采用块体-界面体系的砌体结构简化细观模型

基于ABAQUS装配式建模构架,提出了一种砌体结构的简化细观模型。该建模方法将块体砂浆界面及砂浆层统一采用块体间的界面来代替。界面属性包括法向和切向的力学参数,用来模拟砌体的剪压及受拉行为。界面的法向受拉采用粘性力学参数赋值,并通过与轴心受拉本构模型的等效,推导得出控制界面损伤演化速率的无量纲指数α的计算方程。剪压复合受力模型基于剪摩理论建立,通过粘性属性和库伦摩擦赋值。当剪压复合受力构件处于高轴压比时,通过块体的非线性属性实现了主压应力为主控的损伤阀值。按照该方法进行剪压相关性和砖墙剪切失效的试验仿真模拟,模拟得出的失效形态及力-位移曲线与试验结果基本相符。     

玉米生长虚拟模型GREENLAB-Maize的评估

GREENLAB-Maize虚拟模型采用并行模拟植株功能与结构的机制来模拟玉米植株在不同环境条件(目前只考虑气象条件)下的生长。该模型逐时段模拟植株光合产量和光合产物向各个器官分配的数学公式的主要参数不能通过简单的方法确定，称为隐含参数，是通过将该模型与非线性最小二乘法结合，并以田间植株生长的测定值为目标文件而反求出的。本文首先对参数反求方法进行了改进，结果表明以植株多个生长时段的测定数据为目标文件来反求参数值时，其变异系数明显比只用某一个时段的测定数据时低。从模型隐含参数的稳定性和模型模拟效果两方面对该模型进行了评估。对气象条件不同而其他条件相同的4组玉米试验、玉米不同生长阶段以及不同取样植株个体等情况下所反求的隐含参数值的稳定性统计分析表明，模型隐含参数值因气象条件、生长阶段以及植株个体差异而产生的差异均不显著，可以认为它们是植株生长内在的、稳定的参数。本文还对该模型的植株形态模拟模块进行了改进。模型较好地模拟了植株的生长状况，但还有必要对植株光合生产模块等进行改进。     

结构消(耗)能元件芯材SN490B本构关系数值模拟

采用消(耗)能元件的结构在遭受地震作用时,元件芯材首先屈服进入塑性阶段,利用其滞回变形消耗地震输入能量,保护主体结构,元件芯材本构关系的数值模拟是对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行抗震分析与设计的基础。为更真实地模拟结构消(耗)能元件芯材在单调和循环荷载下的本构响应,更准确地对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行结构弹塑性地震响应分析,对常用作消(耗)能元件芯材的日本高延性钢材SN490B的单调、循环加载本构及循环骨架曲线进行了数值模拟,包括：采用Esmaeily-Xiao二次流塑性模型模拟材料在单调荷载作用下弹性段、屈服段、强化段和二次流塑段4个阶段;采用混合强化模型模拟材料循环荷载作用下的本构响应,运用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS结合数值模拟参数对16种不同循环加载制度下的循环加载试验进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比;采用Ramberg-Osgood模型、无量纲化的Ramberg-Osgood模型及两段式模型模拟循环骨架曲线。研究结果表明：所采用数学模型可以较好地模拟SN490B钢材单调、循环加载本构响应及循环骨架曲线,数值模拟与试验结果拟合较好。     

CFRP加固冷弯薄壁C型钢长构件的轴压承载力

为了研究CFRP加固冷弯薄壁C型钢长构件的承载能力，对腹板和翼缘均粘贴CFRP的试件进行了轴心受压加载试验。7根长度均为1 400 mm的试件，其中1根为未加固的控制试件，其余6根封闭缠绕外贴50 mm宽CFRP间距为50、100、150 mm 3种情况，层数为1层和2层。试验结果表明，在轴心荷载作用下的破坏模式为整体弯扭失稳，与控制试件相比，加固后试件的稳定极限承载力均有不同程度的提高；当CFRP间距与腹板高度的比值小于1时，加固效果较理想，且2层CFRP的加固效果好于1层。最后，采用有限元对模型进行数值模拟，对比试验数据和数值模拟结果，二者吻合较好。     

混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板结构性能及简化分析模型

对混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板的水平剪力传递机理进行分析,发现石膏板肋能有效地在混凝土芯柱间传递水平剪力,对复合墙板结构性能有较大影响。在此基础上,提出混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板的等效带缝剪力墙简化分析模型,剪力墙竖缝布置以保证等效带缝剪力墙与复合墙板具有相同弹性抗侧刚度为原则确定。对混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板及等效带缝剪力墙的结构性能进行比较分析表明,混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板与带缝剪力墙受力机理相似,等效带缝剪力墙弹性及塑性阶段都能很好地反映混凝土密柱石膏复合墙板的结构性能。     

矿粉粒度及反应温度对高磷鲕状赤铁矿制备碳化铁的影响

基于对50根弯曲破坏钢筋混凝土圆柱低周反复试验结果的分析,建立了完整滞回环的数学表达式并推导得出等效阻尼比计算模型;以双柱墩桥梁为例,说明了建立桥梁整体结构等效阻尼比与墩柱端部塑性铰等效阻尼比关系的方法。研究表明,完整滞回环数学表达式较好地反映了弯曲破坏钢筋混凝土圆柱的滞回特性,得到的等效阻尼比模型计算结果与试验结果符合较好;采用建立的桥梁整体结构等效阻尼比与墩柱端部塑性铰等效阻尼比的关系进行pushover分析更能反映实际情况。采用等效阻尼比模型算得的目标位移与基于Rosenblueth模型和Kowalsky模型算得的位移之间存在较大差距。     

北京地区典型砖木结构农宅抗震加固性能研究

根据北京地区农村住宅调研结果,选取最典型的砖木(前檐砖柱支撑)结构,进行了加固前后的振动台试验。针对北京地区农村住宅砖木结构(砖柱支撑)未加固模型的振动台试验结果,提出了抗震加固措施,包括：加设钢筋混凝土窗框,增大前纵墙的抗侧刚度;采用水泥砂浆面层加固两面山墙、砖柱和窗下墙,提高墙体的承载和变形能力;加设钢圈梁,提高结构的整体牢固性。分析了模型加固前后振动台试验的损伤情况、频率和阻尼、加速度动力系数、位移和滞回曲线等结构动力特性参数。上述加固措施显著提高了此类砖木结构农宅的抗震能力,加固模型达到了“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。     

玉米株型与冠层光合作用的数学模拟研究——Ⅰ.模型与验证

建立了一个对冠层结构具有高分辨率的作物冠层光合作用模型.包括冠层结构模型、冠层光分布模型和叶面光合作用模型.将作物冠层按叶面积指数划分为若干层次.上下层次之间,水平面太阳辐照度按Monsi和Saeki的指数递减模型分布.冠层对太阳漫射光的消光系数由作物株型确定,对直射光的消光系数由株型和太阳位置确定.在同一层次中,作物株型按Ross-Nilson的叶倾角分布模型,将叶面位置划分为8个方位,6个倾斜角.设同一层中水平面辐照度相同,某一方位角和倾角的叶面直射光以太阳轨道方程确定.用玉米冠层的实测资料验证了辐射分布模型和叶片的光合作用模型.敏感性试验表明,模型对输入因子有良好的响应.本模型对冠层光合作用的理论研究、作物生长的数学模拟等有一定的意义.     

油菜光合作用与干物质积累的动态模拟模型

以生理生态过程为基础,构建了油菜光合作用与干物质积累的模拟模型。模型针对油菜特有的生态冠层结构,采用“三层模型”法,即通过对花、角果、叶三层分别计算光能截获和光合作用,利用高斯积分法计算每层的光合量而得出每日的冠层总同化量。模型充分量化了油菜生理年龄、温度、氮素、水分等因子对最大光合速率的影响,同时考虑了维持呼吸与生长呼吸的消耗。利用不同品种、不同播期、不同氮素水平下的干物质积累动态对模型进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型具有较强的机理性和预测性。     

Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构抗震性能

在Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构抗震性振动台试验的基础上,建立了试验试件的有限元模型,并验证了分析的正确性。设计了一个9层的Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构,以耗能梁段长度、耗能梁段腹板高厚比、高跨比为参数,对9层结构进行了非线性动力时程分析,研究了以上参数对结构抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,改变耗能梁段长度、高跨比对结构层间侧移、耗能梁段性能、框架柱弯矩、耗能能力均有不同程度的影响,对框架柱轴力、基底剪力无显著影响;改变耗能梁段腹板高厚比对结构耗能能力有影响,对结构层间侧移、耗能梁段性能、框架柱受力、基底剪力无显著影响,并给出了相关设计建议。     

Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Steel Reinforced Concrete Frame-Concrete Tube Structure

In order to better understand the seismic performance of the hybrid structure, numerical analysis and shaking table model testing were conducted on a real tall building constructed in Beijing. The nonlinear analytic model of the structure was established with the aid of PERFORM-3D program, and the elastoplastic time-history analysis was performed. From displacement responses and energy dissipation of the entire structure, and deformations and plastic hinge forming condition of components, the response features under different earthquake levels were obtained. Based on the predetermined allowable limits of performance indices, the seismic performance of the structure was evaluated. In the mean time, the numerical analysis results were compared with test results. Both of test results and numerical analysis results indicate that the hybrid structure has good seismic performance.     

Experimental Analysis of Vibration Behavior for Large-span Underground Structure

In this paper, a shaking table test for large-span underground structure is introduced. Based on the test, the frequency of inherent vibration, damping ratio and the dynamic response of the structure are studied. The response of the underground structure for vertical seismic excitation is studied as a key point. With the different imbedding depth, the influence of interaction of soil and structure on the earthquake-resistant capacity of the underground structure is discussed.     

Calculation Method for Equivalent Model of Regular Isolated Structure with Bend shear Deformation

Isolation technique was not only applied for middle or low buildings, but also recently it was applied to high rise buildings. For high rise buildings, multi order vibration should be considered for upper structure isolation and bend deformation should be taken into account in gross deformation because of large height to width ratio. On the basis of previous studies, calculation method of equivalent model for regular isolated structure with bend shear deformation characteristic was proposed according to equivalent criteria after the analysis for some model structures. With the proposed model, handwork calculation of earquake response for isolated structure can be simply completed and design efficiency of isolation structure was improved. Based on the case studies, the equivalency of proposed model was approved.     

Numerical Simulation for Dynamic Response of Large Space Cylindrical Reticulated Shell under Internal Explosion by Ritz POD Method

A numerical simulation test of the internal explosive loading on large space structure was carried out by employing algorithm ANSYS/LS DYNA.An appropriate model was established for calculating the dynamic responses of the large space cylindrical reticulated shell under inner blast loading based on the proof of correctness and reliability of the model and parameters selection.Combining the Ritz vibration mode superposition method with the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method, the problems of spatiotemporal asynchrony of shock waveforms and pressure distributions on large space structure surface were solved and the calculation for dynamic response of large space structure was reduced and simplified.Furthermore, the numerical simulation of dynamic responses was carried out.And the influence of the ratio of rise to span and the explosive position on the dynamic responses of the structure was studied.It was found that the calculation model was suitable for the dynamic response analysis of the large space cylindrical reticulated shell under internal explosion and the cylindrical reticulated shells with bigger ratios of rise to span were stronger in the capacity of anti explosion.In general, the damages to the large space structure caused by eccentric blast shock waves were more serious than that caused by central explosion.And it was the most disadvantageous to the edge components of the structure.The more attention should be paid to the anti explosion capacity of the support areas and the edge components while designing the shells.     

Seismic Analysis and Shaking Table Test of China Pavilion for EXPO 2010 Shanghai

China Pavilion for Expo 2010 Shanghai is designed with peculiar style and special structural system. The main structure is composed of four concrete tubes with steel-concrete composite floors. It is designed with a shape of inverted trapezoid in elevation. The fundamental vibration mode of this structure is a torsional mode due to the special shape with greater moment of inertia in upper floor, which exceeds the limit value stipulated in Chinese code. The seismic analysis of prototype is carried out by ANSYS program to evaluate its overall seismic performance and improve the structural design. At the same time, shaking table tests of a 1/27-scale structural model are conducted. It is faund that although the first mode is torsional, the torsional responses are not so large, which agrees well with the results of shaking table tests. Both the test results and calculation results demonstrate that the designed structural system satisfies the seismic damage patterns and meets the pre-defined performance objectives. Based on the test results, suggestions for improving design are also put forward.     

用有限元法对拱坝地震动应力分析

利用ANSYS有限元软件动力分析中的谱分析、模态分析功能,对拱坝进行地震动应力分析。主要是基于振型分解反应谱理论对拱坝进行抗震计算。通过此方法对沙牌拱坝进行了实例分析,最终计算结果表明沙牌拱坝满足遭遇7度地震时的抗震强度要求。     

Dynamic analysis on ferromagnetic particles of magnetorheological fluids

Based on the theory of magnetic dipole, this paper analyzes the forces and moments applied on the particles and established the corresponding equations of motion. It compares these forces respectively in order to reduce the computation time in the numerical simulation. It is found that magnetic force, viscous force and repelling force are stronger than other forces, and translation is the main motion. Therefore the governing equation in the numerical simulation can be simplified. The validity of above dynamic analysis is verified by numerical simulation on the microstructure of magnetorheological fluids.     

1种食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离研究

研究1种以木屑为主要配方的食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离。稀释涂布平板法分析细菌总数。栽培种捣碎后悬于无菌水,分别以短时(5 min)涡漩振荡、摇床振荡(180 r/min)、低温静置(4℃) 3种方式处理;灭菌纱布过滤收集、无菌水淋洗木屑接种至PDA斜面,培养使其生长。以未经处理木屑为接种物作为对照。结果显示栽培种细菌数为15500 cfu/g;对照（30支）以及采用短时涡漩振荡处理所接30支斜面全部细菌污染;摇床振荡1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为20%、30%、46.67%及63.3%;低温静置1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为3.3%、10%、46.67%和60%。以木屑为主要配方的细菌隐性污染栽培种悬于无菌水经1~4天振荡或浸湿再分离的基内菌丝分离法可有效分离纯化菌种。     

Solution for One-Dimensional Contaminant Diffusion in Layered Clayey Soils Using Laplace Transforms

Contaminant diffusion in layered soil is very complex. The diffusion process is simplified as a one-dimensional diffusion mode. The Laplace transformation and Laplace numerical inverse transformation are adopted. The proposed solution can be degraded to a single layer case. The obtained results are well consistent with those obtained by the classic theory. The correctness of the presented solution is verified by comparing the calculation results with the results generated by existing numerical software. One case study is conducted and the calculation results have a good agreement with measured data, which prove the reliability of the proposed method. The presented method can be used to solve more complex boundary conditions of contaminant migration.     

Speed Ratio Matching Strategies of Metal V-belt Type CVT System

The ratio control strategy and the relevant pulley clamping control strategy of the Metal Pushing V-belt Type CVT C Continuously Variable Transmission are key technology of CVT system matching. The engine output torque model and oil consumption model are given in numerical table by cubic spline interpolation to fit engine test result. Based on the engine speed feature, the speed ratio changing strategy of CVT in the numerical table are given to realize the optimal fuel economy and optimal performance mode within the ratio range of the CVT system.