紫外光引发聚合P(AM-MAPTAC)及其响应面优化制备

以丙烯酰胺（AM）与甲基丙烯酰胺丙基三甲基氯化铵（MAPTAC）为共聚单体，通过紫外光引发聚合法制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂P（AM-MAPTAC）。通过红外光谱（IR）与差热热重分析（TG/DSC）分别对P（AM-MAPTAC）进行结构表征与热稳定性分析，并采用响应曲面法得到优化制备条件：反应体系pH为4.75，引发剂v-044质量分数为0.07%，EDTA-2Na质量分数为0.20%，n（MATPAC）/n（AM）为0.33，光照时间为60 min。在优化条件下制备P（AM-MAPTAC）絮凝剂，特性粘度可达14.72 dL/g，通过污泥脱水实验可验证该特性粘度下的污泥脱水效果最好，滤饼含水率（FCMC）达70%，污泥比阻（SRF）达6.94×10¹²m/kg，上清液剩余浊度达9.70 NTU，污泥脱水效果优于市售常用絮凝剂。     

城镇污泥生物沥浸减量试验研究

通过生物沥浸技术实现对城镇污水处理厂污泥减量并最终达到资源化利用的目的,具有非常重要的实际意义。利用可移动集装箱式试验机,采用续批式运行模式对天津本地两处污水处理厂污泥进行生物沥浸减量实验。结果表明,环境温度为15~25℃、曝气量为1.2L/min、反应时间72h,初始批次将260L接种物和0.73kg营养剂投入400L原泥中,按回流比40%进行3批次沥浸实验。当反应结束后,2种污泥3批次的终点pH从沥浸前的5左右可降至3以下。2种污泥的镉、铜、锌、镍平均溶出率都达到80%以上,其中锌、镉的溶出率分别达到了94.26%、86.67%以上,平均溶出效果从高到底依次为锌＞镉＞铜＞镍。汞、铅、砷的平均溶出率最低,分别为21.42%、20.4%、23.52%。2种污泥经生物沥浸固液分离后,泥饼含水率均降至53%以下。向压滤液分别投加4kg/t、2kg/t石灰后,污泥1、2的上部澄清液中氨氮、COD及污泥1的SS都超过了污染物一级排放标准。与原泥相比,粪大肠菌群杀灭率达到99.99%,沥浸过程造成总养分分别损失24.89%、9.31%,有机质也有所损失,泥饼盐分含量超过2.00%。因此,生物沥浸具有很好的应用效果及应用前景,为进一步在本地工程化应用提供了相关依据。     

硅藻土/纤维素复合助滤剂在微污染原水处理中的应用

以硅藻土和纤维素为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出了新型硅藻土/纤维素复合助滤剂,探究了各种制备条件对助滤剂的影响,并在高岭土悬浊液中对硅藻土、纤维素和硅藻土/纤维素的助滤性能进行了比较,同时研究了硅藻土/纤维素助滤剂对实际微污染水过滤的影响。研究结果表明:复合助滤剂的最佳制备条件为纤硅比0.67,氨水浓度5.0×10^-4mol/L,蒸馏水/纤维素40 mL/g,EtOH/硅藻土20 mL/g,60℃恒温水浴;硅藻土/纤维素复合助滤剂的助滤性能要明显优于硅藻土和纤维素助滤剂;在微污染原水直接过滤过程中,投加硅藻土/纤维素助滤剂可提高各微污染物的去除率,结合微滤膜深度处理工艺,最终出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的要求。     

赤子爱胜蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件研究

城市污泥是城市污水处理的副产物,成分复杂,若不妥善处置,将对环境造成二次污染。本文利用采用4因素3水平的正交设计,以赤子爱胜蚓的日增重倍数与日增殖倍数为测试指标,研究了在含水率保持恒定的条件下,温度、种蚓投加密度、污泥碳氮比以及EM添加量对赤子爱胜蚓生长与繁殖的影响。从而找到赤子爱蚯蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件,为城市污泥的处理提供理依据。结果：当温度为22 ℃,种蚓投加密度为0.1 g/ cm2,污泥碳氮比为20,EM投加量为0.1％时,赤子爱胜蚓具有最佳的生长与繁殖效果。因此,确定了蚯蚓处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件。     

混凝法去除水中TiO2纳米颗粒

为了探讨混凝法去除水中纳米颗粒的可行性及最佳条件，研究了无机混凝剂（PAC、PFS、PAFC）和有机絮凝剂（CPAM、APAM、NPAM）对TiO₂纳米颗粒的去除效果，并考察了投加量、pH、沉淀时间、水力条件及有机无机复配对TiO₂纳米颗粒去除效率的影响。单独投加PAC、PFS和PAFC时，三者对应的最高去除率分别为92.51%、84.43%、95.66%。单独投加CPAM、APAM、NPAM时三者对应的去除率仅为61.72%、29.06%、55.37%。复配最佳混凝条件为：投加40 mg/LPAC和3 mg/LCPAM，pH值为9，G值143.5/s，沉淀时间15 min，此时，TiO₂纳米颗粒去除率为99.6%。     

光聚合壳聚糖基絮凝剂及其絮凝性能

壳聚糖是一种天然碱性氨基多糖物质,其分子上分布着许多功能性的氨基和羟基,使其能成为潜在的高效絮凝剂。采用紫外光引发壳聚糖(CS)与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)接枝共聚制备P(CS-AD)絮凝剂,探讨了单体浓度、壳聚糖百分比、阳离子度、光引发剂浓度、光照时间对P(CS-AD)的特性粘度的影响,确定了合成的优化条件:单体浓度为30%~40%、壳聚糖百分比为10%~20%、阳离子度为30%~40%、光引发剂浓度为0.3%~0.5%、光照时间为120 min,优化后的制备的P(CS-AD)的特性粘度最高可达1865 mg/L。同时,采用红外光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、差热热重分析(TG-DTA)对其进行表征。采用模拟硅藻土水样验证其絮凝性能,试验结果表明:P(CS-AD)的絮凝性能显著优于市售聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)。     

高分子量壳聚糖及其混剂对货架期葡萄的保鲜效果

以新鲜巨峰葡萄为试材,分析了浓度为10 g/L的4种高分子量壳聚糖(相对分子量50、150、250、500 kDa)及其等比例混剂涂膜处理对货架期葡萄的保鲜效果。结果表明:5种壳聚糖涂膜处理在感官指标、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量、花青素含量等方面均不同程度地有利于葡萄的保鲜,其中4种高分子量壳聚糖等比例混剂涂膜的效果最佳;货架期第9天与第1天相比,5种壳聚糖涂膜处理的可溶性固形物含量下降率为19.7%~31.6%,对照为38.2%,混剂处理组的下降率与其他试验组存在极显著差异(P<0.01);呼吸强度下降率为58%~85%,对照为30%,混剂处理组与其他试验组存在极显著差异(P<0.01);VC含量下降率为38.5%~65.5%,对照为71.9%,混剂处理组与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);由上可知,4种高分子量壳聚糖等比例混剂涂膜处理可显著延缓葡萄衰老和品质的下降,对巨峰葡萄的保鲜效果明显优于单一壳聚糖涂膜处理的保鲜效果。     

超声波联合混凝法处理制药废水的研究

为了探讨单独超声波降解法、混凝法及2种方法联合处理制药废水的可行性,研究了超声波辐射时间、功率以及混凝剂的种类、浓度对制药废水中COD和NH3-N去除的影响。结果表明：（1）超声波单独处理制药废水时,COD和NH3-N去除率先随着超声波辐射时间(200~1000 s)的增大而增大,最佳时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N的最大去除率分别为27.80%、45.34%;超声波辐射时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N去除率随着超声波辐射功率的增大而先增大后减小。（2）单独用混凝剂处理制药废水时,COD的去除率随着混凝剂的浓度(0.1~0.6 g/L)的增大而先增大后减小,PAC在0.3 g/L时为最佳,COD的去除率为40.10%,NH3-N的平均去除率保持在5%左右。（3）在各自的最佳状态下,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理的COD和NH3-N的去除率高,分别为61.24%、58.63%。试验表明,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理对COD和NH3-N的去除率高。     

即食复合辣木果蔬薄片加工工艺的研究

以辣木、猕猴桃和紫菜为主要原料,对辣木果蔬薄片生产中的几个关键工艺进行了研究,包括烫漂方法、调味料的配比、增稠剂的选择、干燥方法等4个最佳工艺参数的确定。结果表明,用90℃热水对复合蔬菜热烫30 s时,其VC、黄酮含量最高,分别为0.123 g/100 g、2.40%;复合辣木果蔬泥的最佳调味配方为:以浓缩后复合果蔬质量计100%,食盐添加量1.1%、味精添加量0.9%、白砂糖添加量1.5%,五香粉添加量0.9%,该配方下制得的复合辣木果蔬泥调味感官品质评分为14.5分;复合增稠剂的最佳配方为:CMC-Na添加量0.18%,黄原胶添加量0.19%,海藻酸钠添加量0.18%,在此条件下复合辣木果蔬泥的感官品质评分为96.1分。采用80℃热风干燥1.5 h,再用中档火力的微波炉干燥3 min进行联合干燥,此时得到的复合辣木果蔬薄片的VC含量损失较小,含水率适中,产品酥脆可口,感官品质评分为84.1分。     

CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂的缓释和保水性能

【研究目的】以壳聚糖(CTS)、丙烯酸(AA)和腐殖酸钠(SH)为原料，在水溶液中通过接枝共聚反应合成壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸/腐殖酸钠(CTS-g-PAA/SH)高吸水性树脂；【方法】考察CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在不同浓度盐溶液中的溶胀行为、反复吸水性能、SH的缓释性能和在土壤中的实际保水效果；【结果】在SH含量为10%时，CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸水倍率分别达到183g/g和41g/g；CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂具有较好的反复吸水性能；与CTS-g-PAA相比，含有1.0%CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂的沙土，20d后仍然具有6.75%的保水率；SH能与AA发生聚合反应，形成网络结构，当SH含量超过30%时，过量的SH是以物理填充方式存在于高吸水性树脂的交联网络中，且容易释放；【结论】SH能改善CTS-g-PAA的吸水性，CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂不仅可降低产品成本，而且还具有缓释腐殖酸的功能。     

Effect of Polymer Coagulant on the Dewatering Characteristic of Sludge

Based on analysis of the characteristic of the sludge, in this paper, three kinds of sludge were selected to make coagulant experiment with three different coagulants. The specific resistance to filtration is tested. Finally,the optimum coagulant with its optimum dosage is obtained and the dewatering effect is improved.     

Ecological Stabilization for Sewage Sludge

Pilot scale sewage sludge ecological stabilization system was conducted for sludge dewatering,mineralization and stabilization.The study was performed from 2005 to 2008 on a bed with a total area of 80 m 2.Influent total solid,volatile solid and water content were averaged 22.34 g/L,7.76 g/L and 97%.Sludge loading rate was averaged 0.691 kg(TS)/m 2·d.The first two years were sludge loading period and the other two years were natural stabilization period.The percolate COD removals ranged from 60%~80% in the first year,and from 40%~50% in the second year,with 100~200 mg/L of effluent COD concentration.During the first two years,the percolate did not filtrate downwards evenly.Part of percolate filtrated downwards along stems,roots and cracks existing in dried sludge which had lower flow resistance.During the natural stabilization periods,sludge water contents decreased to 34.3% and 30.5%,and organic matter contents decreased to 16.8% and 10.24% in the third and forth years,individually.Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of stabilized sludge were averaged to 0.98% and 0.27%.It was found that plant biomass and nutrient components in the system were higher than that of native ones.     

General Cardinal Multiwavelets

With the quick urbanization and development of industry,the ecology and environment in cities are subjected to the extremely serious threat leaded by the more and more increasing production of sludge. In order to effectively eliminate such environmental pollution as the sludge, and promote its utilization, an advice of application of ultrasound technique in sludge treatment is put forward. Based on the present status about domestic and foreign study of ultrasonic treatment of sludge,three main advantages of ultrasound technique are concluded,such as disinfect pathogens, deodorizing, sludge stabilization improving and remarkable dewatering,increase of the nitrogen and phosphorus content in sludge for its much better utilization. In addition, the present problems needed to be solved urgently for this technique in our country are pointed out,as the directions and keys for the further study of ultrasonic treatment of sludge.     

Existing Situation on Disposal of Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Three-Gorges Reservoir Area

At present 18 wastewater treatment plants operateing in the Small towns of Three Gorge Areas of Chongqing Municipality, producing 132.95 tons surplus sludge everyday. As regards to the disposition of such numerous surplus sludge, the major disposition technique in these wastewater water treatment plants, i. e. , thickening and mechanical dewatering technique followed by feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seems to have a rather bad effect on the normal operation of the municipal solid waste landfill, due to the unstabilized sludge resulted from this technique of the sludge disposition and high moisture in the sludge, which is higher than 80%. This paper has paid some attention to this phenomenon. With respect to the small towns having the the municipal solid waste landfill, the techniques of mechanical dewatering, calcareousness stabilized etc. before feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seem to be feasible, while the composting and comprehensive utilization of sludge is available in the small towns which have no municipal solid waste landfills.     

Selection of Polymeric Flocculant for Adjusting the Sludge Quality of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

The thickened surplus sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants is generally mechanically dewatered after regulated with flocculants and the type and dosage of flocculants will influence the dewatering effect directly.And the cost of flocculants is the main part of operating cost of sewage sludge treatment.With the processing practice on yields,thickening and dewatering pattern of Zhenjiang Wastewater Treatment Plant,the analysis and selection of flocculants are carried out with respect to the type and dosage of flocculants for sewage sludge regulation.the principles for flocculants selection and simple calculation method for chemicals cost for sludge treatment are proposed.It is suggested that the dosage of flocculants for sludge regulation should be adjusted in different seasons in real operation of the municipal wastewater treatment plants.     

不同配比污泥基质对2种草本植物生长的影响

以北京小红门污泥转运站的生活污泥为研究对象,探讨不同配比污泥基质处理对高羊茅和黑麦草生长的影响,为北京市合理利用城市生活污泥提供科学理论依据。采用土壤农化常规分析法对污泥基质进行分析,通过对比试验对2种草本植物的生长和生理指标进行比较。研究表明,污泥的施用明显改变了土壤的生化指标,进而影响了植物的生长发育。对于生污泥来说,随着配比比例的增加,高羊茅和黑麦草各项生长指标均呈现先增加后减少的变化规律;而对于污泥混合类型来说,50%生污泥和50%脱水泥饼更有利于草种的发芽和生长;当污泥配比比例超过60%时,会抑制植物的发芽和生长。另外,对于施用污泥的植物来说,其生理指标叶绿素含量明显增高,并且丙二醛含量也有显著变化。研究结果将为污泥矿山修复利用技术提供理论指导作用。     

固化疏浚淤泥作路基材料工程特性试验研究

为了探讨粉煤灰和工业矿粉固化疏浚淤泥作路基材料的可行性，通过一系列室内实验研究了不同固化剂配比对固化淤泥击实特性、水稳定性、承载力和抗剪强度的影响。实验结果表明，不同固化剂配比下固化淤泥的最大干密度均超过1.50 g/cm³，最优含水率约为20~21%；淤泥固化处理后浸水4 d的膨胀率均不超过1.1%，水稳性大幅提升；矿粉含量越高，粉煤灰含量越低，CBR（California Bearing Ratio）值越高，土样的承载力越高，抗剪强度也越高。不同工况浸水4 d的CBR值均达到了较高的水平，工况SD10FA20MP（淤泥：粉煤灰：矿粉=7：1：2）CBR值最高，达到了34.8%，是规范中高速、一级公路路基填料要求最低CBR值的4.35倍，作路基填料使用可行。