增施钾肥对日光温室番茄产量和品质的影响

研究了增施钾肥对日光温室番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明，在农民习惯施肥的基础上，合理增施钾肥可提高日光温室番茄的单果重和单株结果数，大幅度提高番茄产量；合理增施钾肥可显著增加农民种植番茄的纯收入；番茄的含糖量、Vc含量随钾肥的增施有升高的趋势，NO3^--N含量随钾肥的增施有降低的趋势。在增施钾肥的基础上，适当减少氮肥用量可提高番茄含糖量。在农民习惯施肥的基础上（即每公顷施45m^3鸡粪，N600kg，P205300kg，K20300kg），每公顷增施K2O 150kg比较适宜。     

施钾对加工番茄产量与品质的影响

通过2年的加工番茄钾肥用量田间试验和示范,研究加工番茄的钾肥效应。结果表明,施用钾肥可以显著增加加工番茄产量,经济效益显著;由钾肥的效应方程可以得出:推荐施钾(K2O)量为144~146 kg/hm2,N∶K2O为1∶0.8。施钾可以显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐含量,提高加工番茄果实茄红素含量,减少烂果量,同时可提高果实糖酸比、果实Vc和可溶性固形物含量,从而改善加工番茄品质。     

Zucchini growth,yield, and fruit quality in response to sodium chloride stress

Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Moschata) plants were grown in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions at Almería (Southeastern Spain) in 1994 and 1995. Sodium chloride (NaCl) added to the irrigation water at 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 g L^‐1 and complemented with a fertilizer solution. Yield was determined on number and weight (kg) of fruit per plant. The hidric content (%W) per fruit was calculated using fruit fresh and dry weights. Fruit diameter, fruit length, and fruit firmness were also measured. Electrical conductivity, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH as well as non‐structural carbohydrates concentration were determined. Zucchini yield, quality, and quantity increased as NaCl concentration was increased to 1 g L^‐1. This cultivar appears to suitable to be grown in coastal locations where soil and irrigation water contain salt concentration that limit the growth of other crops less tolerant to salinity.     

不同钾水平对温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

采用营养液砂培试验技术,研究开花期一次施用不同钾水平营养液处理对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:在番茄植株拉秧时,高浓度钾水平T1 (K+:9 mmol/L)和T2(K+:12 mmol/L)茎粗显著大于对照(K+:6 mmol/L),分别比对照增加10.03％和9.08％;在处理后第8d,T2比T1和对照的净光合速率分别增加4.58％和12.96％,且差异显著;T1单株产量最高,比对照增加4.65％;T1和T2果实Vc的含量较对照分别显著增加15.25％和14.46％,T2显著降低了果实中硝酸盐含量,T1显著增加了果实中可溶性固形物含量,T1和T2糖酸比分别比对照高9.67％和10.70％.     

外源油菜素内酯对番茄铜胁迫的缓解效应

采用营养液水培的方法,以改良毛粉802F1 番茄为材料,研究外源2,4表油菜素内酯（2,4EBR,简称EBR）对铜胁迫下番茄抗氧化酶系统及生长发育的影响。结果表明:与铜胁迫处理相比,外源EBR处理能显著激活铜胁迫下抗氧化酶系统［过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）］和根系活力,使丙二醛含量明显降低,叶绿素含量和生物量显著升高;铜胁迫显著提高了番茄铜含量（尤其是根系）,而外施EBR能够显著降低铜胁迫下番茄叶片和根系铜的含量,提高带有相同电荷的竞争性离子Fe、Zn、Mn含量,利于养分平衡,维持番茄正常的生长代谢。     

氯化钾在茶园中的增产提质效果

中国是世界产茶大国,现有茶园面积约达106万hm2,主要分布在江南红黄壤的山丘和低丘陵地区,它的生产发展对我国山区和低丘陵地区的经济发展和生态建设都有直接关系.     

钠对棉花生长和钾的吸收与转移的影响

研究表明 ,在低钾条件下 ,钠、钾配合施用增加了棉铃 (包括籽棉和棉铃壳 )的产量 ,而茎叶重量则没有增加。施钠增加了茎叶中的钠含量 ,它促进了钾向棉铃等生殖器转移与积累 ,有利于棉铃中纤维的合成和棉籽的形成 ,使棉铃的干物重增加 ,即增加了籽棉的产量。因此 ,在低钾条件下 ,施钠可以部分起到代替钾的作用。     

Effect of potassium on uptake and translocation of sodium and potassium in Chinese cabbage under NaCl stress

To investigate the influence of potassium (K⁺) on the salinity tolerance of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) seedlings, the plants were cultured at three K⁺ levels (0, 5, or 10?mM), under normal (0?mM NaCl) and high-salt (100?mM NaCl) conditions. The results indicated that the dry weight of Chinese cabbage increased with the application of K⁺ under salt stress. Addition of K⁺ increased K⁺ concentrations and suppressed sodium (Na⁺) concentration, which eventually increased the K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in roots or shoots. Application of K⁺ enhanced the uptake of K⁺ and suppressed the uptake of Na⁺. Moreover, the ratios of shoot-K⁺/root-K⁺ increased considerably, but the ratios of shoot-Na⁺/root-Na⁺ decreased in response to K⁺ application. It was concluded that the application of K⁺ could enhance the salt stress tolerance in Chinese cabbage because more K⁺ than Na⁺ was absorbed and translocated from roots to shoots.     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

基质栽培番茄营养液中氮、钾最佳浓度研究

【目的】合理的氮、钾养分供给是提高番茄生长及果实品质的重要措施,本文研究了滴灌营养液中不同的氮、钾养分供给水平对基质栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响,为优化基质栽培番茄的营养液配方,确定最佳的氮、钾养分浓度,实现养分供给的精量化管理提供科学依据。【方法】以沙∶珍珠岩比例为1∶2配置栽培基质,用于温室中番茄栽培,以番茄‘A20’为试材,进行了水培试验。采用2因素 (氮、钾) 5水平响应面中心复合设计,滴灌营养液中氮浓度的基础值为244 mg/L,试验设计步长为120 mg/L;钾浓度的基础值为313 mg/L,试验设计步长为150 mg/L。调查了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株产量、果实可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量。【结果】随着滴管液中氮浓度从74 mg/L增加到414 mg/L,番茄产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、番茄红素含量和果实维生素C含量均呈先增后减的趋势。随着营养液中钾浓度从101 mg/L增加到525 mg/L,果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量持续增加,番茄产量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、番茄红素含量均先增后减。此外,通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现,氮素是叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单株产量的主要影响因子,钾素是果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、维生素C和番茄红素含量的主要影响因子。氮、钾互作显著影响番茄产量和叶片叶绿素含量;充足的钾营养供给可以促进植株对氮素的吸收与同化,提高叶片叶绿素含量,利于产量提高;适量的氮素供应有利于钾素的吸收与利用,促进产量的进一步提高。采用主成分分析方法对8种配施方案下番茄产量和品质的综合性能进行评价,结果显示营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L、K 391 mg/L时为最优配方方案,且番茄叶片净光合速率达到最大值。【结论】在沙子和珍珠岩1∶2 (v∶v) 为基质的番茄无土栽培条件下,滴灌营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L和K 391 mg/L时,番茄产量和品质的综合性能达到最优,该方案可在生产实践中为基质栽培番茄营养液精确管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

冬油菜施钾的增产效果和肥料利用率研究

通过总结2004/2005~2006/2007年3个年度在长江流域冬油菜主产区10个省(市)的72个田间试验数据,以产量、增产率、偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率及表观利用率等指标分析了长江流域施钾增产效果及钾肥利用率,以期为油菜进一步增产提供依据。分析结果表明,长江流域冬油菜施钾效果显著,与对照不施钾处理相比,施用钾肥油菜籽平均增产量为349 kg·hm-2,平均增产率为19.8%,其中增产率小于5%的试验数占总数的20.8%,另外,油菜籽增产率随着土壤速效钾含量的升高而明显下降;施钾处理油菜地上部钾素积累量比不施钾处理显著增加38.1%;钾肥的平均偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率和表观利用率分别为21.1、2.9、8.5 kg·kg-1和46.7%。综合结果表明,在施用氮、磷及硼肥基础上增施钾肥能够明显提高油菜地上部的生物量及钾素的累积,从而增加油菜籽产量,且根据基础地力及油菜对钾的需求规律而合理施肥极为重要。     

基于设施番茄生产效益的最佳灌水量和控释氯化钾用量组合

  【目的】  水、肥是影响作物生产效益的两个重要因素,过量施肥是导致设施栽培土壤盐渍危害的主要原因。为获得番茄优质高产并降低钾肥投入量,我们探究了灌水与控释氯化钾的适宜用量组合。  【方法】  盆栽试验在设施大棚内进行,供试番茄品种为‘罗拉’。设置常规灌溉 (W₁₀₀) 下不施钾肥 (CK) 和施用全量普通氯化钾 (K₂O 0.95 g/kg,CF) 2个对照;设置3个控释氯化钾水平,分别为常规K₂O施用量的100% (K₁₀₀)、80% (K₈₀,K₂O 0.76 g/kg) 和60% (K₆₀,K₂O 0.57 g/kg);设置3个灌水梯度,分别为田间持水量的90%～100% (W₁₀₀)、72%～80% (W₈₀)、54%～60% (W₆₀),共11个处理。在番茄主要生育期,测定了叶片光合效率和土壤pH、电导率(EC)值,调查了果实产量和品质。  【结果】   K₈₀处理的平均果实产量和水分利用效率显著高于K₁₀₀ 处理,K₁₀₀处理又显著高于K₆₀处理,且K₈₀较K₁₀₀和K₆₀处理的总吸钾量 (植株和果实) 提高了3.4%～7.8%,Vc含量增加了3.4%～3.9%,可溶性糖含量增加了2.2%～6.5%,可溶性固形物含量增加了3.5%～7.4%,净光合速率提高了4.3%～10.9%,气孔导度提高了6.5%～11.9%,蒸腾速率提高了3.6%～9.5%。W₈₀处理的平均产量较W₁₀₀和W₆₀处理显著增加9.8%～16.0%,钾肥利用效率提高了6.3～7.1个百分点,Vc含量增加了6.8%～24.0%,可溶性糖含量增加了5.6%～8.8%,可溶性固形物含量增加了6.6%～9.2%,净光合速率提高了4.1%～10.3%,蒸腾速率提高了8.4%～16.6%,开花期、果实膨大期和成熟期的SPAD值分别增加了4.8%～12.0%、1.7%～9.4%和4.6%～14.5%,土壤pH提高了0.9%～2.1%,电导率下降了4.9%～8.2%。在9个水钾组合处理中,除K₆₀W₁₀₀和K₆₀W₆₀处理外的其他处理均获得了显著高于CK和CF的产量及水分利用效率,K₈₀W₈₀处理的产量、品质最高,水、钾利用效率也处于较高水平。  【结论】  灌水与控释氯化钾对提高番茄的产量品质和光合效率有显著的正交互作用,二者最佳的用量组合是减少灌溉量至72%～80% (W₈₀)与减少20%的K₂O投入量并一次性基施,可提升番茄的光合效率,同时提高了土壤pH,降低了EC值,因而增加了番茄产量、品质,提高了水分和钾肥利用效率。     

不同钾硼水平下棉花生长及钾硼利用效率的差异

用鄂抗8号棉花为试验材料,以水培的方法研究了不同钾、硼水平下棉花的生长状况及钾、硼的利用效率。结果表明:与正常处理(K 20 mg/L,B 0.2 mg/L)棉花相比,(1)缺钾(K 2 mg/L,B 0.2 mg/L)阻碍棉花地上部正常生长、干物质的积累,叶绿素合成受阻,但促进了根的伸长,缺钾不利于棉株对硼的吸收和利用,增加钾供应量可以促进硼的吸收利用。(2)缺硼(K 20 mg/L,B 0.002 mg/L)不利于棉株生长,棉株干物质积累量减少,不利于棉花对钾的吸收利用。(3)缺钾缺硼(K 2 mg/L,B 0.002 mg/L)时,棉花的生物量、SPAD值和钾、硼积累量均显著降低,钾的利用效率升高了143%,但对硼的利用受到抑制。研究结果表明,缺钾阻碍棉花对硼的吸收利用,缺硼不利于棉花对钾的吸收利用,而缺钾缺硼时,棉花对钾的利用受到促进,对硼的利用受到抑制。     

Growth,water use efficiency,and sodium and potassium acquisition by tomato cultivars grown under salt stress

Three cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cvs. Sera, 898, Rohaba) were grown under different levels of NaCl in nutrient solution to determine effects of salt stress on shoot and root dry matter (DM), plant height, water use efficiency (WUE, g DM kg^‐1 water evapotranspired), shoot sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations, and K versus Na selectivity (S_K,Na). Increasing NaCl concentration in nutrient solution adversely affected shoot and root DM, plant height, WUE, K concentration, and K/Na ratio of all cultivars. Shoot Na concentrations increased with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. Although increasing salt concentration in the solution adversely affected growth of all cultivars, the cultivar Sera had the highest shoot and root DM than the other two cultivars (898 and Rohaba). Shoot and root DM of cultivar 898 was most affected by salt, while cultivar Rohaba had an intermediate salt sensitivity. The cultivar Sera generally had higher WUE values, shoot K concentrations, and S_K,Na, but had lower shoot Na concentrations than the other two cultivars when plants were grown under different salt levels. Greater Na exclusion, higher K uptake and shoot S_K,Na are suggested as being plant strategies for salt tolerance.     

有机钾肥和钾硅钙矿物肥对烤烟生长及烟叶产量质量的影响

为了探讨有机钾肥和矿物钾肥在河南省烤烟上的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾对烤烟生长及烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明,施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理比全部施用硫酸钾处理显著提高了圆顶期叶片SPAD值,起到了延缓叶片衰老,保证叶片有足够成熟时间的作用;与全部施用硫酸钾处理相比,用有机钾肥、粒状钾硅钙矿物肥、粉状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾的3个处理,烟叶产量分别提高16.4%、21.1%和13.0%,产值分别增加5 037.3、10 975.0和3 306.6元/hm2。施用有机钾肥、粉状和粒状钾硅钙矿物肥的3个处理间相比,烟叶产量差异不显著,烟叶产值以施用粒状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理最高,上、中、下部烟叶钾含量显著提高,下部叶和中部叶钾氯比达3.5以上。     

沼液与化肥配合基施对大棚番茄产量和品质的影响

采用不同比例沼液与化肥配合做基肥施用来研究沼液施用对番茄产量和品质的影响,以期为沼液的资源化合理利用提供理论参考。基于N平衡原理,本研究采用完全随机区组设计,共设计了7个基肥处理,分别为CK(空白)、CF(常规施肥)、HF(化肥)、ZF(沼液)、ZF80%+HF20%(80%沼液+20%化肥)、ZF50%+HF50%(50%沼液+50%化肥)、ZF20%+HF80%(20%沼液+80%化肥)。研究结果表明,与化肥处理相比,在番茄定植后的40和80 d沼液配施所占的比例越大,其对土壤有效养分和有机质含量抑制作用越强,但在番茄定植后160 d沼液对土壤有效养分和有机质含量却有明显的促进作用。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄叶片叶绿素含量,其中以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,且在番茄定植后的40、80、160 d分别比CF和HF处理提高了19.60%、11.91%、2.92%和184.25%、23.08%、35.03%。沼液与化肥配施还提高了土壤阳离子交换量和重金属含量,且含量的高低与沼液施用量呈正相关关系。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄果实中Vc和可溶性糖含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,虽然ZF处理中检测到重金属,但均未超过国家标准,可以忽略不计。番茄产量以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,分别是CK、CF、HF、ZF、ZF50%+HF50%和ZF20%+HF80%处理的2.58、1.05、1.02、1.05、1.01和1.01倍。综合分析认为,ZF80%+HF20%能明显提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤生态环境,促进番茄产量提高和品质改善。     

土壤紧实度对温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响

试验研究土壤紧实度对日光温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响结果表明 ,随土壤紧实度增大而植株生长发育迟缓 ,产量和品质下降 ,果实风味品质变差。而土壤疏松处理植株生长发育良好 ,座果节位下降 ,水分利用效率提高 ,果实游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,硝酸盐含量下降 ,果实风味好且产量高 ,经济系数较高。     

杏鲍菇菌渣袋式栽培基质配方对番茄产量及品质的影响

杏鲍菇是我国工厂化生产的主要食用菌之一,其栽培每年产生的大量菌渣富含丰富的营养成分。为了提高食用菌菌渣的利用效率,以杏鲍菇菌渣为主要原料,配制成4种复合营养基质,分别为:A(全菌渣),为对照(CK);B(菌渣∶草炭=3∶1);C(菌渣∶草炭=1∶1);D(菌渣∶草炭=1∶3)。研究杏鲍菇菌渣与草炭不同配比的袋式栽培营养基质理化性质变化及其对日光温室栽培番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着菌渣比例从25%增加到100%,袋培营养基质的EC逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低,基质速效养分显著增加且对初期植株根系生长产生显著影响。在4个处理中,B、C、D处理小区产量均显著高于A处理,其中C处理(菌渣∶草炭=1∶1)小区产量最高,为46.17 kg,较A处理增产13.8%,可溶性固形物含量最高,为6.1%。综合比较,在本试验条件下,杏鲍菇菌渣与草炭比例为1∶1是适宜日光温室番茄袋式栽培的最佳营养基质配方。     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

钾镁水平对番茄苗期生长、根系形态及钾素吸收和生理利用效率的影响

采用水培方法,研究不同钾、镁水平对"天福冠露"和"毛粉802"两种番茄幼苗生长、根系特征及钾素吸收、利用效率的影响。结果表明,钾、镁水平(8 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)处理的植株鲜重、干重及钾、镁水平(4 mmol/L、4 mmol/L)处理的株高显著高于其他处理。随钾、镁水平升高,两种番茄植株的根长、"天福冠露"植株的根直径、根体积和分根数先减少后增加;番茄植株钾素吸收率显著提高,生理利用效率显著降低。钾、镁水平(8 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)处理的植株根长、根表面积、根直径及根体积显著高于缺钾处理。钾、镁水平(4 mmol/L、4 mmol/L)处理,两种番茄植株根长、根表面积、根体积和分根数均显著高于缺镁处理,"天福冠露"植株钾含量显著高于"毛粉802",而钾素生理利用效率显著低于"毛粉802"。与其它等钾处理相比,缺镁植株钾素积累量最低、生理利用效率最高,镁过量处理的植株钾素生理利用效率显著降低。