不同畜禽粪便基料配比对太平3号蚯蚓养殖的影响

为了探究不同畜禽粪便基料配比对太平3号蚯蚓养殖的影响,为畜禽粪便合理配比及大田蚯蚓养殖提供可行性参考,试验以牛粪养殖蚯蚓为对照,不同种类粪便两两组合,设计不同组合比例的粪便基料,利用花盆室内养殖法进行小规模预试验,观测、分析和比较太平3号蚯蚓在不同组合与配比基料中的取食、排粪、逃逸情况及适应性等生物学特性指标,从而获得2种粪便的最佳组合与配比,并在此基础上获得3种和4种不同粪便的最佳组合与配比。结果表明:2种畜禽粪便组合时采用猪粪∶羊(牛)粪为6∶4,鸡粪∶羊(牛)粪为2∶8,3种畜禽粪便采用猪粪∶鸡粪∶牛粪和牛粪∶鸡粪∶羊粪为3∶2∶5,牛粪∶猪粪∶羊粪为3∶4∶3,4种畜禽粪便采用猪粪∶鸡粪∶羊粪∶牛粪为3∶1∶2∶4的比例配制基料养殖蚯蚓效果最好,其取食量大、排粪多、逃逸数量少,适应性较强,与牛粪养殖蚯蚓相比差异较小。说明不同种类畜禽粪便采用适当比例进行组合养殖蚯蚓具有可行性。     

奶牛粪蚯蚓生物堆肥技术模式分析

蚯蚓生物堆肥作为一种新型的堆肥方式为规模化奶牛养殖场粪污处理提供了新的途径。我国已出台多项相关政策,为奶牛粪蚯蚓生物堆肥技术发展推广提供了良好条件。奶牛粪经蚯蚓过腹处理得到的蚯蚓粪和蚯蚓均具有较好的利用前景。本文以1 000 头规模化奶牛养殖场为例,设计了该技术模式的一般工艺流程,并对该模式下的经济效益、环境和社会效益进行了分析,以期为奶牛粪蚯蚓生物堆肥技术模式推广提供依据。     

林下牛粪养殖蚯蚓技术

林下牛粪养殖蚯蚓,不仅可以利用闲置的林下资源,还可以处理畜禽污物,生产有机肥,实现粪污的资源化利用,本文从场地选择、基料选择、养殖管理等方面进行了技术总结,以期为养殖户提供技术参考.     

添加EM菌对蚯蚓在畜禽混合粪便中处理效果的影响

蚯蚓在腐熟猪粪中的生长优于牛粪,而蚯蚓的繁殖,则在牛粪中优于在腐熟猪粪中。将新鲜猪粪和牛粪按比例混合形成混合粪,在最适温湿度和接种密度条件下养殖蚯蚓,可以减少猪粪发酵时间和成本。为改善在这种混合粪中蚯蚓的繁殖生长情况,我们研究了用混合粪养殖蚯蚓的同时添加EM菌的效果。将试验分为4组,EM菌的添加量分别为0%、1%、0.5%、0.25%,每组设置12个重复。结果表明:EM菌添加量为0.5%时,蚯蚓在由新鲜猪粪和新鲜牛粪组成的混合粪中生长繁殖效果较好。但绝大数情况下,未添加EM菌组在日增重倍数和日增殖倍数上都优于其他添加EM菌组,说明用混合粪养殖蚯蚓不需要添加EM菌。     

猪粪堆肥处理及用于蚯蚓养殖的研究

为了解决畜禽粪便污染问题,试验首先在猪粪中和小麦秸秆中添加不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌进行堆肥,初步探索堆肥最佳添加量;其次对不同碳氮比组合的猪粪与秸秆进行堆肥,寻求堆肥腐熟最佳碳氮比;最后将堆肥作为蚯蚓饵料用于蚯蚓养殖,根据蚯蚓的综合生长情况分析最适合蚯蚓养殖的猪粪与小麦秸秆碳氮比。结果表明:堆肥处理中,最佳枯草芽孢杆菌添加量为1.0%;适合猪粪与秸秆堆肥腐熟组为B组(初始碳氮比为25)和C组(初始碳氮比为30);初始碳氮比为30时堆肥腐熟后养殖蚯蚓效果最佳。     

蚯蚓在牛粪转化过程中的作用

鉴于牛粪对环境造成的污染,本文主要介绍了牛粪的蚯蚓处理方法。着重介绍了蚯蚓品种选择、生活习性、养殖方法、生长繁殖、饲养管理、收集等方面的技术,并对蚯蚓粪的特点进行了介绍。     

规模化奶牛养殖场的粪便加工处理

当今奶牛粪便的环境污染问题制约着规模化奶牛养殖场的生存与发展.本文着重探讨了奶牛场的粪污收集、发酵腐熟以及有机肥料的精细加工工艺.通过对牛粪进行有机肥料加工处理,不仅不会污染环境,还能做到尽善尽美,变废为宝.     

太平三号蚯蚓对家畜粪便利用效果比较研究

以蚯蚓牛粪养殖为对照,利用花盆室内养殖法进行小规模饲养,观测太平三号蚯蚓在不同畜禽粪便基料中的取食、排便活动、适应性及生长与繁殖等生物学特性指标,研究太平三号蚯蚓对各种畜禽粪便的利用效果,为不同畜禽粪便合理配比进行蚯蚓大田养殖提供科学数据及可行性参考。结果表明,与对照相比,蚯蚓用猪粪养殖生长较快,个体重较大,但产茧量和孵化率较低;鸡粪基料中的蚯蚓逃逸和死亡数较多,不适合养殖蚯蚓;太平三号蚯蚓对各种畜禽粪便的适宜度及综合利用效果顺序依次为牛粪、羊粪、猪粪、兔粪、鸭粪和鸡粪。太平三号蚯蚓对各种畜禽粪便的利用效果不同,利用牛粪、羊粪、猪粪进行蚯蚓养殖较为合适。     

蚯蚓处理畜禽粪便研究进展

对蚯蚓处理畜禽粪便等有机废弃物常用的几种资源化处理的方法做一综述,比较分析了厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥的优缺点及蚯蚓堆肥的影响因素与蚯蚓处理牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪的研究进展,并提出了商业化蚯蚓堆肥的建议,为蚯蚓堆肥的推广和应用提供参考。     

小麦秸和牛粪不同配比对蚯蚓生长的影响

为了研究不同配比基料对蚯蚓的平均重、日增重倍数、日产茧数和日增殖倍数的变化,试验将小麦秸秆切碎腐熟后加入腐熟的牛粪中,分别以小麦秸秆和牛粪混合物碳氮比为20,25,30物料配制成不同饲料饲喂大平2号蚯蚓,饲养期为30 d。结果表明:小麦秸与熟牛粪按碳氮比为20配比的平均蚯蚓重和日增重最大,按碳氮比25配比的日产茧数和日增殖倍数最好。蚯蚓在整个饲养期内生长良好,说明小麦秸与牛粪混用饲养蚯蚓效果好。     

规模化牛场粪污资源化技术研究及应用进展

现代规模化牛场发展迅速,为市民提供大量优良奶源和畜肉,但同时牛场产生粪便、污水等废弃物排泄量增加,大部分牛场不能规范化处理,粪污堆积在生产区域,不光对周围土壤、空气和水体造成污染,还影响牛场的正常养殖生产秩序,对生态环境危害严重,影响养牛业绿色可持续发展,因此牛粪的处理和资源化利用问题急需解决。为了稳定、无害的处理粪污,将规模化牛场粪污作资源化处理利用,不仅可以解决牛场粪污污染问题,还能实现粪污资源最大化利用,具有重要意义。本文分析了牛粪的营养成分以及规模化牛场粪污造成的环境污染问题,简述了粪污资源化利用的目的、原则和预期效果,介绍了牛粪资源化利用的现有途径和方式,其中主要包括能源化、基质化、饲料化、燃料化、肥料化、氧化塘发酵后再利用等方法,以期通过分析多种资源化处理技术,将其根据具体情况应用,或者多种技术搭配实施,避免单一技术存在的局限性,为不同养殖环境情况下的粪污处理提供参考,为现代化养牛业低碳可持续发展提供借鉴。在未来应继续加大规模化牛场粪污资源化利用力度,科学合理制定各地区养殖场的粪污处理规划和资源化利用模式,监测周围环境质量并作出有效控制,促进畜牧业健康发展,为畜牧业循环经济...     

The environmental safety of eprinomectin to earthworms

A study was conducted to assess the environmental safety of the endectocide eprinomectin to the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris under conditions mimicking typical product use on pasture. The LC50 value of eprinomectin in artificial soil after 28 days of exposure is higher than the levels expected in feces from dosed cattle or in soil fertilized with manure from dosed cattle, which indicates a wide margin of safety for this compound to earthworms. However, the no-observed-effect concentration has not been established. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine whether there would be any effects on earthworms from feces from cattle treated with the commercial formulation of eprinomectin. Feces were collected rectally from grazing cattle on Day 0 before treatment and on Days 2, 4, 7 and 14 after treatment with EPRINEX (eprinomectin) Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle (Merial Limited) at 0.5 mg eprinomectin per kg bodyweight. Assays of eprinomectin B1a (the major component of eprinomectin) were 0, 0.427, 0.152, 0.0512 and 0.00185 mg kg-1 wet weight of feces (equivalent to 0, 3.34, 1.19, 0.40 and 0.010 mg kg-1 on a dry weight basis, respectively). No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed at any day post-treatment in the survival or behavioral effects of any worms fed post-dose feces relative to the worms fed control feces. All post-dose comparisons of weight changes of living earthworms to the control group were not significantly different (p>0.05), indicating that treatment of cattle with EPRINEX (eprinomectin) Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle did not affect feeding or weight gain of the earthworms. The LC50 value and the results of this study establish the wide margin of safety afforded to earthworms by eprinomectin under typical usage conditions.     

Swine manure composition affects the biochemical origins,composition, and accumulation of odorous compounds

Odors from swine production facilities are associated with the storage and decomposition of manure. Diet is linked to manure composition and will likely affect odor, but the microbial mechanisms responsible for manure decomposition and odor production are poorly understood. To identify the sources of odor during manure fermentation, substrates (starch, casein, and cellulose) were added to slurries of fresh swine manure, and the anaerobic accumulation of fermentation products and the consumption of substrates were measured relative to no addition of substrates. Volatile fatty acids and alcohols were the dominant fermentation products in all treatments. The total VFA concentration from starch treatment was greater (P < 0.001) than for all other treatments. Branched-chain VFA and aromatic compounds accumulated in all treatments, but accumulation in the casein treatments was greater (P < 0.001) than in all other treatments. Thus, addition of carbohydrate to swine manure slurries did not circumvent protein fermentation, as was previously observed in cattle manure slurries. Based on substrate loss, starch and protein fermentation were equivalent in all treatments, with losses of each exceeding 4% of the DM. Substrate additions had a limited effect on the overall accumulation of odor compounds in manure and on odor compound composition. Compared with the results of the earlier fermentation study of fresh cattle manure, swine manure fermentation produced less lactate and more products of protein fermentation (branched-chain VFA and aromatic ring compounds). We hypothesize that differences in manure organic matter composition between cattle and swine, a result of diet and digestion, select for bacterial communities that are adapted to the available substrate composition.     

牛粪和石灰对苜蓿出苗和草产量的影响

采用二因素完全随机区组设计,研究在江西省酸性红壤土地上用石灰(A1 1 125 kg/hm2、A2 1 500 kg/hm2、A3 1 875 kg/hm2)和牛粪(B115 000 kg/hm2、B2 22 500 kg/hm2、B3 30 000 kg/hm2)作为基肥对苜蓿Medicago sativa出苗及草产量的影响.结果表明:施用水平提高,对提高苜蓿出苗率有一定效果,但无显著差异;对鲜草产量影响的主导因素是牛粪,随施用量提高,草产量在第1年度无显著差异,而在第2年度差异极显著;施用石灰对青草产量无显著影响;两因素间无互作效应.     

丘陵坡地油茶林下新型生态种养模式研究与实践

充分利用茶林间隙土地实施种养立体开发,对丘陵坡地水土保持以及促进农民增收、创收具有重要意义。以湖南应用技术学院农林科技学院丘陵坡地的千亩油茶林为试验基地,通过油茶林下利用牛粪、羊粪养殖蚯蚓和土鸡,探索与实践了一种“茶—蚓—禽”种养结合新型生态模式,对丘陵坡地油茶林下间隙养殖蚯蚓的技术参数和实际效果进行介绍,旨在利用丘陵坡地资源发展林下经济,提高立体综合利用效率,对解决当前丘陵坡地油茶种植普遍存在的前期投入大、产出低、树间土地利用少等现实问题,以及发展丘陵坡地区域经济具有重要的现实意义。     

An in vitro study of manure composition on the biochemical origins,composition, and accumulation of odorous compounds in cattle feedlots

Very little is known about the biochemical origin of cattle feedlot odors and the environmental factors controlling their production. The tie between diet and manure composition is well established, but the effect of different manure compositions on odorous chemical production is unknown. This study describes the effect of starch, casein, and cellulose substrate additions to slurries of fresh (< 24 h) and aged cattle manure (> 1 d) on the anaerobic production of fermentation products and the consumption of substrates relative to no addition treatments. Aged cattle manure accumulated more VFA (245 to 290 mM) than the fresh manure (91 to 181 mM) irrespective of substrate additions (P < 0.001). In fresh manures, VFA concentrations were increased (P < 0.01) over no addition treatments when carbohydrate (starch or cellulose) was added, whereas starch and protein treatments to aged manure increased VFA content relative to no addition treatments (P < 0.001). Branched-chain VFA and aromatic compounds accumulated only in the aged manure (no addition and protein treatments), indicating that some protein fermentation occurred in those treatments. Based upon substrate loss, starch fermentation was the dominant process in both manures and all treatments with losses exceeding 18.6 g/L. Protein fermentation occurred only in the aged manure, specifically the no addition and protein treatments, when starch was no longer available. The production of odorous compounds from manure was controlled by substrate availability and pH, with pH related to lactate accumulation. We believe that calcareous soil and lactate-consuming microorganisms in the aged manure slurries minimized slurry acidification and resulted in greater accumulations of odorous products. Substrate additions had little effect on the overall accumulation of odor compounds in manure but had profound effects on odor compound composition. We propose that modifying cattle diets to limit starch and protein excretion would profoundly affect the production and accumulation of odor compounds in feedlots.     

Comparison of minimum space allowance standards for transportation of cattle by road from 8 authorities

Space allowance for animals in transit is a consistent concern in many countries developing codes of practice and regulations to assure humane treatment of food producing animals. Describing minimum space allowance requirements for cattle in transit has proven to be difficult, as the space required increases as the animal grows. Loading pressure, defined as weight of live animal per unit area, has proven to be a clear method of communicating with transporters and inspection staff what the maximum safe stocking limit is based on individual animal weight. The loading density recommendations in the Canadian code of practice for beef cattle are compared with other standards by using loading pressure charts as a visual aid. Loading pressure charts are recommended in preference to a tabular format to describe the minimal space allowed per animal for cattle transported by road.     

Non-lactational traits of importance in dairy cows and applications for emerging biotechnologies

Dairy cattle have traditionally been selected for their ability to produce milk and milk components. The traditional single-minded approach to selection of dairy cattle has now changed and secondary traits are being included in selection indices by decreasing the emphasis on production. Greater emphasis on non-production traits reflects the industry's desire for functional dairy cattle. Six broad categories of non-lactational traits are discussed in this review. They are: type; growth, body size and composition; efficiency of feed utilisation; disease resistance, e.g. udder health as measured by somatic cell score; reproduction; and management. Most of these traits can be found within selection indices worldwide, although relative emphasis varies.

The non-lactational traits mentioned above are quantitative, meaning that the phenotype in the whole animal represents the sum of lesser traits that cannot be easily measured. The physiological mechanisms that underlie quantitative traits are extremely complex. Genetic selection can be applied to quantitative traits but it is difficult to link successful genetic selection with the underlying physiological mechanisms. The importance that the bovine genome sequence will play in the future of the genetics of dairy cattle cannot be understated. Completing the bovine genome sequence is the first step towards modernising our approach to the genetics of dairy cattle.

Finding genes in the genome is difficult and scanning billions of base pairs of DNA is an imperfect task. The function of most genes is either unknown or incompletely understood. Combining all of the information into a useable format is known as bioinformatics. At the present time, our capacity to generate information is great but our capacity to understand the information is small. The important information resides within subtle changes in gene expression and within the cumulative effect that these have.

Traditional methods of genetic selection in dairy cattle will be used for the foreseeable future. Most non-lactational traits are heritable and will be included in selection indices if the traits have value. The long-term prognosis for genome science is good but advances will take time. Genetic selection in the genome era will be different because DNA sequence analysis may replace traditional methods of genetic selection.     

Non-lactational traits of importance in dairy cows and applications for emerging biotechnologies

Dairy cattle have traditionally been selected for their ability to produce milk and milk components. The traditional single-minded approach to selection of dairy cattle has now changed and secondary traits are being included in selection indices by decreasing the emphasis on production. Greater emphasis on non-production traits reflects the industry's desire for functional dairy cattle. Six broad categories of non-lactational traits are discussed in this review. They are: type; growth, body size and composition; efficiency of feed utilisation; disease resistance, e.g. udder health as measured by somatic cell score; reproduction; and management. Most of these traits can be found within selection indices worldwide, although relative emphasis varies. The non-lactational traits mentioned above are quantitative, meaning that the phenotype in the whole animal represents the sum of lesser traits that cannot be easily measured. The physiological mechanisms that underlie quantitative traits are extremely complex. Genetic selection can be applied to quantitative traits but it is difficult to link successful genetic selection with the underlying physiological mechanisms. The importance that the bovine genome sequence will play in the future of the genetics of dairy cattle cannot be understated. Completing the bovine genome sequence is the first step towards modernising our approach to the genetics of dairy cattle. Finding genes in the genome is difficult and scanning billions of base pairs of DNA is an imperfect task. The function of most genes is either unknown or incompletely understood. Combining all of the information into a useable format is known as bioinformatics. At the present time, our capacity to generate information is great but our capacity to understand the information is small. The important information resides within subtle changes in gene expression and within the cumulative effect that these have. Traditional methods of genetic selection in dairy cattle will be used for the foreseeable future. Most non-lactational traits are heritable and will be included in selection indices if the traits have value. The long-term prognosis for genome science is good but advances will take time. Genetic selection in the genome era will be different because DNA sequence analysis may replace traditional methods of genetic selection.     

Genetic correlations between categorical morphological traits in Nelore cattle by applying Bayesian analysis under a threshold animal model

In this study, Bayesian analysis under a threshold animal model was used to estimate genetic correlations between morphological traits (body structure, finishing precocity and muscling) in Nelore cattle evaluated at weaning and yearling. Visual scores obtained from 7651 Nelore cattle at weaning and from 4155 animals at yearling, belonging to the Brazilian Nelore Program, were used. Genetic parameters for the morphological traits were estimated by two‐trait Bayesian analysis under a threshold animal model. The genetic correlations between the morphological traits evaluated at two ages of the animal (weaning and yearling) were positive and high for body structure (0.91), finishing precocity (0.96) and muscling (0.94). These results indicate that the traits are mainly determined by the same set of genes of additive action and that direct selection at weaning will also result in genetic progress for the same traits at yearling. Thus, selection of the best genotypes during only one phase of life of the animal is suggested. However, genetic differences between morphological traits were better detected during the growth phase to yearling. Direct selection for body structure, finishing precocity and muscling at only one age, preferentially at yearling, is recommended as genetic differences between traits can be detected at this age.