玉米新月弯孢叶斑病研究进展

 玉米弯孢叶斑病是一种世界性玉米病害,也是中国玉米产区的主要病害之一。20多年来,国内外在该病害发生规律、致病性分化与诱导抗性机理、生物防治技术等方面开展了深入研究。本文主要就该病害优势致病菌新月弯孢菌 [Curvularia lunata (Wakker)Boedijn]的生物学特性、致病因子与生理分化机理、毒素结构鉴定、毒素合成与调控、诱导抗病性分子机理等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期对玉米弯孢叶斑病防控技术的创新提供参考。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病研究现状、问题与展望

玉米弯孢叶斑病[Curvularia lunata(Wakker)Boed]是我国近几年玉米上发生的一种重要病害,对玉米高产稳产构成严重威胁。本文介绍了玉米弯孢叶斑病病原、发生规律、危害损失、抗病机制以及防治技术等主要研究进展及其存在问题。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌生理分化及鉴定技术

 从我国20余个主栽玉米品种和20个骨干自交系中筛选出沈135、78599-1、Mo17、477、C8605、E28、7922和黄早4等8个自交系,作为鉴别寄主来研究弯孢叶斑病菌的生理分化。研究表明,弯孢叶斑病菌[Curvularia lunata(Wakker) Boed.]在温室进行的苗期鉴定与田间成株期鉴定的生理分化结果一致。苗期鉴定具有操作简单、鉴定环境条件易控制等特点。通过8个鉴别寄主将采自我国玉米产区的20株弯孢叶斑病菌分为6个致病类型,其中类型A致病性强、分布广,为优势致病类群;类型D主要分布在我国零星发生的地区,为弱致病类群。同时研究了影响病菌生理分化鉴定的主要环境因子,其中湿度、温度和植株营养状况对病菌生理分化鉴定结果有明显影响。本研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、弯孢菌叶斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

四川部分地区发生玉米弯孢菌叶斑病

20世纪 80年代末、90年代初 ,我国华北和东北主要玉米产区 ,普遍发生一种玉米新病害弯孢菌叶斑病 ,造成玉米损失 10 %～ 30 % ,引起植保部门、玉米育种单位和种子部门的高度重视。近年本所在进行玉米抗病性鉴定同时 ,调查了该病在四川省的发生情况。1　弯孢菌叶斑病在四川省的发展趋势1999年 7月全国玉米综防攻关专题组考察西南片区时 ,在雅安市草坝镇的川单 15号品种上发现拟似弯孢菌叶斑病病叶 ,经分离鉴定为玉米弯菌菌[Ｃｕｒｖｕｌａｒｉａｌｕｍａｔａ (Ｗａｋｋｅｒ)Ｂｏｅｄｉｊｎ],沈阳农业大学对此病样的分离结果 ,也证实为弯孢菌…     

酶联免疫技术检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的研究

本文通过提取玉米弯孢菌叶斑病病原菌蛋白质，免疫家兔制备抗血清，用不等弯孢菌、玉米小斑病菌，玉米圆斑病菌和玉米大斑病菌（与弯孢菌相似或相近）蛋白吸附除去抗血清中的交叉反应抗体，提高了抗体的特异性，建立了酶联免疫检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的技术，应用ABC-ELISA和间接ELISA检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病，比较了两种方法的灵敏性和特异性。结果显示ABC-ELISA较间接ELISA检测灵敏度高2到5倍。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌生理分化和分子生物学研究

 本论文采用同工酶电泳技术、鉴别寄主鉴定技术、基因组随机多态性扩增技术(RAPD)及人工诱变,从寄主一病原互作角度研究了玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的遗传、变异与致病性分化,明确了该病菌存在致病性分化和生理分化,并从遗传物质DNA水平证实病菌致病性分化并非是表型差异,而是一种基因的分化,具有较稳定的遗传基础。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度模型

 根据植物病害流行学原理,采用人工接种方法,在田间造成玉米弯孢菌叶斑病不同的发病梯度,分析连续2年玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播动态。利用SPSS统计软件构建了此病害的传播梯度模型,结果表明指数模型是沈阳地区玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度的最佳模型。接种2个月,掖单13玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度最佳模型是x=9.606×EXP (-0.2829×d),海试16最佳模型是x=7.154×EXP (-0.2351×d)(x:病情指数,d:距菌源中心的距离)。预测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在2个月最远传播距离为28 m;传播速度为0.4~0.5 m/d。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的识别与防治

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病是近年来在北京、河北、河南、山东、辽宁、吉林、陕西等北方玉米产区新发生的重要病害之一。该病发生蔓延快,危害严重,一般减产10％～30％,个别严重地块可达60％以上,对玉米     

玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)的RAPD分析

 对分离自玉米弯孢菌叶斑病标样中的77株新月弯孢菌和1株来自水稻的新月弯孢菌进行RAPD分析表明,菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,在相似系数约0.60处,所有菌株被聚为3个组,但88.0%的菌株聚入第Ⅰ组内,其余菌株被聚入另外2个组内。第Ⅰ组内共有69个菌株,包含来自不同区域的致病性较强的菌株,是玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的优势类群,其余2个类群主要是一些致病能力较弱或不致病的菌株。结果表明,新月弯孢菌种内菌株的遗传多样性与致病性相关,但与菌株地理来源无明显的直接关系。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌毒素稳定性的研究

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌在Fries培养基上培养20 d左右,菌丝大量生长并紧密交织成团时病原菌即可产生大量毒素。毒素粗提液经高温处理仍具有生物活性,甚至略有增强。该毒素经低温处理后,可保存30 d以上而不失活。经验证毒素原液中的活性成分经光处理10 h不失活,对光具有良好的稳定性。     

外引玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性鉴定与评价

2012-2013年,应用田间人工接种的方法对引进的165份国外玉米种质进行了玉米大斑病、灰斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病等3种病害同步抗性鉴定与评价,结果表明:引进的国外玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性表现均存在差异,表现抗病的种质较少,大部分种质表现感病或高度感病;抗性种质均以中抗为主,表明国外玉米种质对3种叶斑病的抗病能力较低。筛选出一批单抗性种质和兼抗2种或3种叶斑病的多抗性种质37份,为抗病育种提供了重要基础材料。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病研究

 玉米弯孢菌叶斑病是近年来北京、河北、河南、山东、辽宁、吉林等北方玉米产区新发生的重要病害之一。其主要病原菌为弯孢菌Curvularia lunata(Walk) Boed.,局部地区同时存在Curvularia inaequalis(Shear) Boed.,但以前者为主要。弯孢菌C.lunata生长适温为28~32℃,对pH适应范围广。玉米叶片浸汁可以促进分生孢子的萌发和芽管的生长。干燥条件下,病原菌在植株病残体上可以安全越冬,成为次年田间的初侵染源。病菌分生孢子形态为多态型,但单孢分离后代仍保持孢子的多态型,致病性无变化。病菌不同菌株间致病力有差异,强致病力菌株存在于北京及周边地区。人工接种鉴定120份玉米品种(组合)、自交系,材料间存在明显的抗性差异,抗性较好材料有农大108、中玉5号、高油115等及自交系CN95、CN165等。品种抗病性随植株生长而递减。苗期抗性较好,13叶期极为感病,因此弯孢菌叶斑病属于成株期病害。     

玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: defining constraints and opportunities through a 7‐year field study

Plant diversity can have a profound impact on disease dynamics, with important applications for enhancing sustainability. Disease is often reduced by intercropping, but variability can be high. This study investigated integration of several management approaches to stabilize this variability for early leaf spot (ELS) and late leaf spot (LLS) of groundnut, over seven seasons in three phases. In phase 1, monocrops and alternating row and strip intercrops with maize were artificially inoculated with ELS in an area with little groundnut production. Reductions in AUDPC of 37–73% in strip treatments compared to monocrops prompted testing of the efficacy of intercropping in intensive production areas for phases 2 and 3. Additional treatments included cotton strip intercrops, and integration of intercropping with reduced fungicide treatments and partial resistance to leaf spots. In phase 2, the use of cotton strip intercrops lowered natural ELS epidemics by 25–41% (AUDPC) through delayed disease onset, but maize had inconsistent effects. Intercropping was not effective against LLS, which dominated in phase 3. Reduced fungicide regimes and partial resistance lowered disease, and in one case interacted with intercropping to enhance disease suppression. Groundnut yields generally were inversely proportional to disease levels and not significantly reduced by intercropping. Separate studies to determine maize impacts on ELS infection implicated disruption of dispersal as the mechanism of disease reduction. This work demonstrates that intercropping may be most effective where low levels of ELS are present, using strip patterns with cotton, and combined with other tools such as resistance and reduced fungicide application.     

Nonpathogenic Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and Benzothiadiazole Protect Cotton Seedlings Against Rhizoctonia Damping-Off and Alternaria Leaf Spot in Cotton

ABSTRACT Recent reports have shown induction of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot using nonpathogenic strains of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (np-BNR). This study evaluates the biocontrol ability of several np-BNR isolates against root and foliar diseases of cotton in greenhouse trials, provides evidence for induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a mechanism in this biocontrol, and compares the disease control provided by np-BNR with that provided by the chemical inducer benzothiadiazole (BTH). Pretreatment of cotton seedlings with np-BNR isolates provided good protection against pre- and post-emergence damping-off caused by a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4). Seedling stand of protected cotton was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of nonprotected seedlings. Several np-BNR isolates significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of BTH and np-BNR provided significant protection against seedling rot and leaf spot in cotton; however, the degree of disease reduction was comparable to that obtained with np-BNR treatment alone. Significant reduction in leaf spot symptoms caused by Alternaria macrospora occurred on cotyledons pretreated with np-BNR or sprayed with BTH, and the np- BNR-treated seedlings had significantly less leaf spot than BTH-treated seedlings. The results demonstrate that np-BNR isolates can protect cotton from infections caused by both root and leaf pathogens and that disease control was superior to that observed with a chemical inducer.     

Fungicide responses of maize hybrids to grey leaf spot

Grey leaf spot disease of maize (Cercospora zeaemaydis) has seriously decreased grain yields in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and has spread to infect maize in neighbouring provinces. No commercial hybrids, resistant to the disease have so far been identified, and fungicides have been shown to reduce disease severity. The response of sixty-four commercial hybrids to grey leaf spot under fungicide treatment were studied over two seasons. Overall, fungicides reduced disease severity and linear regression of gain in yield against disease severity enables the identification of hybrids with optimum responses to fungicides. Under low disease levels hybrids responded less to fungicides than under high disease levels. The most susceptible hybrids had the highest responses in control of leaf-blighting and gain in yield. Hybrids with lower-than-predicted leaf-blighting also had lower-than-predicted yield responses, indicating these to be less susceptible to grey leaf spot. These less susceptible hybrids are likely to require fewer fungicide treatments than more susceptible hybrids and are at lesser risk of serious yield losses.Abbreviations GLS grey leaf spot - AUDPC area under disease progress curve     

新化合物吡唑并嘧啶衍生物(BDO-1)和哒嗪酮衍生物(PDZ-1)的诱导抗病性研究

吡唑并嘧啶衍生物 ((E)-N-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯乙烯基)-1-甲基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4-胺,简称BDO-1) 和哒嗪酮衍生物 (4-羟基-1-(4-甲氧基苯基)-6-氧代-1,6-二氢吡嗪-3-甲酸甲酯,简称PDZ-1) 是由华东理工大学创制并合成的新化合物,本研究分别测定了其离体抑菌活性及其诱导抗病活性,并对田间应用技术进行了研究。结果表明:离体抑菌试验结果显示,BDO-1和PDZ-1对供试黄瓜的尖孢镰孢菌和多主棒孢菌并无杀菌活性;温室盆栽试验发现,2个化合物对7种蔬菜病害具有明显的诱导抗病活性,其中:BDO-1在10 mg/L下对黄瓜细菌性角斑病、黄瓜棒孢叶斑病、黄瓜枯萎病、黄瓜霜霉病、番茄早疫病、番茄灰叶斑和辣椒疫病的防治效果分别为58.81%、61.79%、69.88%、64.14%,54.42%、54.85%和63.59%;PDZ-1在10 mg/L下对黄瓜细菌性角斑病和黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的防治效果分别为62.33%和59.15%。田间防治效果验证结果表明,BDO-1和PDZ-1对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为62.95 %和48.45%。研究发现,BDO-1和PDZ-1在质量浓度为10 mg/L、诱导5次、每次间隔5d的条件下施用,对黄瓜枯萎病和棒孢叶斑病可发挥最佳防治效果。