卧龙自然保护区的森林土壤及其垂直分布规律

卧龙自然保护区位于青藏高原东部边缘末端,山高坡陡,森林土壤资源丰富,垂直分布规律明显.境内具有亚热带常绿阔叶林下的山地黄壤,常绿阔叶,落叶阔叶混交林(北亚热带气候特征)下的山地黄棕壤,次生落叶阔叶林(暖温带气侯特征)下的山地棕壤,针叶、阔叶混交林(温带气候特征)下的山地暗棕壤,冷杉林(寒温带气候特征)下的山地棕色暗针叶林土,亚高山草甸、高山草甸(亚寒带气候特征)下的亚高山草甸土、高山草甸土,高山流石滩上发育的高山寒漠土以及高山永雪带下的高山冻原等完整而宽阔的垂直带谱。本文对卧龙自然保护区的主要森林土壤及其基本性质和它们的垂直分布规律作了详细的阐述,为进一步全面研究该区森林生态系统中提高森林土壤生产力的本底材料。     

山地森林土壤渗滤液化学组成及生物活动强度的研究

研究工作在卧龙自然保护区(北纬30°45′—31°25′,东经102°52′—103°24′)海拔1200—4300m垂直带中的五块试验林地上进行。五块试验林地是:(1)中亚热带以壳斗科和樟科为主的常绿阔叶林下的山地黄壤试验林地(海拔1200m);(2)具有暖温带气候特征的次生椴、槭落叶阔叶林下的山地棕壤试验林地(海拔2000m);(3)具有温带气候特征的铁杉、槭、桦针阔混交林下山地暗棕壤试验林地(海拔2500m);(4)具有寒温带气候特征的暗针叶岷江冷杉林下的山地棕色暗针叶林土试验林地(海拔3300m);(5)具有亚寒带气候特征的高山草甸植被下的高山草甸土试验林地(海拔4300)。     

长白山自然保护区三个主要林型下土壤微生物生态分布的季节性动态

长白山自然保护区位于长白山北坡。从植被的分布,可把长白山北坡的林型划分为:杜鹃岳桦林、红松云冷杉暗针叶林、杜香落叶松林、灌木阔叶红松林和胡枝子长白赤松林五个主要林型。长白山北坡土壤也有明显的垂直带分布。从山顶到山麓,土壤的垂直分布可划分为:山地苔原土、山地生草森林土、山地棕色针叶林土和山地暗棕色森林土四个主要土壤类型。我们在1982年,对山地棕色针叶林土上生长的杜香落叶松林、山地暗棕色森林土上生长的胡枝子长白赤松林和灌木阔叶红松林。三个主要林型下土壤微生物生态分布的季节性动态变化?进行了调查和分析。     

四川主要森林土壤的基本性状及其生产特性

四川省地域辽阔,地貌形态多样,水热变异复杂,森林树种繁多,土壤资源丰富。土壤是林业生产的基础,不同类型的土壤,其生产能力各不相同,而且所能适应的森林树种亦有差别。按照土壤分类多以成土条件,成土过程,土壤属性和土壤生产力为依据的原则,四川的主要森林土壤类型可划分为:山地黄壤。山地红壤,山地褐土、山地黄棕壤、山地棕壤、山地暗棕色灰化土(山地棕色暗针叶林土)和紫色土等8个土类。     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

云南省森林土壤腐殖质组成及特性研究

以云南省10种森林土壤为研究对象,采用腐殖质分组测定法和分光光度计法,对土壤腐殖质组成及光学性质进行分析。结果表明:1)10种土壤可提取腐殖质碳量(HE)绝对含量变化大小依次为棕壤暗棕壤亚高山草甸土暗棕色针叶林土酸性紫色土暗黄棕壤红壤赤红壤黄壤砖红壤;腐殖质各组分占比中胡敏素占总碳的比例最大;2)10种土壤腐殖化程度依次为:暗棕壤亚高山草甸土暗棕色针叶林土酸性紫色土赤红壤棕壤暗黄棕壤红壤黄壤砖红壤,除暗棕壤、亚高山草甸土的PQ值大于0.5外,其他土壤均小于0.5,供试土壤腐质化程度总体偏低;3)不同土壤的总碳分别与腐质酸碳、胡敏酸碳、胡敏素碳、HA/FA、PQ呈线性正相关;4)不同土壤的色调系数均表现为FAHA,富里酸分子结构比胡敏酸分子结构简单,E_4/E_6值总体变化幅度不大;5)10种土壤HA的芳化度、缩合度、化学稳定性相差不大。综上表明:供试土壤总体腐殖化程度较低,除暗棕壤、亚高山草甸土为胡敏酸型土壤外,其它皆为富里酸型土壤;土壤富里酸的芳化度、缩合度、化学稳定性对各种环境因子的响应能力较胡敏酸要高。     

云南轿子山自然保护区土壤类型及分布规律初探

通过2004年对轿子山自然保护区的地质地貌、气候、土壤进行的专题考察,阐述了保护区的土壤类型有红壤、黄棕壤、棕壤、暗棕壤、棕色针叶林土及亚高山草甸土。对各类型土壤理化性质等特征及分布规律也进行了详述。     

可克达拉市森林草原防火预警预报系统建设初探

<正>1可克达拉市森林草原资源及防火工作基本情况1.1可克达拉市森林草原资源新疆生产建设兵团第四师可克达拉市林地、草地主要位于伊犁河谷。其山地植被垂直带结构明显且相当完整,森林和草甸植被甚为发育,前山带的喜湿落叶果林生长和发育良好。山地自上而下顺次发育为高山流石坡、高山草甸、亚高山草甸、山地草甸（雪岭云杉）、山地草甸草原（阔叶野果林）、     

大巴山北坡森林土壤垂直带谱

据实地考察分析及参考有关资料,论述了大巴山北坡森林土壤垂直带谱中黄褐土、山地黄棕壤、山地棕壤、山地暗棕壤的基本性质、分布范围及各带树种分布情况。还讨论了棕色石灰土的性质及阴阳坡分异对土壤和植被的影响。     

天目山森林土壤的水文生态效应

天目山主峰海拔高逾1500m，由山麓到山顶形成四个森林植被垂直带谱，包括七个森林类型，即常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、山顶灌丛－矮林、针叶林、针阔混交林和竹林。调查研究表明，各类型森林枯落物（层 ）的现存量，组成成分、持水率、持水量等均不相同，森林土壤（矿质层）的主要物理性质因森林类型而不同，并均随着土壤的深度呈某种规律性变异。森林土壤的持水量主要受土壤孔隙度的影响。在天目山地区，森林土壤的持水量较非林地土壤（荒草地）为高；落叶阔叶林类型的土壤持水量，常较针叶林类型为高。     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of gaseous nitrogen emission from different forest soils in Changbai Mountain

The contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O and N₂ emissions from four forest soils on northern slop of Changbai Mountain were measured with acetylene inhibition methods. In incubation experiments, 0.06% and 3% C₂H₂ were used to inhibit nitrification and denitrification in these soils, respectively. Both nitrification and denitification existed in these soils except tundra soil, where only denitrification was found. The annually averaged rates of nitrification and denitrification in mountain dark brown forest soil were much higher than that in other three soils. In mountain brown coniferous soil, contributions of different processes to gaseous nitrogen emissions were Denitrification N₂O>nitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. The same sequence exists in mountain soddy soil as that in the mountain brown coniferous soil. The sequence in mountain tundra soil was Denitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49701016) and the “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: XU Hui (1967-), male, Ph. Doctor, associate research fellow in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

无量山自然保护区南段4种森林类型的林地土壤特性研究

对设于云南省无量山自然保护区南段(景东段)常绿落叶阔叶混交林、中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林、温凉性针叶林4种森林类型的10块监测样地的土壤进行了调查研究,结果表明:4种森林类型的林地土壤类型主要是黄棕壤、棕壤;其土壤的物理性状存在差异;10块样地土壤的有机质、有效氮、有效钾含量丰富,而全磷、有效磷的含量及盐基饱和度较低。在4种森林类型中,温凉性针叶林的林地土壤为砂壤,肥力较其它3种森林类型的林地土壤低。其他3种森林类型林地的土壤肥力没有较大的差异。     

Spatiotemporal changes in the landscape structure of forests in northern Sweden

Abstract

Altered forest landscape structure has been suggested as a possible cause for the decline of some specialized forest species in Fennoscandia. Here, we present a time series of boreal landscape changes in 1954–2005 in 16 5×5 km sub-areas in Sweden, based on aerial photo interpretation. We explored how coniferous forest vegetation types, known to be important to some specialized forest species, have been fragmented and also declined in mean patch size and their proportion of the landscape. We divided the studied area into a western (inland) and eastern (coastal) part based on different timing of landscape changes. The mean patch area of forest >50 yrs declined from ~90 ha in 1954 to 10 ha in 2005 in the inland and from 30 ha to only ~5 ha patches in the coastal area. Common vegetation types, such as mesic and moist forest >50 yrs showed a similar declining trend. In our study area, the long-term decline 1971–2005 of the specialized forest species grey-sided vole (Myodes rufocanus) coincided with the decline of mean focal patch size of forest >50 yrs. The data presented here can be used in further analyses of species–landscape interactions along spatiotemporal gradients.     

太白山北坡森林土壤性质的研究

研究了太白山北坡森林土壤垂直带谱中褐土、山地棕壤、山地暗棕壤和森林草甸土的形态特征、腐殖质组成、颗粒组成、交换性能、氧化铁特征及粘粒矿物组成等,以阐明各土类的特性及其垂直变化规律。     

管涔山森林植被与土壤类型的垂直分布规律

管涔山林区是山西省八大林区之一,位于吕梁山北端,山高坡陡,海拔高差及气候条件变化幅度大,植被和土壤垂直分布比较明显。为使该林区在森林经营管理中更加合理、科学,同时亦为专家研究提供依据,该文对管涔山东、西坡植被与土壤类型的垂直分布,以及经营措施作了较详细的阐述。指出亚高山草甸带下发育着亚高山草甸土,针叶林带下发育着棕壤土,针阔混交林带下发育着淋溶褐土,灌草丛及农垦带下发育着褐土性土和栗褐土。     

Changes in species composition and diversity in the restoration process of sub-alpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan Province, China

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration sequences (20, 30, 40, 50 years) in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan Province, distributed in a northerly or northwesterly direction. The analysis was based on the results of measurements of 50 plots located at elevations between 3100–3600 m. The forests originated from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested. Similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests at ages ranging between 160 and 200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons. We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera. There was no significant difference in terms of the number of species among secondary forests. But the importance values of dominant species varied during the restoration processes. The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis, while Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes. It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period from 30 to 40 years, but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. The species richness among growth forms decreased in the following order: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. The maximum value of the evenness index occurred in secondary forests at age 40 and remained relatively stable in the bamboo-birch forests, but the evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth mossdark brown coniferous forests. There was a statistically significant difference in the eveness index between the tree and shrub layers as well as between the tree layer and the herb layer, but there was no significant difference between the shrub layer and the herb layer. The value of the Shannon index increased over restoration time. In bamboo-birch forests, the maximum value of the Shannon index was 3.80, recorded at age 50. In moss-birch forests, the maximal value was 3.65, reached in this forest at age 30. The value of the Shannon index of old-growth dark brown coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests. The value of the dominance index of communities varied. At the first stage of restoration, it increased, and at the end it was decreased. The dominance index of the tree layer had a similar trend as that of the community dominance index, but was more variable. The minimum value of the dominance index of the tree layer in the moss-birch forests reached 20 years earlier than that of the bamboo-birch forests. There was a significant difference among restoration sequences in the α diversity indices except for the dominance index. No significant differences between the two secondary forest types were detected. Over age, the value of the Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 17–23 [译自: 林业科学]     

Comparison of soil depths between evergreen and deciduous forests as a determinant of their distribution, Northeast Thailand

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions. We compared depth and physical properties of soils between evergreen and deciduous forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in the deciduous and evergreen forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous forests were relatively coarser in soil texture than those in the evergreen forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum was lower in the deciduous forest soils (78 mm) than in the evergreen forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration from the evergreen forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the evergreen forest soil was almost the same as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous forest soil was lower and insufficient to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and evergreen forests in the study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth.