酶解辅助提取陈皮中橙皮苷的工艺优化

为了优化纤维素酶辅助提取陈皮中橙皮苷的工艺,在单因素试验基础上,选取酶解温度、酶解p H值、酶用量、酶解时间作为自变量,以橙皮苷收率为响应值,利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理和响应面分析法,研究各自变量及其相互作用对橙皮苷提取效果的影响,并优化该酶解辅助提取条件。优选得到橙皮苷的最佳酶解辅助提取工艺为:酶解温度50℃、酶解p H值5.0、酶用量8.9 mg/g、酶解时间47 min。在此最佳工艺条件下,纤维酶辅助提取橙皮苷的收率为5.24 mg/g,与理论预测值(5.26 mg/g)的相对误差仅为0.38%。优选的提取工艺简单、稳定,为工业化生产提供参考依据。     

酶解辅助提取高良姜中高良姜素的工艺研究

为了优化酶解辅助提取高良姜中高良姜素的工艺,试验通过单因素试验及响应面法考察了酶解温度、酶用量、酶解pH值及酶解时间各因素及各因素交互作用对高良姜素得率的影响。结果表明:最佳酶解辅助提取工艺为酶解温度47℃、酶用量1.2%、酶解pH值5.0、酶解时间60 min。在此最佳条件下,高良姜素得率为10.53 mg/g。说明该提取工艺合理、稳定、可行。     

酶法辅助回流提取荷叶中荷叶碱的工艺研究

为了优化纤维素酶辅助乙醇回流提取荷叶中荷叶碱的工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验设计考察了提取荷叶碱过程中的酶解p H值、酶解温度、纤维素酶用量及酶解时间对荷叶碱提取率的影响,得出优化的酶解辅助提取工艺为:酶解p H值4.5、酶解温度45℃、纤维素酶用量1.5 mg/g、酶解时间50 min,在此条件下荷叶碱提取率达到0.536%。该提取工艺合理、稳定、可行,为进一步工业化生产提供理论依据。     

微波辅助酶解法提取草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白工艺研究

以草鱼鱼鳞为原料,采用微波辅助酶解法提取鱼鳞中的胶原蛋白。单因素实验研究了酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度及料液比对草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白提取的影响,在此基础上,采用响应面试验优化了鱼鳞中胶原蛋白的酶解提取工艺,得草鱼鱼鳞酶解提取最佳工艺参数为:酶添加量2.9%,酶解时间2.26h,酶解温度57℃,料液比1:17g/mL,此条件下胶原蛋白的提取率达59.21%。     

酶辅助提取纯化芹菜总黄酮的工艺研究

目的:筛选纤维素酶辅助提取芹菜总黄酮的最优提取工艺。方法:采用单因素试验方法分别考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数以及酶用量、pH值、酶解时间、酶解温度对芹菜总黄酮提取率的影响,同时对以上因素分别进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,得到酶辅助提取芹菜总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。结果:最佳工艺条件是纤维素酶用量7.0%、pH值4.4、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间1 h、乙醇浓度60%、料液比1∶20、提取时间2 h、提取次数1次。在此工艺下,芹菜总黄酮的提取率为4.17%。结论:加入纤维素酶可以有效提高芹菜总黄酮的提取率。     

纤维素酶辅助提取油莎豆粕中淀粉的工艺研究

试验以油莎豆粕为原料,采用纤维素酶辅助提取油莎豆粕中的淀粉,并对提取条件进行优化,获得高提取率淀粉。以淀粉提取率为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上选择加酶量、酶解时间、酶解温度、pH 4个主要影响因素进行正交试验,确定最佳的提取工艺条件。结果表明：加酶量、酶解温度以及酶解时间与酶解温度的交互作用对淀粉提取率有显著影响,油莎豆粕淀粉的最佳提取工艺条件为加酶量1.25%、酶解温度47℃、pH 5.5、酶解时间为5 h,淀粉提取率为77.67%。     

超声辅助酶法提取天麻中天麻素的工艺研究

为了研究超声辅助酶法提取天麻中天麻素的工艺,试验采用单因素试验和响应面法研究了酶解温度、酶解时间、酶解p H值和酶用量对天麻素得率的影响。结果表明:最佳酶解提取工艺条件为酶解温度95℃、酶解时间58 min、酶解p H值6.0、酶用量112 U/g。在该条件下,天麻素得率达8.33 mg/g,与理论预测值(8.40 mg/g)的相对误差仅为0.83%。说明优化的工艺稳定、可行。     

酶法辅助超声提取功劳木中小檗碱的工艺优化

为了优化酶法辅助超声提取功劳木小檗碱的工艺,在单因素实验基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析法,以小檗碱收率为响应值进行回归分析。实验结果表明,酶解最佳工艺条件为：酶解pH值3.5、酶用量10.6 mg/g、酶解温度51℃、酶解时间97 min。在此条件下,小檗碱收率为22.46 mg/g。优选的提取工艺稳定可行、收率高,为功劳木的工业化生产提供参考。     

酶解法辅助超声提取葛花总黄酮工艺研究

为了研究葛花总黄酮最佳工艺,试验采用酶解辅助超声的方法提取葛花总黄酮,确定最佳的提取工艺条件。结果表明:酶解时间为5 h,酶解温度为55℃,酶浓度为1.2%,料液比为1∶30时,葛花总黄酮的提取效果最好。以葛花总黄酮提取液吸光度值为考查标准,得出吸光度值为0.043 6。说明优选的提取工艺简单可行,速度快,可为葛花人参解酒颗粒剂的制备奠定基础。     

酶解法辅助提取地锦草中槲皮素的工艺优选

为了研究酶解法辅助提取地锦草中槲皮素的工艺,试验采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面法研究了纤维素酶用量、酶解温度、酶解p H值、酶解时间对槲皮素得率的影响。结果表明:最佳酶解提取工艺条件为纤维素酶用量0.6%、酶解温度50℃、酶解p H值4.5、酶解时间45 min。在该酶解条件下,槲皮素得率为1.87 mg/g,与理论预测值(1.88 mg/g)的相对误差仅为0.63%。说明通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面法得到的优化工艺参数比较准确,具有实用性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.