从思维角度谈汉英翻译中的语篇连贯问题(英文)

翻译作为一种跨文化活动,不仅涉及两种语言,也涉及两种截然不同的文化。中西文化的差异造成的两种语言在表达方式上的区别往往是许多翻译人员在翻译过程中容易忽视或力不从心之处。     

文化翻译观视域下的英汉习语翻译

习语是一个国家和民族语言和文化的精华,英汉习语翻译不仅是两种语言的文字转换,更涉及到不同文化的输出。巴斯奈特的文化翻译观为从文化的视角研究习语翻译提供了有力的理论支撑,在翻译习语时,译者应正确、恰当地运用归化和异化的原则处理英汉习语中的文化因素,使译文在传达源语语义的同时,促进中西方文化的有效交流和广泛传播。     

浅析中外文化差异对翻译的影响——以《甄嬛传》英文译本为例

翻译与语言文化密不可分。由于语言的民族性、地域性和时代性,翻译过程中往往会出现语言文化的差译。翻译作为语言转换的再创造过程,是两种文化间的交流,离开文化背景去翻译,势必会词不达意,无法达到两种语言的真正交流。而对于古典文化来说,翻译的难度大大加大。本文以热门古装剧《甄嬛传》英文译本为例,指出翻译之本在于跨越文化障碍,灵活运用翻译策略。     

养黄鳝失败的技术原因

┌延镅晕淖值谋旧硎游枋龅亩韵?翻译起来有很大难度,即使翻译出来,充其量只是用译入语对原文进行解释。2.字谜的不可译性。字谜英汉两种语言都有,但由于两种语言(以及文化)之间的差别,一种语言的字谜译(移)到另一种语言中,往往大异其趣,给人以“橘生淮北则为枳”的感觉。例如:A:WhyistheletterTlikeanisland?B:Becauseitisinthemiddleofwater.有人翻译为:甲:为什么字母“T”像一座岛屿?乙:因为它在水中央。这样的翻译读者会感到莫名其妙,不知所云。3.双关语的不可译性。双关语即所谓的“妙语双关”,包括语义双关和语音双关两种,是每个…     

英汉互译中搭配问题的对比研究

自弗斯提出"搭配"这一概念以来,搭配问题历来受到语言学家的重视,也是当前研究的热点之一。特别是在英汉互译中,搭配恰当与否在很大程度上决定着翻译质量的优劣,搭配反映出译者对翻译所涉及的两种语言的驾驭能力,反映出译者的跨语言、跨文化的能力。因此,只要从事翻译实践或者翻译研究,就不能不关注搭配问题。词汇搭配错误是一种常见而译者自身很难察觉的错误。本文就英汉互译过程中词汇搭配的问题加以对比分析,并提出一点消除词汇搭配错误的拙见,以帮助译者或者英语学习者正确处理翻译中的词汇搭配问题,应用地道的英语词汇搭配,提高翻译的质量。     

浅论翻译对中美两国词汇的影响

翻译不仅为两个国家带来了合作交流，还潜移默化地改变着两国的词汇、文化。本文从中美两国拥有翻译活动开始论述，简析翻译对中英两种语言词汇的影响，尤其是翻译对中英两种语言新词产生的影响。     

汉译英教学中的主语翻译

于汉语和英语两种语言思维文化上的差异,学生在复杂句式汉译英翻译过程中,从源语中选定目的语中的主语是学生翻译的难点。帮助学生从母语的语言思维框架中解放出来,降低在翻译过程中母语思维的干扰,使翻译更加符合英语的语言思维模式。     

汽车配件说明书英汉翻译衔接手段的对比分析

英汉两种语言有着不同的思维方式和语言结构,因此在翻译的过程中做到衔接合理、逻辑清晰且语意连贯十分重要。通过对英汉两种语言的衔接手段进行研究和对比,不仅能使得译者更加系统地了解两种语言的语篇系统,还能使他们更容易获取语篇所表达的信息,从而对翻译起到更好的指导作用。本文将运用衔接理论和衔接手段做一个整理,通过汽车配件的产品说明书的实例剖析,使理论更加清晰明了,起到帮助和指导翻译的作用。     

广告翻译中文化差异的体现

广告翻译是语言翻译的组成部分之一,具有语言简洁、指向性明确等特点,是翻译中的难点,只有在深刻了解两国文化和两国语言的基础上才能够对广告做出准确的翻译处理。本文将以文化差异为切入点,提出对广告翻译的几点建议。     

浅谈商务英语翻译中的文化差异

不同文化背景的人进行交际的过程是跨文化交际.不同的民族有着不同的历史、背景、风俗习惯、风土人情、文化传统,因此.从事国际商务的翻译人员必须了解掌握本国与异国的民族文化差异.并设法使这些差异在传泽过程中消失,间时在译人语中找到准确的词语.使异国文化在译入语中再现.语言是文化的一部分,又是文化的载体,它对文化起着重要的作用.语际翻译不仅是两种语言的互相交换,也是两种文化的传递.文化在翻译中是不可忽视的因素.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.