水氮互作对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米产量与水氮利用的影响

为探讨不同滴灌施氮策略对玉米生长、产量、水肥利用效率的影响,于2015年在河套灌区开展了玉米膜下滴灌田间试验。试验设置3个灌水水平(采用张力计指导灌溉,分别控制滴头正下方20cm深度处土壤基质势下限高于-20,-30,-40kPa),6个施氮水平(0,180,225,262.5,300,345kg/hm2),研究水氮互作对玉米株高、LAI、产量、水氮利用率的影响。结果表明,在玉米生育期前期,高氮对玉米株高与叶面积指数(LAI)具有明显的促进作用,在灌浆期,受水氮互作以及施氮量的影响,随施氮量的增大表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当施氮水平为N3(262.5kg/hm2)时为最大。完熟期玉米干物质积累对灌水的响应表现为:W1(-20kPa)W2(-30kPa)W3(-40kPa),施氮对玉米籽粒吸氮量的变化表现为:N3(262.5kg/hm2)N4(225kg/hm2)N2(300kg/hm2)N5(345kg/hm2)N0(0kg/hm2),N3比N1和N2分别升高15.71%和11.13%,比N4仅提高1.51%。灌水与施氮均可显著增加玉米籽粒产量、百粒重、穗行数以及行粒数,二者有显著的交互作用,且以氮为主效应。在施氮0~262.5kg/hm2范围内,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而升高,此后反而降低;在该范围内水分利用效率以及灌溉水利用效率均随施氮量升高而增加,随基质势控制水平的升高而明显下降,以灌水水平W3(-40kPa)为最大。在试验中,以W3N3处理的水氮利用率最高,其水分利用效率与氮肥回收率比产量最高的W2N4要分别高出1.93%和76.60%,但产量比W2N4要下降约8.58%。在河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌施氮条件下,灌水量-30kPa和施氮量225kg/hm2时,可获得最高的籽粒产量。在灌水量-40kPa和施氮量262.5kg/hm2条件下,可以获得低于最高籽粒产量约8%的籽粒产量与最高的水氮利用率。从节水和生态可持续发展角度来看,灌水水平W3(-40kPa)、施氮水平N3(262.5kg/hm2)为当地最佳的滴灌施氮策略。     

河北平原高产粮田综合节水模式研究

在多年单项节水技术基础上试验研究组装配套集成高产粮田小麦、玉米两作 5种综合节水模式 ,即土垅沟输水 少耕覆盖 调亏灌溉制度 (Ⅰ )、主垅沟软管输水 少耕覆盖 调亏灌溉制度 (Ⅱ )、主垅沟软管输水 支垅沟闸管 少耕覆盖 调亏灌溉制度 (Ⅲ )、主垅沟软管输水 支垅沟闸管 少耕覆盖 深松 调亏灌溉制度(Ⅳ )、喷灌 少耕覆盖 调亏灌溉制度 (Ⅴ ) ,各模式水分利用效率分别为 2 2 5kg/hm2 ·m3 、2 5 7～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 ·m3 、2 7 2～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 ·m3 、2 8 0～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 ·m3 、31 5～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 ·m3 ,分别比传统灌溉模式 (对照 )水分利用效率提高 14 %、2 1%、2 4 %、2 6 %和 4 0 % ,增产节支效益分别为 6 92 4 0元 /hm2 、76 7 10元 /hm2 、815 10元 /hm2 、791 2 5元 /hm2 和 346 0 5元 /hm2 ,其中以农艺为主的综合节水模式更适于河北平原大面积高产粮田推广应用。     

玉米免耕留膜可减少后茬轮作春小麦水氮用量

【目的】河西绿洲灌区玉米普遍采用地膜覆盖措施,其收获后地膜的完整率仍高达70%。研究后茬小麦继续利用该地膜条件下相适应的水氮耦合管理,以期最大化发挥农资的效益,提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率。【方法】2016—2017年度,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区玉米–小麦轮作田进行三因素裂区田间试验。选择头茬玉米进行免耕 (NT) 和传统耕作 (CT) 的田块,在后茬小麦播种时,保留免耕玉米的覆盖地膜,免耕进行小麦播种,而在传统耕作玉米地块,清理残膜,粉碎后翻入土壤中。在两种耕作处理方式下,设传统灌水减量20% (1920 m3/hm2,I1) 和传统灌水量2400 m3/hm2 (I2) 两个灌溉处理,传统施氮减量40% (135 kg/hm2,N1)、传统施氮减量20% (180 kg/hm2,N2) 与传统施氮225 kg/hm2 (N3) 三个施氮水平,组成12个处理。从春小麦出苗20 d后,每15 d采集植株样,测定各器官含氮量,计算营养器官的氮素转运量、转运率、营养器官氮素转运对籽粒贡献率及氮素收获指数。【结果】与传统耕作相比,免耕留膜各处理显著提高了春小麦地上部氮素累积量,两年提高10.9%～14.2%。灌水减量20%+施氮减量20%处理提高了春小麦地上部氮素累积量,较传统耕作、灌水与施氮处理提高4.3%～6.1%。免耕较传统耕作提高了春小麦叶、茎营养器官氮素向穗部的转运量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率,以免耕同步集成减量20%灌水+减量20%施氮 (NTI1N2) 处理提高幅度较大,较灌水减量20%+施氮减量40% (CTI1N3) 处理叶、茎氮素向穗部的转运量分别提高31.9%～45.7%与54.5%～61.5%,转运率分别提高15.5%～16.3%与20.8%～23.1%,对籽粒的贡献率分别提高13.3%～29.0%与26.4%～36.7%。NTI1N2处理可获得较高籽粒产量与氮素收获指数,较CTI2N3处理分别提高15.2%～22.0%与7.6%～10.0%。【结论】在玉米–小麦轮作体系下,前茬免耕玉米覆盖的地膜对后茬小麦生长依然有显著效果。而且,此时减少20%的常规灌水量和常规施氮量,可以获得更高的产量和氮肥利用率。因此,在河西绿洲灌区小麦–玉米轮作体系中,应推广玉米收获后采用免耕,并在后茬小麦继续使用覆盖的地膜,同时减少20%的灌水量和氮肥施用量。     

黄土高原半干旱区春小麦和春玉米产量动态与土壤干燥化效应模拟研究

为了寻求与黄土高原半干旱区降水状况相适应、有利于土壤水分可持续利用的大田作物及其合理的施肥水平,为当地粮食生产的可持续发展提供科学依据.在数据库组建的基础上,应用WinEPIC模型定量模拟研究了黄土高原半干旱区同原1960-2000年不同肥力水平下连作春玉米和春小麦产量变化和深层土壤水分效应.结果表明:(1)连作条件下春玉米和春小麦产量均随降水量呈现波动性降低趋势,产量波动性春玉米明显大于春小麦;(2)与连作春小麦相比,春玉米田0-7 m土层土壤有效含水量较低,土壤干燥化速度较快;(3)随肥力水平的提高和作物连作年限的延长,农田土壤干层逐年加深和加厚,无肥、低肥、中肥、高肥处理下春玉米田土壤干层分别在连作第9年、第6年、第8年和第6年后分布于2-3,2-3,2-4,2-4 m土层,春小麦田土壤干层分别在连作第11年、第8年、第6年和第8年后分布于2-3,2-3,2-3,2-4 m土层.此后仅0-2 m土层土壤湿度随降水量发生年际变化;(4)从产量稳定性、土壤干燥化程度和农田土壤水分可持续利用角度统筹考虑,固原旱地适宜于种植春小麦,适宜的施肥量范围为N 60～90 kg/hm2和P2O5 30～45 kg/hm2.     

绿洲灌区春小麦产量和氮素利用率对绿肥还田量的响应

  【目的】   西北绿洲灌区小麦多连作种植,存在氮肥投入量大、利用率低等问题。研究麦后复种绿肥对小麦产量和氮素利用的影响,以期为该区小麦氮素高效利用技术的构建提供理论依据。   【方法】   2018—2020年,在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种绿肥田间试验,春小麦季设置不施氮肥 (N₀) 和传统施氮量180 kg/hm2 (N₁)处理,小麦收获后分别设置不复种绿肥 (G₀) 和复种毛叶苕子 (Vicia villosa Roth) 且盛花期还田处理,其还田量分别设置为15000 kg/hm2 (G₁)、30000 kg/hm2 (G₂)、45000 kg/hm2 (G₃),研究各处理对次年春小麦吸氮量、籽粒产量和氮肥利用率的影响。   【结果】   绿肥还田显著提高春小麦地上部氮素累积量。在小麦季施氮条件下,G₁、G₂、G₃处理后季小麦氮素积累量较G₀处理分别增加8.7%～9.3%、15.3%～16.6%、11.9%～12.3%,不施氮条件下,G₁、G₂、G₃处理较G₀处理分别增加3.3%～4.0%、4.6%～5.6%、5.9%～8.4%。施氮结合绿肥还田提高了春小麦营养器官氮素向穗部的转运量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率,以G₂处理提高幅度最大。与G₀处理相比,G₂处理小麦叶部和茎部氮素向穗部的转运量分别提高38.8%～49.5%和49.1%～64.7%,转运率分别提高8.0%～21.5%和13.0%～14.9%,对籽粒的贡献率分别提高11.0%～26.0%和25.6%～31.3%;在春小麦传统施氮量条件下,G₂处理有较高的籽粒产量、氮素收获指数与氮肥利用率,较G₀处理分别提高18.4%～27.6%、3.4%～7.2%与82.1%～105.3%。   【结论】   在干旱绿洲灌区,绿肥还田30000 kg/hm2结合施氮180 kg/hm2是提高春小麦产量、氮肥利用率的高效农艺措施。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置

【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。     

灌水对水肥一体化制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

研发和推广应用高效节水技术是提升扬黄灌区制种玉米产量、支撑制种玉米产业增效和持续发展的重要途径。为了给建立制种玉米水肥一体化技术模式下的科学高效灌溉制度提供科学依据。在甘肃扬黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化条件下,研究了不同灌溉定额和灌水次数下制种玉米的产量表现和水分利用效果。结果表明,灌溉定额从2 250 m3/hm2增加到3 000 m3/hm2时,制种玉米增产幅度达33.84%,但灌溉定额高于3 000 m3/hm2并继续增大时增产效果不明显,生育期耗水量增加,水分利用效率降低明显。灌水次数从10次增加至20次时,制种玉米产量及水分利用效率均呈降低趋势,灌水次数多于15次并继续增加时,制种玉米减产显著。灌水次数和灌溉定额之间不存在互作效应。在灌溉定额偏低条件下,增加灌水次数会造成制种玉米严重减产。当生育期灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2、灌水次数为10次时,折合产量较高,为7 386.9 kg/hm2,较其余处理增产-2.77%～93.58%;水分利用效率最高,为17.83 kg/(mm·hm2),较其余处理提高5.32%～78.30%;种植纯收益较高,为29 683.6元/hm2,较其余处理增加-511.8～20 675.4元/hm2;产投比最高,为3.03,较其余处理增加0.07～1.38。可见,灌水10次、灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2时灌溉水利用效果相对优化。     

关于备用地退草还耕管理措施的研究

对草地还耕后少耕和免耕系统、谷物和草地生产所需N肥量进行了研究。耕作处理分为传统耕作 (CT)、少耕 (MT)、免耕 (NT)。试区设置在种了 30a草的粉砂壤土上 ,该地在种草之前曾进行了 30多a的耕作—休闲轮作 ,N肥施量分为 0、45、90kg/hm2 3个水平。对CT、MT、NT而言 ,种植小麦时残余作物的平均覆盖率分别是 18%、44 %和 73%。在开始除草和种植小麦两个阶段之间 ,土壤水分补给量最小 ;然而CT、MT、NT中土壤NO3 -N分别增加 115、6 9和 5 4kg/hm2 。小麦籽粒产量CT为 2 6 85kg/hm2 ,MT为 2 5 5 8kg/hm2 ,两者均大于NT处理的 2 0 5 2kg/hm2 。NT的产量低是由于缺少对草的控制。N肥对冬小麦产量的影响因时间而变化 ,并且还依赖于可利用水的供给量。各个处理的玉米产量很低 ,CT为 12 33kg/hm2 ,MT为 2 0 6 3kg/hm2 ,NT为 15 6 4kg/hm2 ,这是由于生长季节水的有限造成的。在施N量为 90kg/hm2 的水平下 ,小麦平均生物量 (6 2 98kg/hm2 )和玉米平均生物量 (5 0 40kg/hm2 )超过了施肥的草的产量 (15 2 9kg/hm2 )。为了继续防治风蚀 ,生产者可运用MT和NT系统把CRP草地转还为耕地     

灌水对大麦／玉米带田土壤矿质氮影响的研究

在3个氮水平(0,150,300kg/hm2)和两个灌水量(816,1632m3/hm2)下,对3次灌水前、后甘肃河西走廊灌漠土大麦/玉米带田0～200cm土壤矿质氮含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:在灌水前土壤矿质氮含量在0～60cm土层比较高,灌水后0～60cm土层矿质氮含量明显减少,对土壤硝态氮变化影响较大的是第1次和第2次灌水。在150kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带土壤在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为136.06,142.93kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的90.70%和95.29%;玉米带为95.28kg/hm2和115.89kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的63.52%和77.26%。在300kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为264.43,237.72kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的88.14%和79.24%;玉米带为163.06,257.76kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的54.35%和85.92%。3次灌水,玉米带土壤矿质氮淋失量在施氮量150kg/hm2时,以第2次灌水淋失量最大,在施氮量300kg/hm2时以第1次灌水淋失量最大;而大麦带都以第1次灌水淋失量最大。说明土壤中矿质氮的淋失首先取决于施氮量,其次才是灌水量。     

宁南旱地作物降水生产潜力及其适度开发研究

1997～1999年在宁南半干旱偏旱区国家宁南(海原)旱农试区设置了旱地糜子与春小麦降水生产潜力及其适度开发试验,采用肥力梯度法研究有限降水条件下旱地糜子与春小麦的最大产量与适宜开发度.研究结果表明,宁南半干旱偏旱区旱地糜子3年(3种降水年型)平均降水生产潜力为1 760.5 kg/hm2,水分利用效率WUE为0.647 kg/m3,潜力适宜开发度为90 %,适宜施肥量为氮90 kg/hm2、磷45 kg/hm2;宁南旱地春小麦3年(1998～1999年,有冬灌)平均水分生产潜力和WUE分别为2 554.0 kg/hm2和0.903 kg/m3,1997年纯旱地降水生产潜力和WUE分别为1 158.0 kg/hm2和0.690 kg/m3,潜力适宜开发度为85%,适宜施肥量为氮60 kg/hm2、磷30 kg/hm2.     

Cellulase dynamics in a desert soil

A field study was conducted in the Negev Desert over three seasons: June (summer), October (autumn), and April (spring). Cellulose of plant or paper origin was added to the study soils. The concentration of cellulase in the soil was determined by monitoring the rate of solubilization of chromophoric molecules covalently linked to artificial insoluble cellulose (cellulose-azure). The amount of CO₂ evolved from the soil was also evaluated at 60-day intervals.In this paper, we demonstrate that significant differences (p<0.01) in the cellulase concentration in desert soils are mainly due to the time period during which organic matter was incorporated into the soil. Data are presented showing changes in cellulase concentrations in the soil as a response to different cellulose sources (plant and paper origin) throughout the year.The results of our field experiments show that the cellulase concentration in the soil surrounding cellulose (paper) is higher during the summer than during the other seasons. The concentration of cellulase associated with fresh organic matter was found to be double that associated with paper. CO₂ evolution was higher in soil samples supplemented with organic matter than in control samples. This study demonstrates that the concentration of cellulase in desert soil changes over the year and is influenced by the cellulose source and by the quality of the cellulose incorporated in the soil.     

Microbial production of ethylene in desert soils

Ethylene production was monitored in 12 desert soils. In all but two soils with high organic matter content, C₂H₄ production was low. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between organic matter content and C₂H₄, production. Minimum levels of C₂H₄ were observed in saline and sodic soils.Addition of l-methionine to soil significantly increased C₂H₄ formation, indicating its possible role as a precursor for C₂H₄.Addition of salt to the high C₂H₄-producing soils suppressed C₂H₄ production most probably because of a direct effect on C₂H₄-producing microorganisms through toxic salt levels, high osmotic pressure, increased pH or a combination of these factors. Leaching of four saline soils and subsequent incubation resulted in significant increases in C₂H₄ in two soils. Ethylene producers, previously inhibited by salinity, were probably reactivated when the salts were removed.A Fusarium isolated from the high C₂H₄-producing soil, produced the most C₂H₄ in pure culture followed by isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Curvularia and Rhizopus.A sterilized saline soil produced significant C₂H₄ when inoculated with spores of Mucor hiemalis or the Fusarium isolate, indicating an originally low population of C₂H₄-producing organisms in the saline soil. The two high organic matter soils when sterilized and similarly inoculated produced only a fraction of the C₂H₄ produced in non-sterilized samples, indicating the involvement of a number of species in the production of C₂H₄ in these soils.     

沙漠区岩土热响应测试分析及沙漠源热泵系统运行策略

采用地源热泵技术可充分开发浅层地热能资源以减少因昼夜温差大而对农作物造成的影响,因此,为探索地源热泵在沙漠地区发展的可行性,该文追踪宁夏沙漠地区某沙漠源热泵项目的施工与测试流程,为沙漠地区热泵工程的推广积累经验。同时,对当地的岩土热物性进行热响应测试,最终测得该地沙漠初始地温为16.52℃。根据线热源理论求得其平均导热系数为1.12 W/(m·℃),制冷模式地埋管换热量为40.94 W/m,供热模式地埋管换热量为25.28 W/m。结合沙漠地区的气候条件,通过与中国东部地区3个项目的工程数据进行对比分析,认为沙漠源热泵系统运行策略需因地制宜,提出一种适合在沙漠地区合理运行的复合储能式沙漠源热泵系统,为沙漠地区浅层地热能的有效利用提供借鉴。     

Soil respiration in a chihuahuan desert rangeland

Soil respiration of a desert soil was measured at the New Mexico State University Ranch in Southern New Mexico. Respiration rates were highest during late July and August after summer rains. Soil respiration data were used to estimate soil organic matter turnover which was 54 yr using summer data and 20 yr using both summer and winter data. The long turnover estimate for summer measurements resulted from temperatures above optimum in June and July. Diurnal soil respiration was also measured after a simulated 2.54 cm rain event. For both wetted and dry soils, temperature controlled the patterns of soil respiration with an optimum of near 41°C. Activation energy values decreased from 84.91 to 39.5 kJ mol^?1 when the soil was wetted. A light-dark container method was tested as a possible means of estimating algal uptake of CO₂, however, the method was not feasible for desert soils.     

Seasonal patterns of cellulase concentration in desert soil

The concentration of cellulose in plant material greatly affects the decomposition rate of plant-derived litter and hence carbon availability. The disappearance of pure cellulose in soil was studied as a measure of plant decomposition and carbon turnover. Our objective was to understand the effect of various cellulose concentrations and plant material added to soil and collected during different seasons, on cellulase concentrations under laboratory conditions (e.g. constant soil moisture and incubation temperature). The percentage of recovery of the enzyme in the control soil and in samples amended with known amounts of cellulose powder was estimated. Several methods for estimating soil cellulase concentrations/activity are available, most based on the determination of released reducing sugars. The method used in this study is based on the cleavage of a cellulose-azure substrate by cellulase to spectrophotometrically detectable fragments. Our results showed a significant correlation (p<0.05) between cellulose concentration and cellulase levels in soil, which varied along the study period. When pure cellulose was added to the soil, cellulase was detected after 7 days of incubation, whereas when plant material was added to the soil, cellulase was detected after 14 days. The recovery of cellulase from soil was also found to be seasonally dependent. The method of cellulase determination used in this study was simple, safe and rapid. From the results presented in this study, it can be assumed that there are seasonally dependent factors that affect the existence and concentration of cellulase in soils of the arid Negev Desert, in addition to organic matter, water and temperature.     

Microfabrics of desert soils of Mongolia

The mineralogical composition of coarse fractions and the specificity of micro- and submicromorphology in the zonal sequence of desert soils of Mongolia (pale brown, gray brown, and extremely arid soils) were studied. A comparative analysis of analytical characteristics and macro- and micromorphological features of these soils made it possible to specify diagnostic criteria of elementary pedogenetic processes in the automorphic desert soils developed from the Quaternary slightly saline alluvial fan deposits. The microfabric of the soil mass near the pores in the crust horizons of desert soils and the microfabric of recent and relict calcite and calcareous-clay coatings on the surface of pebbles were described.     

Endangered economic species of Indian desert

The economically important, naturally occurring species of the Indian desert was surveyed on the basis of the perception of local plant scientists. About one-fourth of the total 84 taxa were seen to be facing varying stages of risk. Of these, 17 species and 8 botanical varieties are endemic to Indian desert. Eighteen species in Bikaner, 21 in Jaisalmer and 19 in Jodhpur divisions were reported to be at risk. Factors responsible for the loss of species diversity have been discussed and appropriate strategies have been suggested for their conservation.     

Rehabilitation of lands mined for limestone in the Indian desert

In the Indian desert, the economics of mining is second only to agriculture in importance. However, research on the rehabilitation of land disturbed by mining has only recently received serious attention. An attempt has been made to determine both the qualitative and quantitative success of rehabilitation plans used to revegetate limestone mine spoils in an area near Barna, northwest arid India. Rehabilitation success was achieved using a combination of rainwater harvesting techniques, soil amendment application approaches, plant establishment methods and the selection of appropriate germplasm material (trees, shrubs and grasses). It is expected that the resulting vegetative cover will be capable of self‐perpetuation under natural conditions while at the same time meeting the land‐use needs of the local people. The minespoils have adequate levels of the major nutrients (except P, Mo and Se) for proper plant and grazing animal health. Levels of organic matter are low whereas total B concentrations are exceptionally high. Also, the population of soil fungi, Azotobactor, and nitrifying bacteria is negligible. Enhanced plant growth was achieved in treated plots, compared to control plots, where spoil moisture storage was improved by 5 – 45 per cent. Due to the decomposition of farmyard manure and nitrogen fixation by planted leguminous plant species, the electrical conductance of treated mine spoils increased threefold, CaCO₃ content decreased from 20·0 to 5·2 per cent, and organic carbon, P, K, and biological activity increased significantly. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful because plant self‐regeneration is occurring. The increased diversity of woody perennials resulted in ‘dominance’ being better shared among species and ‘evenness’ being increased within the plant community elements. The early to mid‐successional trends are continuing for six years following initial rehabilitation. This study developed methods for the rehabilitation of lands mined for limestone and has also resulted in an understanding of rehabilitation processes in arid regions with an emphasis on the long‐term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

温带沙漠土壤空间分布的尺度依赖性研究

Spatial variation is a ubiquitous feature of natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions, and is often present at various scales in these regions. To determine the scale dependence of the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties and the dominant scales （factors） for soil heterogeneity in arid regions, the spatial variability of soil resources was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Central Asia at the scales of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 m （from individual plant to population or community to ecosystem）. Soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were considered in the investigation. At a scale of 10-1 m, which represented the scale of individual plant, significant enrichment of soil resources occurred under shrub canopy and ＂fertile islands＂ formed in the desert ecosystem. Soil EC exhibited the largest heterogeneity at this scale, indicating that individual plants exerted a great influence on soil salinity/alkalinity. Soil nutrients exhibited the greatest heterogeneity at a scale of 102 m, which represented the scale of sand dune/interdune lowlands （between communities）. The main important factors contributing to soil spatial heterogeneity in the Gurbantunggut Desert were individual plants and different topographic characteristics, namely, the appearance of vegetation, especially shrubs or small trees, and existing sand dunes. Soil salinity/alkalinity and soil nutrient status behaved differently in spatial heterogeneity, with an inverse distribution between them at the individual scale.     

我国荒漠生态系统生物多样性生态地理分区

为了更好地服务于生物多样性监测及价值评估研究,采用自上而下逐级划分、专家集成和GIS模型定量结合的方法,依据国际上普遍遵循的生态地理区划原则,将过去研究中各区划方案和相关图件作为分区过程的辅助材料及校正材料,利用各种生态地理因子指标,包括气候指标月平均气温、年均温,与需热性有关的植物生长季积温,水分指标湿润指数及干燥度,植被指标如植被类型、植被区划类型、植物区系类型、动物区系类型等,土壤指标土壤类型、土壤有机质等,地形和地貌特征,进行了中国荒漠生态系统生物多样性生态地理分区。根据相应区划原则和指标体系,荒漠生态系统采用干湿区、自然区和类型区3级区划制。分区过程中遵循综合分析和主导因素相结合的原则,主要体现对生物多样性保育的服务,将荒漠生态系统划分为67个类型区。