不同采收期紫锥菊原药材主要药效学作用研究

为了研究不同采收期紫锥菊原药材的主要药效学作用,试验观察了不同采收期紫锥菊原药材对昆明种小鼠溶血素、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能以及对C57小鼠NK细胞活性和淋巴细胞转化的影响。结果表明:紫锥菊对动物的非特异免疫、体液免疫及细胞免疫三个方面都具有一定的免疫增强作用,说明一年生紫锥菊在10月上旬(即秋季)盛花期采收的药材对动物机体的免疫增强作用优于其他采收期的药材。     

紫锥菊纯化多糖的制备及其抑炎作用研究

为了探讨紫锥菊纯化多糖对炎症的抑制作用,试验以紫锥菊为材料,采用水提醇沉方法制得紫锥菊粗多糖(EPPS),脱蛋白后使用DEAE-纤维素、葡聚糖凝胶G-100色谱柱对紫锥菊多糖进行分级纯化。将得到的紫锥菊纯化多糖给小鼠灌胃,最后用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,观察紫锥菊纯化多糖对炎症的抑制效果。结果表明:以纯化水及0.1,0.3 mol/L NaCl为洗脱液,EPPS经DEAE-纤维素色谱柱及葡聚糖凝胶G-100色谱柱进一步纯化得到3种紫锥菊纯化多糖溶液EPPS-1、EPPS-2、EPPS-3。三种紫锥菊纯化多糖能降低二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀程度,对小鼠的炎症表现出明显的抑制作用,且与地塞米松比,紫锥菊纯化多糖对小鼠免疫系统无明显的损害。说明三种紫锥菊纯化多糖对炎症具有抑制作用。     

紫锥菊提取物对小鼠免疫器官指数及血清溶血素水平的影响

探索紫锥菊提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响。试验选取健康成年小鼠80只,随机分为8组,每组10只,分别为空白对照组(生理盐水灌胃),免疫抑制模型组(腹腔注射环磷酰胺100 mg/kg),免疫抑制小鼠紫锥菊提取物高、中、低剂量组,正常对照小鼠紫锥菊提取物高、中、低剂量组,免疫抑制小鼠紫锥菊提取物组和正常对照小鼠紫锥菊提取物组高、中、低剂量组分别按100mg/kg、50 mg/kg、25 mg/kg灌胃,连续灌胃21d,测定其脾脏指数、胸腺指数和血清溶血素水平。试验结果表明,与空白组比较,模型组小鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数显著降低(P0.05),血清溶血素水极显著降低(P0.01);正常小鼠高剂量试验组脾脏指数显著提高(P0.05);紫锥菊高、中剂量组胸腺指数显著提高(P0.05),血清溶血素水平显著提高(P0.05)。与模型组相比,免疫抑制小鼠紫锥菊高、中剂量组脾脏指数极显著提高(P0.01);各试验组胸腺指数极显著提高(P0.01);紫锥菊高、中剂量试验组血清溶血素水平有极显著提高(P0.01),低剂量组差异显著(P0.05)。     

紫锥菊提取物对小鼠骨髓细胞微核影响的试验研究

在预试验基础上,选用50只清洁级昆明小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只。紫锥菊提取物经口服灌药的剂量分别为2500、1250、625 mg/kg,另设环磷酰胺阳性对照组与0.9%生理盐水阴性对照组。于第二次给药后24 h处死小鼠,取胸骨脊髓做切片,在油镜下观察微核,计算微核率。试验结果表明,紫锥菊提取物对小鼠骨髓细胞的微核率无影响,结果为阴性。     

“洋草药”成功变身“中兽药”

<正>日前,农业部发布公告称,由华南农业大学主持研发,联合广州华农大实验兽药有限公司等4家公司申报的紫锥菊根和紫锥菊根末获得两个国家二类新兽药注册证书。"这是广东省历史上首次获得的国家二类中兽药证书,使我国二类中兽药从目前的三个增加至五个。"华南农业大学副校长吴鸿接受笔者采访时表示。紫锥菊是原产于美国中东部和加拿大南部地区的一种菊科松果菊属植物。2002年,吴鸿在美国俄克拉何马州立大学植物系开展合作研究期间,了解到紫锥菊具有独特的药理作用和药用价值。"紫锥菊兼具提高动物免疫力和消炎作用,这在天然植物界极为罕见"。植物学家的敏感,促使他寄     

新兽药紫锥菊根主要活性成分和生理作用分析

紫锥菊根富含菊苣酸、单咖啡酰酒石酸、挥发油、多酚类等活性成分,具有抗炎、抗病毒、提高免疫增强的药理作用,在畜禽绿色养殖方面具有广阔的应用前景,本文从紫锥菊根主要活性成分和生理作用进行分析,为紫锥菊根新兽药的应用提供理论支撑。     

紫锥菊及其复方对热应激蛋鸡抗氧化功能、蛋白酶及HSP70的影响

本试验通过观察紫锥菊及其复方对热应激蛋鸡抗氧化功能、蛋白酶及HSP70的影响,初步探讨紫锥菊及其复方抗热应激的作用机制。试验选用250只60周龄健康的海兰白蛋鸡,随机分成5个组,紫锥菊复方组、紫锥菊组、电解多维组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0%紫锥菊复方、1.0%紫锥菊、0.1%电解多维,高温组和常温组仅饲喂基础日粮。紫锥菊复方组、紫锥菊组、电解多维组和高温组的蛋鸡饲养在33℃～35℃的环境中,常温组蛋鸡环境温度为24℃～26℃。在试验14 d、28 d、42 d、56 d,采集各组鸡胃、胰腺和脾脏组织,检测胃蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶活性、抗氧化活性及HSP70含量变化。结果表明,紫锥菊复方、紫锥菊及电解多维均可恢复热应激导致的蛋鸡胃蛋白酶活性降低,同时紫锥菊复方的效果显著优于紫锥菊及电解多维（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方和紫锥菊可显著提高热应激蛋鸡的胰蛋白酶活性（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方能显著提高热应激蛋鸡脾脏中SOD、GSH-Px的活性（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方、电解多维能恢复热应激蛋鸡脾脏组织T-AOC的水平;同时,紫锥菊复方及紫锥菊能改善热应激蛋鸡脾脏中HSP70的表达...     

紫锥菊提取物的Ames试验

通过对紫锥菊提取物进行昆明种小鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验,评价该材料的潜在致突变性。用紫锥菊提取物制备混悬液进行Ames（致突变）试验,采用平板掺入法,计数TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102标准测试菌株在4个不同浓度下,于37℃培养48h后的回复突变菌落数。结果显示无论在＋S9和-S9的情况下,各剂量组均未引起测试菌株回变菌落数的明显增加,Ames试验结果为阴性。说明紫锥菊提取物不引起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的回复突变数增加,无致基因突变性。     

紫锥菊根中菊苣酸的提取分离及其分子印迹聚合物的制备

菊苣酸为天然药物紫锥菊中有效酚酸类化合物,本试验旨在研究紫锥菊根中菊苣酸提取纯化的新方法。试验采用超声辅助提取法对紫锥菊根粉末进行提取,所得粗提物再用葡聚糖凝胶LH-20为固定相,80%、60%及40%甲醇为流动相,进行反复提取,得到菊苣酸单体。再将制得的菊苣酸单体作为模版分子,α-甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基烯酸酯为交联剂,制备菊苣酸分子印迹聚合物,并应用此分子印迹聚合物为固定相,对紫锥菊根粉进行富集纯化。结果显示,经葡聚糖凝胶LH-20提取分离后,高效液相色谱法测定菊苣酸含量为90.22%。紫锥菊根粉经分子印迹聚合物富集纯化后,可同时富集母核结构相同的菊苣酸和咖啡酸。由此可见,本方法可用于紫锥菊根中菊苣酸的提取分离及其分子印迹聚合物的制备。     

单方紫锥菊及其复方制剂对雏鸡免疫效果的影响

本试验研究了单方紫锥菊及其复方制剂对雏鸡免疫器官指数和对新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响。试验结果发现，紫锥菊能明显提高鸡新城疫（ND）抗体水平，但对免疫器官指数无显著影响，并且复方紫锥菊的临床效果明显好于单方紫锥菊。     

紫锥菊粉对大鼠亚慢性毒性试验

探讨紫锥菊粉对大鼠的毒性作用,评价其临床用药的安全性。将80只SD大鼠随机分均为4组,每组20只。每组分别以0mg/kg（Ⅰ组）、250mg/kg（Ⅱ组）、500mg/kg（Ⅲ组）、1000mg/kg（Ⅳ组）浓度灌胃,1次/d,连灌90d。观察灌胃紫锥菊粉45d和90d大鼠生理及生化指标,并进行病理解剖及病理组织学检查。试验结果表明,试验组各项指标均在正常范围内,与对照组无显著差异。在试验条件下,未发现紫锥菊粉对大鼠的生长发育产生影响,长期重复应用无亚慢性毒性。     

Echinacea powder: treatment for canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections

An open multi-centered veterinary clinical trial, comparing conditions before and after treatment with a herbal preparation, containing the powdered root of Echinacea purpurea, was conducted by 6 practicing veterinarians in Switzerland. The plant-based immune stimulant was administered to 41 dogs with manifestations of chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis/tonsillitis, bronchitis and kennel cough. Each animal was at an individual stage of the disease, with various symptoms and different severity scores, at start of treatment. There was no control group. Echinacea powder (1:3) was administered with the food at a dose of 1.0 g/10 kg body weight once daily for 8 weeks. Overall efficacy showed significant improvement for 92% of 39 dogs after 4 weeks of treatment and this was confirmed after 8 weeks. Significant reductions of severity and resolution of typical clinical symptoms, of clear nasal secretions, enlargement of lymph nodes, dry cough, dyspnea and dry lung sounds, were evident after 4 weeks. Only two adverse effects, not suspected to be attributable to the study drug, were recorded. Because quality and stability of the Echinacea powder were defined, using an analytical standard and purity tests, these data suggest, that the Echinacea preparation can be recommended as a well tolerated alternative treatment of canine upper respiratory tract infections.     

Effects of Oral Echinacea purpurea on Heart Rate，ECG,Blood Pressure and Respiration of Awake Beagle Dogs

The experiment studied the effects of oral Echinacea purpurea on heart rate, ECG, blood pressure and respiration of awake Beagle dogs. Experimental results showed that oral Echinacea purpurea 0.125 to 1.25 g/kg could apparently reduced the heart rate of awake Beagle dogs, and had no significant effects on blood pressure, respiration and ECG between P wave, T wave, R wave, QT interval, PR interval as well as QRS duration （P>0.05）. It showed that Echinacea purpurea had no apparent effects on the dog’s respiratory system and cardiovascular system, which was safe and reliable in application doses.     

Effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on viremia and performance in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected nursery pigs

The effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on performance, viremia, and ontogeny of the humoral antibody response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection was evaluated in weaned pigs. In three replicates, 120 weaned pigs (25 +/- 1 d of age; 8.46 +/- 0.48 kg of BW) from a PRRSV-naive herd were allotted randomly to one of eight pens (diets) in two separate rooms (four pens/room), with each pen containing five pigs. Pigs began one of four dietary treatments (as-fed basis) 1 wk before inoculation with PRRSV: 1) basal diet composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and essential vitamins and minerals; 2) basal diet plus carbadox (0.055 g/kg of diet; as-fed basis); 3) basal diet plus Echinacea 2% (2% of the total diet); 4) basal diet plus Echinacea 4% (4% of the total diet). The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isolysinic. Echinacea purpurea was purchased in powder form and determined by chemical analysis to contain 1.35% cichoric acid (as-fed basis). Seven days after starting the diets, all pigs in one room were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 at a concentration of 10(4) tissue culture infectious dose50/mL. To monitor the effects of Echinacea and PRRSV challenge, BW and blood samples were obtained from all pigs at 7-d intervals. Serum samples were analyzed for the presence of PRRSV and PRRSV-specific antibodies. All challenged pigs became infected with PRRSV, and all unchallenged pigs remained free of infection. No differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed (G:F) were observed in PRRSV-challenged compared with unchallenged animals. For PRRSV-challenged animals receiving diets supplemented with Echinacea at 2 or 4%, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F ratio. Among PRRSV-challenged pigs, dietary Echinacea did not affect (P > 0.10) the rate or level of the ELISA-detectable antibody response from d 7 to 42 or the level and duration of PRRSV in serum. For PRRSV-unchallenged animals receiving diets supplemented with Echinacea at 2 or 4%, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio. Under the conditions of this study, dietary Echinacea did not enhance growth, exhibit antiviral effects to PRRSV, or show any evidence of immune enhancing properties.     

清洁级KM小鼠血清中5种微量元素的测定

在SPF屏障系统内,按一般方法饲养清洁级KM小鼠,采用原子吸收光谱法测定血清中5种微量元素含量,进行统计学分析。结果表明,KM小鼠血清中5种微量元素的含量顺序大小是Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu。雌雄KM小鼠之间血清中微量元素Zn、Fe、Mg含量比较,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。     

The vagus nerve is one route of transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a virus in mice

Intranasally inoculated neurotropic influenza viruses in mice infect not only the respiratory tract but also the central nervous system (CNS), mainly the brain stem. Previous studies suggested that the route of invasion of virus into the CNS was via the peripheral nervous system, especially the vagus nerve. To evaluate the transvagal transmission of the virus, we intranasally inoculated unilaterally vagectomized mice with a virulent influenza virus (strain 24a5b) and examined the distribution of the viral protein and genome by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization over time. An asymmetric distribution of viral antigens was observed between vagal (nodose) ganglia: viral antigen was detected in the vagal ganglion of the vagectomized side 2 days later than in the vagal ganglion of the intact side. The virus was apparently transported from the respiratory mucosa to the CNS directly and decussately via the vagus nerve and centrifugally to the vagal ganglion of the vagectomized side. The results of this study, thus, demonstrate that neurotropic influenza virus travels to the CNS mainly via the vagus nerve.     

Dose-dependent in vivo effect of Rhodiola and Echinacea on the mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in mice

Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Echinacea angustifolia (EA) are ones of the most important world's herbs with immunotropic activity. They were traditional medicinal plants used by North American Indians for the treatment of various illnesses. Now they are cultivated in many countries and are used mainly to treat respiratory tract infections. Rhodiola rosea (RR) and Rhodiola quadrifida (RQ) are medicinal plants originated from Asia and used traditionally as adaptogens, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported, that extracts of underground parts of RR and RQ exhibited immunotropic activity. We have demonstrated in pigs that in vitro RR or RQ supplementation of blood lymphocyte cultures stimulated T cell proliferative response to Con A in lower, and inhibited it in higher Rhodiola extract concentrations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo effect of these herbal remedies on the in vitro proliferative response of mouse splenic lymphocytes to another T-cell mitogen- Phaseolus vulgaris haemagglutinin (PHA). We have found significant stimulation of proliferative response, in comparison to the controls, in mice fed lower doses of tested remedies, and inhibition, no effect or lower stimulation, in mice fed higher doses of these drugs.     

Rapid identification of Ochroconis gallopava by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method

Ochroconis gallopava is a species of dematiaceous fungi recognized as a causative agent of zoonotic and emerging fungal infections. It affects the central nervous system and respiratory tracts of humans, birds and cats. We designed O. gallopava species-specific primer sets to aid in its identification by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method based on the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rDNA sequence. The LAMP method successfully detected the gene from both fungal DNA and experimentally infected brains and spleens of mice and will be helpful in the diagnosis of O. gallopava infection.     

Effects of social isolation,re‐socialization and age on cognitive and aggressive behaviors of Kunming mice and BALB/c mice

Both Kunming (KM) mice and BALB/c mice have been widely used as rodent models to investigate stress‐associated mental diseases. However, little is known about the different behaviors of KM mice and BALB/c mice after social isolation, particularly cognitive and aggressive behaviors. In this study, the behaviors of KM and BALB/c mice isolated for 2, 4 and 8 weeks and age‐matched controls were evaluated using object recognition, object location and resident‐intruder tests. The recovery of behavioral deficits by re‐socialization was also examined for the isolated mice in adolescence. Our study showed that isolation for 2, 4 and 8 weeks led to cognitive deficits and increased aggressiveness for both KM and BALB/c mice. An important finding is that re‐socialization could completely recover spatial/non‐spatial cognitive deficits resulted from social isolation for both KM and BALB/c mice. In addition, age only impacted aggressiveness of KM mice. Moreover, isolation duration showed different impacts on cognitive and aggressive behaviors for both KM and BALB/c mice. Furthermore, BALB/c mice showed weak spatial/non‐spatial memory and low aggressiveness when they were at the same age and isolation duration, compared to KM mice. In conclusion, KM mice and BALB/c mice behaved characteristically under physiology and isolation conditions.