零上低温对咖啡幼苗的影响

用2℃、5℃和8℃分别对中、小粒种咖啡幼苗处理4～5天,结果表明,随着低温强度的增强与处理时间的延续,叶片含水量、Vc含量和超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性不断下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量、电导率和钾离子外渗量却逐渐增加,与此同时,呈现幼苗叶片受害面积不断扩大,受害程度相应加重。以上述生理生化指标为依据,比较不同品种对零上低温的反应,反映了中粒种咖啡幼苗对低温比小粒种咖啡幼苗更为敏感。当不同低温处理后回到室温下半个月,观察其生长情况,发现5℃连续处理4天,中粒种咖啡幼苗整株干枯直至死亡,2℃连续处理3天,小粒种咖啡幼苗致死。     

低温弱光对西瓜幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以西瓜品种“早佳8424”为试材，研究低温[12 ℃/10 ℃, 300 μmol/(m2·s)]，以及低温弱光[12 ℃/10 ℃, 100 μmol/(m2·s)]胁迫对西瓜幼苗叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果结果表明：低温、低温弱光胁迫均降低了西瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)，增加了胞间CO2浓度（Ci）。低温、低温弱光致使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增加后降低，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则持续下降，丙二醛(MDA)含量持续增加。与低温相比，低温弱光处理下的西瓜幼苗Pn、Gs下降幅度更大，Ci的增幅更明显；与此不同，Fv/Fm和CAT活性在低温弱光处理后下降幅度相对较小，SOD、POD活性和MDA含量也呈现出较小增幅。低温、低温弱光胁迫抑制了西瓜幼苗的光合作用并诱导了抗氧化酶活性增强以清除体内氧自由基。随着胁迫时间的延长，抗氧化酶合成受到抑制，过剩的活性氧自由基造成细胞膜脂过氧化伤害，并最终破坏细胞膜系统。低温下的弱光能减轻幼苗的光抑制作用，同时也能缓解细胞产生的过氧化损伤，对降低细胞膜系统伤害有明显作用。     

铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响

为了阐明黑麦对铝毒害的抵御机理,研究了铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响。结果表明,在铝胁迫条件下,黑麦幼苗根伸长生长受到抑制,且随A l3 浓度的增加,抑制程度加重;根尖和叶片的超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(M DA)含量均随A l3 浓度的增加呈现先增后降的趋势;根和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量增加,有助于将活性氧控制在一定浓度范围内,可有效地避免活性氧伤害。     

磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同浓度磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、叶片和根系中脂质过氧化特性及其抗氧化酶活性的变化。研究表明,盐胁迫下,增施磷可明显缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,各器官含水量增加,改善植株体内的水分代谢状况。随磷含量增加,玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性逐渐降低,叶绿素含量增加,叶片和根系中SOD、CAT和POD活性明显增加,以1 mmol/L磷处理酶活性最高;0.25 mmol/L磷处理叶片和根系中MDA的含量显著增加,且根系的增幅大于叶片。磷可通过提高盐胁迫下玉米幼苗植株体内抗氧化酶活性、降低膜脂过氧化水平,缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗伤害,从而增强对盐胁迫的适应性。     

酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的化感效应

通过采用不同浓度的酢浆草植株水浸提液处理萝卜和生菜种子与幼苗,测定其对不同受体材料种子发芽、幼苗生长和植株保护酶系统的影响,探讨酢浆草植株水浸提液对部分模式蔬菜植物的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：酢浆草植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出较为明显的化感抑制。酢浆草植株水浸提液处理后,萝卜和生菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长均被抑制,抑制程度随处理浓度增加而增强,对胚根的抑制强度大于胚轴。酢浆草植株水浸提液对幼苗各种保护酶活性的影响表现出不同的变化规律,POD和CAT的活性均随处理浓度的增加     

NaCl胁迫对“富农1号”玉米品种幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl(30、60、90、120、150、180 mmol/L)对富农1号玉米种子进行盐胁迫处理,测定其幼苗生长及生理指标的变化。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加,玉米幼苗的苗高、根长和根冠比都明显下降,当NaCl浓度增加到180 mmol/L时,幼苗基本枯死。幼苗叶片中脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量随NaCl浓度的增加而上升,且高浓度下上升幅度大于低浓度,60～90 mmol/L NaCl浓度是该玉米品种的耐盐临界点。     

激素蘸根对棉花裸苗移栽后的生理影响

为解决陆地棉裸苗移栽易死苗,缓苗期长的问题。试验以百棉1号为材料,采用不同激素的不同浓度蘸根处理,研究缓苗成活期的棉苗成活率、叶片的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。结果显示:IBA、IAA和NAA的处理明显提高棉苗的成活率。5种激素处理均可以提高叶片的叶绿素b的含量,叶绿素a/b值在0.1～1.0 mg/L之间,且随激素处理浓度增大而减小;IBA、NAA、IAA三种激素蘸根能明显增加叶片SOD酶活性;IBA、GA、KT适宜浓度增加POD酶活性效果较好;适宜量GA和NAA处理可以引起CAT酶活性显著性上升。激素蘸根可以影响棉花裸苗移栽的成活率及其幼苗叶片的抗氧保护酶活性,适宜的激素浓度酶活性高,不同激素对不同酶活性影响效果不同。     

玉米大斑病菌HT—毒素对玉米细胞膜透性和Vc氧化酶、PPO活性的影响

本文以土培盆栽玉米幼苗为试材，研究了玉米大斑病菌粗毒素和标准毒素（5—羟甲基—2—呋喃甲醛）胁迫下，玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性和叶片内Vc氧化酶、PPO活性的变化。结果表明，毒素处理12小时，玉米幼苗叶片内Vc氧化酶活性下降，PPO活性升高，而且升高和降低的程度与毒素浓度呈正相关；毒素处理24小时，两种酶活性均不同程度在恢复。试验结果还发现，HT—毒素处理玉米叶片后，细胞膜透性增大．     

NaCl胁迫下神秘果叶片的生理响应

为明确神秘果(Synsepalum dulcifcum Denill)的耐盐能力,研究其在NaCl胁迫下的适应机制并丰富果树的耐盐机理,通过盆栽试验法,以0、2‰、4‰、6‰、8‰NaCl溶液分别对幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定叶片叶绿素、渗透调节物质、抗氧化物酶、丙二醛含量及土壤实际盐度。结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下,神秘果叶片的叶绿素合成受到明显抑制;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性随浓度增加而显著升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则是先升后降,在4‰时达到最高;可溶性蛋白含量与处理浓度呈负相关;脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和对照相比有显著增加,推测脯氨酸和可溶性糖在胁迫过程中起着重要的渗透调节作用。     

氮素形态对油麦菜幼苗光合作用及其荧光特性的影响

采用水培技术,以两叶一心的油麦菜幼苗为材料,研究铵态氮和硝态氮不同配比对油麦菜幼苗叶片光合色素含量、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)不同氮素处理对油麦菜幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量均产生显著影响,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量明显增加,显著高于其他处理。(2)各处理下油麦菜幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随处理时间的增长呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_2浓度则呈下降趋势,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著高于其他处理,而胞间CO_2浓度则显著低于其他处理。(3)油麦菜幼苗叶片荧光特性呈现出较大差异,当硝态氮与铵态氮的配比为7∶3时,油麦菜幼苗叶片PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最高;由相关性分析可知,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0与叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的相关性高于叶绿素b;Fv/Fm和Fv/F0三元回归模型的决定系数均在0.9以上,准确反映出油麦菜幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数与光合色素之间的关系。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.