青海：主推9个养殖品种

这9个品种主要包括青海牦牛、乳肉（肉乳）兼1用型西门塔尔牛、荷斯坦奶牛3个牛品种；青海藏羊、青海毛肉兼用细毛羊、青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊、无角陶赛特羊、柴达木绒山羊5个羊品种和互助八眉猪品种。10项主推技术分别是肉牛肉羊标准化养殖技术、肉牛肉羊繁殖技术、黄牛杂交改良技术、     

青海半细毛羊与其主要亲系品种间生理常数关联度分析

根据青海畜牧兽医学院1986年测定的青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊(以下简称青海半细毛羊)七项生理常数,应用模糊数学与灰色系统理论的有关分析方法,编制计算程序(Basic语言),在国产的三岭牌appleⅡ型机上分析了青海半细毛羊生理常数同其母系藏羊和父系新疆细毛羊、茨盖羊的隶属程度与关联程度。从隶属度上来看,青海半细毛羊的生理状况与茨盖羊同属一个类型(隶属度0.20),既不同于新疆细毛羊(隶属度为0.00),也不同于藏羊(隶属度为0.00)。在关联度上,青海半细毛羊同茨盖羊的生理状况关联程度最大(0.79),同藏羊次之(0.67),同新疆细毛羊最小(0.64)。     

青海省不同绒山羊品种绒毛特性的比较

试验对藏山羊和柴达木绒山羊绒和毛及青海半细羊毛主要物理特性进行了比较。结果表明:藏山羊和柴达木绒山羊绒间的细度和伸直长度及伸度差异不显著(P>0.05),而强度差异显著(P<0.05);藏山羊和柴达木绒山羊绒纤维鳞片呈环形结构,而青海半细羊毛纤维鳞片呈环形竹节结构,其鳞片可见高度差异均不显著(P>0.05),鳞片层密度差异也不显著(P>0.05);绒山羊毛纤维鳞片呈水波纹状排列。     

青海省不同品种羊羊毛纤维物理性能分析

对青海省几个不同品种羊的羊毛纤维物理性能进行了系统分析.结果表明:藏羊毛纤维类型与前人研究资料相比,被毛中绒毛含量下降31.35%,两型毛、粗毛、死毛分别上升0.73%、19.08%、11.55%,表明藏羊毛品质退化严重;青海半细毛羊纤维细度、伸直长度与2000年测定资料相比,细度差异不显著(P＞0.05),长度下降差异显著(P＜0.05);青海细毛羊纤维细度在60～64支、伸直长度在11 cm以上,是良好的精纺原料;青海山羊毛纤维细度在14 μm以下,可作为上等纺织原料.     

青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊羊毛密度测定报告

羊毛密度是决定羊毛产量的重要因素。为研究青海半细毛羊新品种的产毛性能,本文采用密度钳法和皮肤组织切片法,测定其羊毛密度。测定结果,每平方厘米皮肤面积上的毛纤维根数,成年公羊为2286.00根,母羊为2261.29根,密度良好;不同杂交组合的青海半细毛羊单位皮肤面积上的羊毛纤维根数表现出比较明显的差异;成年羊毛囊群中次、初级毛囊的数量比例为7.78。提高青海半细毛羊次级毛囊发育数量,进而提高其产毛量,具有一定潜力。     

青海加什科羊毛纤维物理性能分析研究

对青海加什科羊羊毛纤维的物理性能进行了分析,并与青海半细毛羊、青海细毛羊毛纤维的物理性能进行了比较。结果表明:青海加什科羊羊毛呈毛丛结构,整齐度高,毛纤维各项物理性能较好,长度较长,伸直长度成年羊平均14.0~16.0 cm,长于青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊,也长于青海细毛羊,侧部长度与股部长度差异显著(P0.05),性别间各部位差异极显著(P0.01);青海加什科羊羊毛细度品质支数50~58支,侧部细度与股部细度差异不显著(P0.05),性别间各部位也差异不显著(P0.05);青海加什科羊羊毛断裂强力、断裂伸长率均介于青海半细毛和青海细毛羊之间,断裂强力侧部与股部间差异不显著(P0.05),断裂伸长率侧部与股部间差异也不显著(P0.05);青海加什科羊羊毛净毛率较高,均超过青海半细毛羊及青海细毛羊。     

培育中的凉山半细毛羊羊毛纤维理化特性及其相关性的研究

<正> 采用培育中的1.5岁凉山半细毛羊林边新藏和边新藏两杂交组合的毛样,对毛纤维鳞片结构进行电镜观测,并分析羊毛细度、长度、强伸度、含脂率、净毛率以及含硫量和氨基酸含量。结果表明:林边新藏羊毛鳞片高度、鳞片厚度分别为19.97微米,1.36微米;边新藏分别为17.17微米,1.40微米,两组合差异不显著(P>0.05)。鳞片高度及厚度均大于细毛,光泽较细毛强。林边新藏羊毛细度、长度、强度、含脂率及净毛率均极     

青海省特色畜种资源开发利用情况的调查及发展对策

青海是我国重要的草原牧区之一，在生产经营上以牧为主的有6个民族自治州，牧区面积占全省总面积96％以上。青海畜牧业以高寒草地畜牧业为主，畜种主要是草食畜，其优良品种有藏系绵羊、牦牛、大通马、河曲马、黄牛、山羊、骆驼、驴、互助猪以及五十年代后育成的青海高原毛肉兼用细毛羊、半细毛羊等。其中藏羊和牦牛是青藏高原特有的品种，也是青海草原的主要畜种。     

青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊的饲养管理

青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊1987年育成于青海省英德尔种羊场和河卡种羊场,对饲养管理条件的改善反应明显,该品种系采用复杂杂交方式育成。根据含罗姆尼羊血液的多少分为罗茨新藏和茨新藏两种类型。本文主要是针对青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊的特点,结合笔者在青海学习实践的工作经验和青海实际,对毛肉兼用半细毛羊的育种繁殖和饲养管理进行了阐述。     

青海省高寒牧区搞好畜种改良的有效途径

在青藏高原独特的自然条件下，经过数千年的自然选择和人工选育．逐步形成了藏羊、牦牛、黄牛、大通马、河曲马、柴达木马、玉树马、驴、骆驼、互助猪、海东鸡等适应当地自然生态条件的地方畜禽品种。建国后．又引进了一批细毛羊、半细毛羊、乳用牛、肉牛、马、驴、猪、肉鸡、蛋鸡等优良品种．开展了畜禽品种改良工作。经几十年的艰苦努力．先后培育出青海毛肉兼用细毛羊、青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊、青海挽乘兼用马和柴达木绒山羊等新品种。     

赛加羚羊被毛及毛纤维特征对其环境适应性的研究

通过对赛加羚羊（Ｓａｉｇａｔａｔａｒｉｃａ）的被毛特征、毛纤维类型、结构、长度、密度、细度及强伸度的观察测定,结果为：赛加羚羊毛纤维均为有髓毛,其髓质发达,鳞片小呈蛇鳞状,被毛主要部位毛长仅２．９１ｃｍ,密度为１９２０根／ｃｍ２,毛纤维直径可达１０３．７μｍ而单纤维强伸度在１５ｇ重锤下为０。并指出：以上种种特性使赛加羚羊具有较强的回避天敌和抵御寒冷气候的能力,均与栖息地环境相适应。     

OBSERVATIONS ON FIBRE DIAMETER VARIATION OF SHEEP IN RELATION TO FLEECE-ROT AND BODY STRIKE SUSCEPTIBILITY

SUMMARY: A comparative study of various fleece properties known to influence fleece-rot susceptibility was made in a merino flock consisting of sheep which were found to be either resistant or susceptible to fleece-rot and body strike following heavy rains. The fleece properties measured were fibre diameter, fibre diameter variation, wax content, suint content, wax to suint ratio, suint pH, insoluble nitrogen content, wool colour and wettability. Fibre diameter variation, due mainly to the presence of coarse, secondary fibres in the staple, was the only fleece property which differed significantly (p < 0.001) between resistant and susceptible animals. The coefficient of variation of fibre diameter was lowered from a mean value of 22.7 ± 0.3% in susceptible sheep to 20.0 ± 0.3% in resistant sheep. A causal relationship between high fibre diameter variation and fleece-rot susceptibility is suggested. Sheep with irregular fibre size may retain free moisture in the fleece for longer, and thereby become more susceptible to fleece-rot than sheep with uniform fibre diameter, other predisposing factors being equal.     

Follicle and fibre characteristics of Indian pashmina goats

The hair follicle and fibre characteristics of Cheghu and Changthangi pashmina goats are reported. The average numbers of primary follicles mm-2 were 6.80, 5.20, 5.67 and 4.00; secondary follicles 42.40, 27.10, 38.56 and 29.67; secondary to primary follicle ratio 6.46, 5.78, 6.79 and 7.60; total follicle population 49.20, 32.30, 44.22 and 33.67 in Cheghu females, Cheghu males, Changthangi females and Changthangi males, respectively. The breed difference was not significant for any of these traits, but the sex difference was significant for a number of secondary follicles and total density. Study of fleece characteristics of Cheghu goats in a 1 cm2 area of five body regions, namely, neck, shoulder, mid-side, flank and abdomen, showed that females had finer fibres (12.06 to 12.12 micron) than males (13.04 to 13.64 micron) in all regions. The pashmina length, pashmina diameter and fibre thickness ratio were significantly different between sexes and between body regions but hair/pashmina ratio and pashmina yield were significant for sex and body regions, respectively.     

牦牛和藏羊夏季划区轮牧对高寒草甸3种植物凋落物分解的影响

为深入理解放牧牦牛和藏羊及放牧强度对青藏高原高寒草地凋落物分解的分异影响,在天祝高寒草甸夏季牧场,采用凋落物袋法研究了牦牛和藏羊轮牧强度对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)凋落物损失率及碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量的影响。结果表明:3种植物凋落物损失率随处理时间的增加和放牧强度的增大均呈增大趋势。处理15个月后,垂穗披碱草、矮生嵩草和珠芽蓼凋落物损失率分别为24.71%~32.70%,30.56%~38.83%和32.27%~42.96%。放牧藏羊草地上的3种凋落物损失率小于牦牛放牧草地。在同一放牧家畜及放牧强度下,垂穗披碱草的损失率显著小于矮生嵩草和珠芽蓼。3种植物凋落物C含量随着放牧强度的增加依次呈降低趋势,C含量大小依次为:垂穗披碱草矮生嵩草珠芽蓼,但C含量的变化大小依次为:垂穗披碱草矮生嵩草珠芽蓼。3种植物凋落物N含量随放牧强度增加呈现降低趋势;随着时间的增加凋落物N呈现先降低再增加后又降低的趋势。随着放牧强度的增加,珠芽蓼凋落物的P含量总体呈降低趋势;随着放牧时间的增加,珠芽蓼凋落物P含量总体呈增加趋势。藏羊和牦牛对P含量的富集均有抑制作用,并且牦牛的抑制作用大于藏羊。     

不同繁殖季节成年牦牛附睾组织特征比较

为比较不同繁殖季节成年牦牛附睾组织结构特征变化,应用苏木精-曙红常规染色、Masson's和Gomori's特殊组织化学染色方法比较不同繁殖季节牦牛（6头繁殖期成年牦牛和9头繁殖间期成年牦牛）附睾的组织结构特点并用IPP图像分析软件进行定量分析。结果显示,与繁殖间期相比,繁殖期附睾尾间质胶原纤维和网状纤维较附睾头及附睾体明显增多;附睾头和附睾体柱状上皮厚度显著增加（P<0.05）,附睾头纤毛长度增加显著（P<0.05）;附睾头和附睾尾管腔内径及外径显著增高（P<0.05）;但是附睾尾管腔外径繁殖期与繁殖间期相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。本研究结果表明,成年牦牛附睾管外围网状纤维与胶原纤维分布一致,二者在附睾尾较为丰富,可能与其较强的收缩能力及精子运输有关;柱状纤毛上皮高度及纤毛长度、管腔内径与外径的变化与其所处的不同繁殖季节密切相关,附睾管腔的膨大和回缩亦可能是高原地区季节性繁殖的哺乳动物中一种普遍存在的现象。     

Histological Characteristics of Adult Yak Epididymis in Different Breeding Seasons

To compare the histological changes of the adult yak's epididymis in different breeding seasons,six adult yak testis in breeding season and nine adult yak testis in breeding interval were collected for structure investigation by HE staining,Masson's and Gomori's histochemistry methods,and IPP (Image-Pro Plus) statistics method was used to quantitative statistics.The results showed that comparing with the adult yak in the breeding interval,the epididymis ducts of adult yak in the breeding season were covered with the columnar ciliated epithelium.The collagen and reticular fiber in cauda epididymis were obviously more abundant than caput and corpus epididymitis.And the thickness of columnar epithelium cells in caput and corpus epididymitis,the length of the cilia in caput,and also the internal and external lumen diameter of caput and corpus epididymitis were all significantly increased in the breeding season (P<0.05),but the external lumen diameter of the cauda epididymis had no significant differences (P>0.05).In conclusion,the research showed that the distribution of collagen and reticular fiber in adult yak's epididymis interstitial were similar,and they were more rich in cauda epididymis,which might relate to the capacity and the sperm transport;The changes of the epithelial thickness,the length of cilia,the internal and external lumen diameter were close related to the different breeding seasons,and it might be a common phenomenon in plateau mammals that the enlargement and reduction of the epididymal duct in different breeding seasons.     

野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种全线粒体基因组母系遗传多样性、分化及系统发育分析

旨在从分子水平上探究野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构、亲缘关系和遗传背景。本研究在测定青海省4个地方牦牛品种(即青海高原、环湖、雪多和玉树牦牛)22条全线粒体基因组(Mitogenome)序列的基础上,从GenBank下载了已公布的野牦牛及上述4个地方牦牛品种的142条相应序列,使用BioEdit 7.2.5、Arlequin 3.11和Network 10.1等软件对共计164条线粒体基因组序列进行综合分析。结果显示：1)根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了115种单倍型,其中野牦牛和青海地方牦牛品种分别拥有22种和93种单倍型;在野牦牛和青海高原、环湖、雪多、玉树牦牛中分别检测到22、26、18、23、19种特有的单倍型。遗传多样性分析显示,野牦牛单倍型多样度最高(0.992 8±0.014 4),且高于4个青海地方牦牛品种的单倍型多样度(0.973 1±0.007 7);4个青海地方牦牛品种单倍型多样度大小依次为：雪多牦牛(0.988 5±0.012 6)、玉树牦牛(0.975 8±0.018 7)、青海高原牦牛(0.973 0±0.016 6)和环湖牦牛(0.939 3±0.027 8)。2)野牦牛与环湖牦牛之间的固定分化指数值(F_ST值)最大(0.041 2),分化程度最高,而与玉树牦牛间的F_ST值最小(-0.008 8),分化程度最低。青海4个地方牦牛品种中,雪多牦牛与青海高原牦牛之间F_ST值最大(0.035 8),分化程度最高,而雪多牦牛与环湖牦牛间F_ST值最小(0.011 2),分化程度最低。3)聚类分析显示,4个青海地方牦牛品种各自为1类,存在明显的母系遗传差异。相比而言,环湖牦牛和雪多牦牛聚类较近,青海高原牦牛和玉树牦牛聚类较近,而野牦牛与玉树牦牛聚类关系更近,各品种(群体)间的聚类结果与其分化程度、地理分布一致。4)系统发育分析表明,115种单倍型分布在3个大的母系遗传分支(即Mt-Ⅰ、Mt-Ⅱ和Mt-Ⅲ),其中Mt-Ⅰ支系所占比例为72.17%,由A、B、E和F 4种单倍型组构成;Mt-Ⅱ支系包括C、D和H 3种单倍型组,占26.09%;而Mt-Ⅲ支系只包含G单倍型组,由雪多牦牛和野牦牛所拥有,所占比例为1.74%,提示牦牛有3个母系起源。综上所述,野牦牛和青海4个地方牦牛品种均具有丰富的母系遗传多样性,其多样性水平由高到低依次为野牦牛、雪多牦牛、玉树牦牛、青海高原牦牛和环湖牦牛。青海4个地方牦牛品种间及与野牦牛间的遗传分化程度均较弱,但各自拥有特有的母系遗传信息,存在明显的母系遗传差异。野牦牛和青海家牦牛品种由3个母系支系组成,推测牦牛有3个母系起源。     

Study on the Morphological Characteristics of Skin and Hair Coat of Yak and the Adaptability to the Cold Living Environment

Selecting 6 heads of new yak strains(the offspring of reciprocal cross of F1 produced by wild yak male mated with domestic yak female)and 6 domestic yaks at 3 and 12 age in months respectively at Datong Yak Farm of Qinghai Province. This paper was studied for the morphological characteristics of the skin and hair coat of yak and their adaptability to the cold living environment in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The results indicated that it should be of vital importance marker for the morphological characteristics of the skin and hair coat with two type of yaks at 3 and 12 age in months and their regulations of growth and development to adapt to the cold living environment in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau,The main morphological indexes of the skin and hair coat of the rearing new yak strain were higher than those of the domestic yaks at the same age in months, or speak precisely, the new yak strain was more powerful adaptable to the alpine cold living environment than that of the domestic yaks. The resvlts above provided scientific basis for the native strain breeding of yak and the new yak strain rearing.     

A 57‐bp deletion in the ovine KAP6‐1 gene affects wool fibre diameter

High glycine–tyrosine keratin‐associated proteins (HGT‐KAPs) are predominantly present in the orthocortex of wool fibres. They vary in abundance in different wools and have been implicated in regulating wool fibre properties, but little is known about the functional roles of these proteins in the fibre matrix. In this study, we used polymerase chain reaction – single‐strand conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) analysis to screen for variation in a gene encoding the ovine HGT‐KAP6‐1 protein. We identified three gene variants (A, B and C). Variants A and B were similar to each other, with only three nucleotide differences occurring downstream of the coding sequence. However, variant C had a 57‐bp deletion that would notionally result in a loss of 19 amino acids in the protein. The presence of C was found to be associated with an increase in mean fibre diameter (MFD), fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD) and prickle factor (percentage of fibres over 30 microns; PF). Sheep of genotype BC produced wool of greater MFD, FDSD and PF than sheep of genotypes AA, AB and BB. The CVFD was greater in the BC sheep than the AB sheep. The results suggest that variation in ovine KRTAP6‐1 affects wool fibre diameter‐associated traits and that the 57‐bp deletion in this gene would lead to coarser wool with greater FDSD, CVFD and PF.     

Study on Production and Quality of Hair for Wild Yak with Domestic Yak

Production of hair and undercoat, type of yak hair fibre, strength, stretched length and ultrastructure of the hair fibre were determined and observed for WY, DY and its offspring in this study. The results showed that hair yield of the 1/2 WY raised by 19.73% and the undercoat by 14% (P＜0. 01)more than that of the DY. Its strength improved 8. 31% (P＞0.05) more than that of the DY. The stretched length and the ultrastructure of hair fibre were resemblance in the WY and DY.