MgAl-LDHs磁性颗粒对镉污染农田土壤的减量修复研究

本研究以不同巯基改性的镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(MgAl-LDHs)为原材料制备了四种毫米级磁性颗粒修复材料,并开展了对土壤中镉(Cd)去除效果的对比试验,考察MgAl-LDHs磁性颗粒修复材料的投加量和作用时间对Cd去除效果的影响,探讨了修复材料对三种实际污染农田土壤(Cd总量在0.73~0.86 mg/kg之间)中Cd的去除效果与机制。结果表明,以泰克莱尔MgAl-LDHs为原材料制得磁粒MgAl-LDHs-C对Cd的去除效果最好。确定磁粒MgAl-LDHs-C与土壤的最佳投加质量比为1:10,最适作用时间为3 h,在此条件下,浙江台州土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量由0.56 mg/kg下降至0.30 mg/kg；控制m(土):V(液)为1:2,反应温度为25 ℃,振荡频率为180 r/min,按照最优选投加量和作用时间分别向江苏太仓、甘肃白银和浙江台州污染农田土壤中施用MgAl-LDHs-C,三种土壤中Cd总量去除率分别达到26.0%、23.8%和34.7%。对土壤Cd的形态分析结果表明,MgAl-LDHs-C可以显著降低土壤可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态Cd的含量。本研究所制备的MgAl-LDHs-C材料具有良好的土壤Cd去除能力,可为Cd污染农田土壤的减量修复提供科学依据。     

高镉累积水稻对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究高镉累积水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香对镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过大田小区试验,测定6个不同生育期(返青、分蘖、孕穗、齐穗、蜡熟、完熟)5个部位(根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上和谷)稻草的镉含量,开展高镉累积水稻镉累积规律、移除时间和移除高度研究。结果表明,水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香各部位镉含量随生育期的延长而增加,孕穗期增幅最大,完熟期达到最大值,在同一时期不同部位镉含量分布随株高呈递减趋势;完熟期,水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香的根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上部分和谷中镉含量分别为19.3、11.8、9.4、8.1和3.9mg/kg与19.5、16.3、14.3、9.7和3.7 mg/kg,其对应的镉富集系数均大于1,对镉表现出高积累特性;稻草镉的移除含量在全育期均表现从大到小依次为整株收割、地上部全收割、离地10 cm收割、离地20 cm收割,完熟期整株移除情况下,扬稻6号稻草镉累积移除含量达1 652.11μg/株,玉珍香稻草镉累积移除含量达1 547.70μg/株;一年种植一季水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香,整株移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为9.1%和8.5%,地上部全移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为7.2%和7.1%。因此为兼顾水稻移除修复效果和可操作性,建议稻草在完熟后按地上部全收割的方式移除。研究结果可为镉污染稻田的植物修复治理提供新的思路。     

2种菌联合修复农田土壤镉污染的研究

采用盆栽试验,运用BCR四步法、火焰原子吸收法和稀释涂布平板法等方法,研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudanonas palustris)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)联合作用对修复农田土壤重金属镉污染盆栽种植小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis Makino)的效果及安全性,旨在探讨降低土壤镉生物有效性的有效途径,为新型生物菌肥研究提供理论依据。结果表明,沼泽红假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌单独作用以及联合作用均能使农田土壤中镉的固定态增加,降低农田土壤中镉的生物有效性,联合菌处理组镉的生物有效性降低最显著,为32.70%,均对农田土壤中微生物各生理类群数量有显著性影响(P0.05),其中,细菌的数量达到10~5 CFU/g;均显著降低了小白菜根、茎中镉含量,联合菌处理组根、茎中镉的去除率分别达到58.06%～71.37%和73.66%～76.70%;均增加了小白菜株高、茎鲜重、叶绿素a、b的含量和叶绿素a/b的比值,联合菌处理组小白菜的生物量增加18.13%～69.55%。研究结果说明,沼泽红假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌联合作用,对农田土壤镉污染的修复效果显著,且促进了小白菜的生长,具有修复农田土壤重金属污染的潜力。     

重金属污染农田土壤的稳定化修复技术及其修复实践研究

以中国知网及Web of Science 数据库的文献资料为数据源,利用CiteSpace 文献计量工具,对2000 ~ 2021年农田土壤重金属污染修复研究领域的相关中外文文献从发文量、发文国家及作者、关键词等进行分析,以此探讨国内外该领域研究现状及未来发展驱势。结果表明,农田土壤重金属污染修复研究文献数量呈快速增长态势,中国、美国、韩国等是外文文献发文量较多的国家;中国科研机构在外文文献发文数量上所占比重最大,表明我国在该领域对国际学术的影响力较大;从关键词出现频次分析可知,当前该领域主要研究内容是土壤镉、铅等多种金属的复合污染的累积特征及重金属复合污染的修复,而植物修复技术在农田土壤重金属污染修复研究中的应用是当前该领域研究热点;未来土壤重金属污染修复领域的主要研究方向为物理、化学联合生物等多种修复技术组成的综合修复体系。

     

中国农田土壤重金属污染与其植物修复研究

通过对我国部分城市农田土壤及农作物重金属污染状况的调查,分析了我国农田土壤重金属污染的特点以及污染的来源,最后介绍了重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术以及该技术的优点和局限性.     

膨润土对轻度镉污染土壤钝化修复效应研究

通过盆栽和大田小区试验,研究了膨润土对Cd污染土壤修复效应。结果表明,盆栽和大田条件下施用膨润土后土壤Cd交换态含量分别较对照降低了41.3%~86.1%和7.9%~24.6%,铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)和残渣态(RES)Cd含量则有所上升。水稻各部分Cd含量总体上随膨润土投加量的增加而降低,与对照相比,盆栽条件下根、茎、叶、糙米中Cd含量最大降幅分别达到46.0%、49.8%、54.2%和71.8%,大田小区条件下水稻各部分Cd含量最大降幅分别达到35.3%、48.8%、36.0%和40.9%。投加不同浓度膨润土后,水稻幼苗叶片SOD酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量在一定程度上有所促进,而POD酶活性和MDA含量则表现为明显的抑制效应(P0.05)。在盆栽和大田实验中,施用膨润土显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),与之相反,在盆栽实验中,土壤Cd蔗糖酶活性较对照处理显著降低(P0.05),降幅达44.3%~52.3%,而大田条件下各处理间差异不显著(P0.05);脲酶活性随膨润土施加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。     

农田土壤重金属污染的危害及修复技术

随着我国经济发展水平的显著提升,农田土壤重金属污染问题逐渐加重,不仅降低了农作物的生产质量及产量,还危及人们的身体健康,因此合理处理农田土壤重金属污染成为当前社会发展的首要任务.为确保农田土壤重金属污染能够得到有效治理,在农田土壤重金属污染处理时,应该因地制宜,结合污染的程度及来源,针对性地选择物理修复技术、化学修复技...     

土壤有机质对镉污染土壤修复的影响

镉是生物非必需具生物毒性元素,有机质作为修复镉污染土壤的重要改良剂之一而备受关注。土壤有机质通过对土壤理化性质、对镉的吸附-解析、络合作用、生物有效性作用影响镉污染土壤修复效果。主要阐述了土壤有机质对镉污染土壤修复的影响作用机制,探讨了有机质的适用条件、影响因子,分析了工程应用过程存在的问题,以期为重金属污染土壤修复技术研究提供新的思路。     

植物修复镉污染土壤的差异性研究

以茶花凤仙和百日草为供试植物,对不同镉浓度条件下两种植物的生物量、镉含量及其对镉的吸收、富集状况进行了研究.结果表明,不同程度镉浓度处理的土壤中生长的茶花凤仙和百日草对镉的吸收和富集特性不同,生物量随土壤镉浓度的升高而升高,但达到一定浓度时,生物量又随土壤镉浓度的升高而降低.茶花凤仙在低浓度区域,富集镉的能力要强于百日草,但是在高浓度区域时,茶花凤仙富集镉的效果却低于百日草的富集效果.本试验中所选的两种植物,百日草和茶花凤仙均没有达到超积累植物要求的标准.     

Remediation of Cadmium Pollution in Soils by Different Amendments: A Column Study

Abstract

A column study was conducted to determine the effect of city compost, lime, gypsum, and phosphate on cadmium (Cd) mobility in three well‐recognized benchmark soils of India [viz., (Islamnagar) Vertisol, (Amarpur) Inceptisol, and (Khala) Alfisol]. Columns made of PVC were filled with soil treated with different treatment doses [viz., 0.5% city compost, 1% city compost, 2% city compost, 2.5 t lime/ha, 5 t lime/ha, 2.5 t lime/ha+0.5% city compost, 2.5 t gypsum/ha, 2.5 t gypsum/ha+0.5% city compost, and 100 kg P₂O₅/ha as potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). The columns were leached with 100 mg L^?1 Cd under saturated condition. The amount of water moving through the soils was measured as the pore volume. A delayed breakthrough curve (BTC) of Cd in the presence of lime has been observed in all the studied benchmark soil series. Among the treatments, lime application reduced the movement of Cd from surface soil to lower depth of soil to a large extent resulted in 9, 25, and 45% more retention of Cd in surface soil of the Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series respectively. Explanation for reduced Cd mobility in limed soil can be derived from pH changes of soils. In comparison to control soil, phosphate application caused 6, 21, and 30% more retention of Cd in surface soil in the Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series, respectively. Combined application of lime and city compost reduced the movement of Cd in the soil profile. It appears that organic matter controls the sorption of Cd in soils. The amount of Cd sorbed increased with increasing organic carbon content, but gypsum application may leach Cd beyond the root‐zone depth. A rapid breakthrough curve was observed under gypsum‐treated soils. Retardation factor revealed that a somewhat lower degree of Cd retention occurred in the Khala series, which might possibly be attributed to less clay content and low pH. Overall, the column study indicated that total Cd accumulation occurred up to depths of 5–7.5 cm, 7.5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm in soils of Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series, respectively.     

土壤-小麦体系的镉积累特征及影响因素

选取我国主要农作区的33个典型土壤，开展了两个常规小麦品种(蓉麦4号(RM4)和山农22号(SN22))的盆栽试验，研究了土壤–小麦体系内Cd的积累特征，并探究了相关土壤主控因子。结果表明：RM4和SN22两个品种小麦籽粒Cd含量分别为0.21(0.040～0.99)mg/kg和0.18(0.037～0.70)mg/kg，据GB 2762—2017,Cd超标率分别为75.6%和69.7%；小麦籽粒Cd的生物富集系数(BCF)分别为0.92(0.24～2.55)和0.81(0.16～1.67)，均表现出较强的Cd富集能力。多元逐步回归和广义Boosted模型分析发现，土壤全Cd和pH是影响小麦籽粒Cd吸收的主控因子，分别解释33个土壤中变量的81.3%和80.5%。     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: I. Extractable Cadmium in Newly and Long-Term Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Effects of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers on extractable soil Cd in relation to its concentrations in plants were investigated. “Paired” soil samples were collected from newly and long-term cultivated fields and analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. Plant samples were also collected and analyzed for Cd. Significant differences in extractable Cd by all the extractants except NH₄NO₃ were observed between the newly and long-term cultivated soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were not increased by the elevated extractable Cd. Although significant relationships were observed between plant Cd and extractable soil Cd, none of the extractants used alone gave a good assessment of plant-available Cd for all the samples used in this study.     

沘江流域耕地土壤重金属分布及生态风险评价

地处兰坪铅锌矿下游的沘江流域土壤重金属污染问题倍受关注。本文在沘江流域采集了35个耕地土壤样品,分析测定了砷、铜、锌、镉、铅、汞6种重金属污染物累积量,并应用内梅罗综合污染指数法及Hacanson潜在生态风险指数法,对耕地土壤污染状况及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)沘江流域沿岸耕地重金属铅、锌、镉累积量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为1 146.97、579.15、4.85 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;砷的累积量也较大,均值为26.85 mg·kg~(-1);铜、汞累积量较小,污染程度轻;(2)地统计分析结果表明,兰坪周边流域是土壤重金属砷、锌、铅、镉污染的一个主要点源污染源,而铜、汞污染没有显著点源污染源,均来自不同面源污染;(3)流域内梅罗指数均值为17.69(远大于3),存在极其严重重金属污染,同时综合潜在生态风险指数均值为773.38,有很强潜在生态风险。污染物贡献表现为镉铅锌砷汞铜;(4)沘江流域耕地土壤总体表现为水田重金属污染略高于旱地。     

Organic and Inorganic Amendments Affect Soil Concentration and Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Wheat in Calcareous Alkaline Soils

Irrigation with untreated effluent in periurban agriculture could result in accumulation and bioconcentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Different amendments were used to investigate their effect on availability, concentration, and uptake of metals by wheat in texturally different soils. Crop was irrigated with water containing Cd and Pb at 20 mg L^?1, thereby adding 260 mg pot^?1 of each metal. Amendments included calcium carbonate at 6 or 12%, gypsum at 50 or 100% of the soil gypsum requirement, farm manure at 7.50 or 15.00 g kg^?1 soil, and a control. Amendments decreased ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)–extractable Cd and Pb concentrations and uptake by wheat. Dry matter, concentration, uptake, and extractability of Cd and Pb were greater in sandy loam soil compared with those in sandy clay loam soil irrespective of amendments. Sequential extraction showed that more metals were extracted from the control in all fractions and that predominantly metals were found in the carbonate fraction.     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: II. Factors Related to the Extractability and Plant Uptake of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Eighty four soil samples collected from southeastern Norway were analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. The total Cd, pH, exchangeable K and Ca, dithionite-extractable Mn, available P and fine sand (0.2–0.02 mm) contents were the principal factors related to the extractable Cd, with some inter-extractant variations. Cadmium extracted by NH₄NO₃, NH₄OAc, HCl and CaCl₂ decreased with increasing soil pH, but the Cd extracted by all the extractants increased with increasing total Cd, exchangeable K and Ca, available P, and Mn-oxide contents in the soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were significantly related to the extractable Cd, exchangeable Ca and Mg, pH, Mn-oxides and organic matter content.     

Differential Sorption Behavior of Cadmium,Lead, Zinc,and Copper in Some Tropical Soils and Their Environmental Implications

This study evaluated cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) sorption characteristics of three tropical soils. Data obtained conformed to Freundlich sorption model and the S-shaped isotherm curve. Sorption efficiency of Zn and Pb were highest in alkaline soil while slightly acid soil had the highest Cd and Cu sorption efficiency for monometal sorption. In competitive sorption, metals were more sorbed in slightly acid soil while the least efficiency was recorded in acid soil. Distribution coefficient; K_d (average across soil types) in monometal sorption followed the order: Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu. For competitive sorption, the order was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. When in competition, Cd was preferentially sorbed in slightly acid and alkaline soils and Zn for acid soil. Conclusively, lead is more in equilibrium solution when in competition with Cd, Zn and Cu making it potential agent of soil and groundwater pollution.     

中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策

随着农药长期大量的施用,农药残留及其污染问题日益严重。因此,针对我国农业生产中涉及的三类主要农药除草剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的施用情况及其农田土壤中残留特征进行了阐述,对农田土壤因农药残留造成的作物抗性危害、生态环境风险以及人类健康潜在风险等进行了分析,并对农药污染农田土壤的微生物修复、植物修复以及菌根修复的研究状况进行了介绍,在此基础上提出了农田土壤农药污染综合治理的防控对策。     

中国盐渍土研究：历程、现状与展望

盐渍土研究是以盐渍土和盐渍生境作为主要研究对象，以盐渍土和盐渍化的发生与演变过程、环境要素和人类活动对盐渍化的影响与作用机制、盐渍土的治理、改良和利用的理论与技术为主体的研究领域。我国盐渍土面积巨大、种类繁多，盐渍化问题突出，对农业生产和生态环境造成不同程度的影响。我国科学家提出的盐渍土“水盐调控”“水盐平衡”，“淡化肥沃层”和“障碍消减”等理论与技术方法，为发展农业生产、提高土地产能、保障粮食安全、拓展耕地资源等发挥了积极作用。近期我国在土壤盐渍化演变过程的监测与多源数据融合、土壤水盐运移过程模拟与尺度转换、盐渍农田养分循环与减损增效、盐渍障碍的生态消减、盐渍障碍微生物修复、盐渍农田灌排优化管理与边际水安全利用等方面取得了积极的进展和成果。建议今后深入开展盐渍土精准控盐的高效和安全用水、土壤盐渍障碍的绿色消减与健康保育、盐渍农田养分库容扩增与增碳减排、土壤盐渍化与区域生态的耦合响应和协同适应等方面的理论与技术研究。应面向农业、资源、生态、环境等领域和行业，致力于拓展理论和新技术的研究，为国家农业升级、粮食安全、耕地保护、生态安全、高质量发展发挥重要作用。本文回顾了我国盐渍土研究工作的...