂ’最大根量提前。在结英期、Ａ处理根重及根长比Ｂ’分别增长４１％和９１％。大豆结英期根系在土壤层中的分布：０～１０ｃｍ根重比其它层次占绝对优势,其中Ａ’较明显。大豆根长在１０～２０ｃｍ土层占优势,但与其他层次的判别小于根重的差别。大豆根重与大豆产量呈正相关,凡使大豆增产的技术都增加其根重。     

Rice–wheat cropping system: tillage,mulch, and nitrogen effects on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity

Maintenance of organic carbon in soil (SOC) is critically important for sustained agricultural productivity and environmental quality. This paper presents SOC resulting from differences in tillage types and demonstrates how mulch and nitrogen (N) application can mediate the tillage functions on SOC and crop productivities. The results are derived from a 4-year field-scale study carried out in a low-land under sub-tropical hot and humid environment of Nepal. It compared eight treatment combinations, viz., tillage (no-tillage and conventional tillage), mulch (no-mulch and 12 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 of mulch), and N application (recommended versus leaf color chart method) under rice–wheat cropping system. Seasonal grain and biomass yields of these crops were recorded and at the end of the 4-year study, quantified the organic carbon stock of soil; Within 15 cm of surface soil, SOC stock (Mg C ha^?1) was statistically (p < 0.05) higher on no-tillage plots (11.2–11.8) than on conventional tillage plots (9.2–10.5). The treatment effect was more pronounced on winter wheat productivity where conventional tillage combined with straw-mulch exceled the performance of no-tillage. Clearly, no-tillage had the environmental benefit, and conventional tillage had the crop productivity benefit.