[A环-U-~(14)C]丙酯草醚在土壤中的吸附与解吸特性研究

丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)是我国拥有自主知识产权的新型高效油菜田除草剂。本文以[A环-U-14C]丙酯草醚为示踪剂,在实验室模拟条件下,采用液体闪烁测量技术对其在7种土壤中的吸附和解吸特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)丙酯草醚在7种土壤中的吸附等温线均能极显著符合Freundlich、Langmuir和线性模型,相对而言,前两种模型的相关系数R2(0.9883~0.9998)明显高于线性模型(R2=0.9173~0.9593);(2)丙酯草醚在7种土壤中的解吸等温线能被Freundlich模型和线性模型很好地描述;(3)丙酯草醚极易被土壤吸附,不同类型的土壤对其吸附的差异较大,吸附常数KF与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与之对应的解吸率极低。丙酯草醚吸附解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,应科学合理地在有机质丰富的土壤中使用。     

[C环-U-14C]丙酯草醚在油菜/水稻中的吸收、运转及分布

丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)是我国创制的一种新型高效油菜田除草剂。本文以[C环-U-14C]丙酯草醚为示踪剂,在实验室条件下,对丙酯草醚在敏感性植物水稻和耐性植物油菜中的吸收、运转及分布规律进行了研究。结果表明：（1）施药后,水稻和油菜对丙酯草醚的吸收量总体呈随时间增加而增加的趋势,且前者大于后者。至384 h,水稻对丙酯草醚的吸收量为24.1%,而油菜仅为4.1%,水稻约为油菜的5.88倍。（2）丙酯草醚被油菜和水稻根系吸收后,均主要分布在根部,不易向上运转。水稻根系与地上部（茎叶）的放射性分布比为7.10︰1,油菜则为4.44︰1;水稻和油菜根系中单位质量放射性活度分别是各自地上部的10.36和9.85倍。（3）水稻根系和茎叶单位质量放射性活度(分别为9.470 Bq/mg和0.910 Bq/mg)显著高于油菜(3.870 Bq/mg和0.390 Bq/mg)。水稻与油菜对丙酯草醚吸收量以及单位质量中积累量的差异可能是丙酯草醚对两者存在选择性的原因之一。     

好氧土壤中[C环-U-14C] 丙酯草醚的结合残留及其在腐殖质中的分布动态

农药的环境行为与归趋,尤其是结合残留研究,是新农药安全性评价的重要内容之一,这关系到新农药的科学使用。本文利用14C同位素示踪技术,研究了[C环-U-14C]丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)在3种不同类型好氧土壤中的结合残留及其在富啡酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素中的动态分布。结果表明：（1）在整个培养过程中,土壤中的丙酯草醚结合残留量均随时间而递增。培养至75d,红砂土（S1）、黄松土（S2）与淡涂泥田（S3）中的14C-BR最大值分别为引入量的12.55%,20.35%和20.49%,且富含有机质和pH较高的土壤更易与丙酯草醚形成结合残留;（2）丙酯草醚与富啡酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素形成的结合残留,含量大小依次为富啡酸＞胡敏素＞胡敏酸。因此,丙酯草醚与土壤基质形成结合残留的过程中,富啡酸起主要作用,而胡敏酸的作用最小。     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

丙酯草醚胁迫下靶标基因在油菜子叶胚状体中的表达特征

以甘蓝型油菜品种浙双758为材料,利用小孢子离体培养和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了油菜子叶胚状体中ALS酶和KARI酶在不同浓度(0、1、10 mg/L)油菜田新型除草剂丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)处理下的生理活性、基因相对表达量差异及其动态变化特征.结果表明,ZJ0273处理后,ALS酶和KARI酶的活性发生了变化,均...     

丙酯草醚对百合生长的影响及其在鳞茎中的残留

百合田间种植易受杂草危害,为寻求高效低毒、适用于百合生产的新型除草剂及其使用技术,本试验研究了我国创制的新型高效除草剂丙酯草醚对百合田间杂草的控制情况和对其生长的影响规律,同时利用高效液相色谱法检测了其在百合鳞茎中的残留。结果表明,丙酯草醚作为土壤处理剂,于杂草芽前处理,在60 g ai·hm~(-2)用药剂量下能有效防除百合田间禾本科和部分阔叶杂草,杂草鲜重总防效为87.2%;百合田早期喷施丙酯草醚,不仅对百合整个生育期的植株无药害,而且处理组百合在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期的株高、地上部鲜重、花蕾数、花苞数和花朵数均极显著大于对照组,丙酯草醚处理显著促进了百合的生理和生殖生长。高效液相色谱分析结果表明,百合田早期喷施丙酯草醚,在处理组百合鳞茎中未检出丙酯草醚残留(检测限0.001 mg·kg~(-1)FW)。由此可见,丙酯草醚能用于百合田间杂草防除,对百合生长及其食用是安全的。本研究结果为百合田间杂草防除提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

Biodegradation of buprofezin by Rhodococcus sp. strain YL-1 isolated from rice field soil

A buprofezin-degrading bacterium, YL-1, was isolated from rice field soil. YL-1 was identified as Rhodococcus sp. on the basis of the comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The strain could use buprofezin as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth and was able to degrade 92.4% of 50 mg L(-1) buprofezin within 48 h in liquid culture. During the degradation of buprofezin, four possible metabolites, 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one, N-tert-butyl-thioformimidic acid formylaminomethyl ester, 2-isothiocyanato-2-methyl-propane, and 2-isothiocyanato-propane, were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity was strongly induced during the degradation of buprofezin. A novel microbial biodegradation pathway for buprofezin was proposed on the basis of these metabolites. The inoculation of soils treated with buprofezin with strain YL-1 resulted in a higher degradation rate than that observed in noninoculated soils, indicating that strain YL-1 has the potential to be used in the bioremediation of buprofezin-contaminated environments.     

Aerobic metabolism of diclosulam on U.S. and South American soils

Degradation of the sulfonanilide herbicide diclosulam was studied on nine soils from three countries to determine the rates and products of aerobic metabolism. Diclosulam was applied to four agricultural soils from the United States, three from Argentina, and two from Brazil at a rate of 0.1 ppm, equivalent to approximately twice the maximum field application rate of 52 g of active ingredient/ha. U.S. and Brazilian soils were incubated in the dark at 25 degrees C at 75% 0.3 bar moisture; Argentinean soils were incubated in the dark at 20 degrees C and 45% moisture holding capacity. Samples were analyzed up to one year after treatment. Two-compartment DT(50) and DT(90) values averaged 28 +/- 12 and 190 +/- 91 days, respectively. Three soil metabolites reached levels of >10% of applied in at least one soil and were identified as the 5-hydroxy analogue of diclosulam (5-OH-diclosulam), aminosulfonyl triazolopyrimidine (ASTP), and the 8-chloro-5-hydroxy analogue of diclosulam (8-Cl-diclosulam). The terminal products of diclosulam soil metabolism were mineralization to CO(2) and bound soil residues. Apparent sorption coefficients (K(d)) were determined on a subset of samples by extraction with a 0. 01 M CaCl(2) solution followed by an acidified acetone extraction. Initial sorption coefficients were similar to those obtained in a batch equilibrium study and averaged 1.1 L/kg for the six soils tested. K(d) coefficients for the metabolites, when available, tended to be slightly lower than that for diclosulam. Sorptivity of diclosulam and degradates increased with time.     

[C环-U-14C]丙酯草醚在油菜和水稻中的吸收、运转及分布

丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)是我国创制的一种新型高效油菜田除草剂。本文以[C环-U-14C]-ZJ0273为示踪剂,在实验室条件下,对丙酯草醚在敏感性植物水稻和耐性植物油菜中的吸收、运转及分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)施药后,水稻和油菜对丙酯草醚的吸收量总体呈随时间增加而增加的趋势,且前者大于后者。至384h,水稻对丙酯草醚的吸收量为24.1%,而油菜仅为4.1%,水稻约为油菜的5.88倍。(2)丙酯草醚被油菜和水稻根系吸收后,均主要分布在根部,不易向上运转。水稻根系与地上部(茎叶)的放射性分布比为7.10∶1,油菜则为4.44∶1;水稻和油菜根系中单位质量放射性活度分别是各自地上部的10.36和9.85倍。(3)水稻根系和茎叶单位质量放射性活度分别为9.470 Bq/mg和0.910 Bq/mg,显著高于油菜的3.870 Bq/mg和0.390 Bq/mg。水稻与油菜对丙酯草醚吸收量以及单位质量中积累量的差异可能是丙酯草醚对两者存在选择性的原因之一。     

Effects of low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds on sulphur immobilization and re‐mineralization and extraction of immobilized sulphur by hot‐water and acid hydrolysis

We examined the effects of salicylate, glutamate and glucose on sulphur (S) immobilization and re‐mineralization in three calcareous soils: from arable, fallow and forest managements. Each of the three substrates, at a single rate of carbon (1000 mg C kg⁻¹ soil) was added to the three soils and then incubated with NaSO₄ plus Na₂SO₄ for 1, 2, 6 or 12 weeks prior to analysis. The extraction of the immobilized S was performed with either hot water (HW‐S) or 3 m hydrochloric acid (HCl‐S). Except for the forest soil, the average amounts of immobilized S increased in the order control < salicylate < glutamate < glucose. Across all soils, substrate addition significantly decreased the average value of HCl‐S expressed as a percentage of immobilized S compared with that of the control. The decreases in HCl‐S (58 − 100%) were substrate‐ and time‐independent, suggesting a heterogeneous action of HCl. In contrast, except for the forest soil, we found substantial declines in the average percentage values of HW‐S (21 − 75% of the immobilized S) in the order control > salicylate > glutamate = glucose, suggesting that the hot‐water action was substrate dependent. In addition, the proportion of HW‐S decreased with increasing incubation time, indicating that the youngest immobilized S was the most labile. Thus, hot water extracted more homogeneous S compounds than HCl. Sulphur immobilization induced by glutamate and glucose produced more recalcitrant S products (small quantities of ³⁵S re‐mineralization) than that induced by salicylate. Glutamate tended to generate more recalcitrant S compounds than glucose. Hot‐water extractable S was a valuable and rapid indicator of readily labile organic S. Consequent microbial S immobilization resulting from glucose or glutamate addition was followed by a small rate of re‐mineralization of immobilized S.     

Use of reactive phosphate rocks as fertilizer on acid upland soils in Indonesia: accumulation of cadmium and zinc in soils and shoots of maize plants

A pot experiment was conducted to study the contribution of reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) on the accumulation of Cd and Zn in 10 acid upland soils in Indonesia and shoots of Zea mays plants grown on these soils. Two types of RPR were used at a rate of 0.5 g (kg soil)^–1: RPRL containing 4 mg Cd kg^–1 and 224 mg Zn kg^–1, and RPRH containing 69 mg Cd kg^–1 and 745 mg Zn kg^–1. Zea mays was harvested at 6 weeks after planting. The application of RPRH significantly increased the concentrations of Cd in the shoots. The application of this RPR also increased the amount of Cd which could be extracted by 0.5 M NH₄‐acetate + 0.02 M EDTA pH 4.65 from the soils. More than 90% of the added Cd remained in the soil. As Zn is an essential element and the studied acid upland soils are Zn‐deficient, increased plant growth upon RPR application might be partly attributed to Zn present in the phosphate rock. However, more experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The Cd and Zn concentrations and CEC of the soils were important soil factors influencing the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the shoots of maize plants grown on these soils.     

Sulfur mineralization in two soils amended with organic manures,crop residues,and green manures

The mineralization of sulfur (S) was investigated in a Vertisol and an Inceptisol amended with organic manures, green manures, and crop residues. Field‐moist soils amended with 10 g kg^—1 of organic materials were mixed with glass beads, placed in pyrex leaching tubes, leached with 0.01 M CaCl₂ to remove the mineral S and incubated at 30 °C. The leachates were collected every fortnight for 16 weeks and analyzed for SO₄‐S. The amount of S mineralized in control and in manure‐amended soils was highest in the first week and decreased steadily thereafter. The total S mineralized in amended soils varied considerably depending on the type of organic materials incorporated and soil used. The cumulative amounts of S mineralized in amended soils ranged from 6.98 mg S (kg soil)^—1 in Inceptisol amended with wheat straw to 34.38 mg S (kg soil)^—1 in Vertisol amended with farmyard manure (FYM). Expressed as a percentage of the S added to soils, the S mineralized was higher in FYM treated soils (63.5 to 67.3 %) as compared to poultry manure amended soils (60.5 to 62.3 %). Similarly the percentage of S mineralization from subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) loppings was higher (53.6 to 55.5 %) than that from gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) loppings (50.3 to 51.1 %). Regression analysis clearly indicated the dependence of S mineralization on the C : S ratio of the organic materials added to soil. The addition of organic amendments resulted in net immobilization of S when the C : S ratio was above 290:1 in Vertisol and 349:1 in Inceptisol. The mineralizable S pool (S_o) and first‐order rate constant (k) varied considerably among the different types of organic materials added and soil. The S_o values of FYM treated soils were higher than in subabul, gliricidia, and poultry manure treated soils.     

Kinetics of phosphorus release from calcareous soils under different land use in Iran

The rate of phosporus (P) release from soils can significantly influence P fertility of soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of land‐use types on the kinetics of P release under different management practices and the relationship between kinetic parameters and soil physical and chemical properties from calcareous soils. The kinetics of P release in 0.01 M CaCl₂ was studied in surface samples of 30 calcareous soils planted to garlic, garden, pasture, potato, vegetables, and wheat. Trend in P‐release kinetics was similar between land‐use types. Significantly different quantities of P were released under different land use. The maximum amount (average of five soils) (46.4 mg kg^–1) of P was released in soil under potato and the minimum amount (10.4 mg kg^–1) under pasture. The kinetics of P release from soils can be described as an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate. Different models were used to describe P release. In general, parabolic diffusion and power equation were found to be appropriate for modeling P release. The P‐release rate for the soils was estimated by parabolic equation for the studied land‐use types. The constant b was lower for pasture and wheat than for garlic and potato. The relationship between the rate of P release with Olsen‐P was linear, while it was curved with respect to the CaCl₂‐P, indicating that release of P was diffusion‐controlled. When the kinetic parameters of models were regressed on soil properties, CaCl₂‐P and CaCO₃ appeared to be the most important soil properties influencing P‐release rates in these soils.     

Cross-enhancement: enhanced biodegradation of isothiocyanates in soils previously treated with metham sodium

Rates of degradation of 2-propenyl isothiocyanate (PrITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BeITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2-PeITC) in a soil known to biodegrade methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) at an accelerated rate, but never previously exposed to the other ITCs, were higher (persistence in soil increased by 1150, 80 and 100%, respectively,) than in a similar non-degrading soil. The rate of degradation of the same three ITCs was significantly lower in sterilised (autoclaved) soils than in the degrading soil. These results indicate that the three ITCs are susceptible to enhanced cross-biodegradation in soils where enhanced biodegradation of MITC has been induced by use of metham sodium soil fumigant. When Brassica plant tissue containing sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) as the predominant glucosinolate (GSL) was added to the degrading soil, the amount of PrITC present after 24 h was significantly lower than in the non-degrading soil at the same amendment rates. The toxicity to an insect test organism of the PrITC produced from the biofumigant plant tissue was correlated with the concentration of PrITC measured in the two soils, with 67% more plant tissue required in the degrading soil to cause 100% mortality as in the non-degrading soil (3.0 vs 5.0 mg g⁻¹). The effectiveness of biofumigation using ITC-producing Brassica plants may be diminished in soil suffering from enhanced biodegradation of MITC.     

Accumulation and composition of total organic carbon in reclaimed coal mine lands

Reclaimed coal mine lands have the potential to sequester atmospheric carbon (C); however, limited information exists for the western USA coalfields. This study was carried out on two chronosequences (BA‐C₃ grasses and DJ‐shrubs) of reclaimed sites at two surface coal mines to determine the effects of vegetation, soil texture, and lignin content on soil total organic carbon (TOC) accumulations. In the BA chronosequence, TOC increased over 26 years at an average rate of 0·52 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 0–30 cm depth and was significantly correlated with clay content. Comparison between < 1 and 16‐year‐old stockpile soils indicated TOC content did not differ significantly. In the DJ chronosequence, TOC content in the 0–30 cm depth declined from 31·3 Mg ha⁻¹ in 5‐year‐old soils to 23·4 Mg ha⁻¹ in 16‐year‐old soils. The C:N ratios suggested that some (up to 2·0 per cent) of the TOC was potentially derived from coal particles in these reclaimed soils. Soil total N (TN) contents followed a similar trend as TOC with TOC and TN concentrations strongly correlated. Lignin contents in TOC of all reclaimed soils and topsoil stockpiles (TSs) were higher than that of nearby undisturbed soils, indicating the recalcitrant nature of TOC in reclaimed soils and/or possibly the slow recovery of lignin degrading organism. Results indicated that TOC accumulations in DJ were largely controlled by its composition, particular lignin content. In BA sites TOC accumulation was strongly influenced by both clay and lignin contents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从土壤中分离获得的五氯硝基苯降解菌株降解五氯硝基苯特性研究

A bacterial strain,pcnb-21,capable of degrading pentachloronitrobenzene(PCNB) under aerobic and anoxic conditions,was isolated from a long-term PCNB-polluted soil by an enrichment culture technique and identified as Labrys portucalensis based upon its morphological,physiological and biochemical properties,as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.Effects of different factors,such as temperature and pH,on PCNB biodegradation were studied.Strain pcnb-21 efficiently degraded PCNB at temperatures from 20 to 30 ℃ and initial pH values from 4 to 7,which might be the first time that a Labrys strain was found capable of efficiently degrading PCNB.The degradation of PCNB was affected by oxygen,and the degradation decreased with increasing aeration.Exogenous electron donors such as glucose,lactic acid and succinic acid promoted the biodegradation of PCNB,while electron acceptors such as sodium nitrite,sodium sulfate,sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate inhibited PCNB biodegradation.The degradation of PCNB in sterile and non-sterile soils by a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-labeled strain,pcnb-21-gfp,was also studied.Cells of pcnb-21-gfp efficiently degraded 100 mg kg -1 PCNB in sterile and non-sterile soils and could not be detected after 42 days.Strain pcnb-21 might be useful in bioremediating PCNB-polluted soils and environment.     

降解菌HD接种和非接种根围土壤中丁草胺的降解动力学研究

测定了小麦、棉花、水稻和玉米根围土壤和非根围土壤中丁草胺的降解特征和降解菌变化动态。结果表明,种植作物丰富了土壤微生物,根围土壤丰富的微生物对丁草胺的降解具有显著的促进作用。根围土壤中丁草胺的降解是非根围土壤的1.63～2.34倍,相应的半衰期缩短为非根围土壤的 42.2％～72.8％。根围土壤接种处理后这种促进作用得到进一步加强,其降解速率是非根围土壤的1.68～2.83倍,半衰期为非根围土壤的34.4％～59.4％。试验结果表明,作物根围是丁草胺残留快速降解的微环境,作物根围接种处理可以强化丁草胺残留的微生物降解。     

Different Fractions of Soil Potassium,Olsen Phosphorus,and Available Sulfur Status of Intensively Cultivated Berpura Soil Series of India and Nutrient Indexing of Rice Crop

Berpura alluvial soil series of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains is situated in the Ambala District of the Haryana State of India. Soils of this series had medium concentrations of both potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) and large concentrations of sulfur (S) before 1970. To study different fractions of K, Olsen P, and 0.15% calcium chloride (CaCl₂)–extractable (available) S of soils of the Berpura series and to create nutrient indexing of rice crops growing on this series, surface soil samples were collected from 100 farmers' fields after the harvest of the wheat crop in 2005. During kharif season of same year, samples of upper two leaves at anthesis growth stage of rice crop were also collected from the same 100 farmers' fields that had earlier been sampled for soil analysis. Analysis of soil samples showed more K depletion in soils of this series, of which 86% of farmers' fields were deficient in ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) K (available K). Thirty and 62% of leaf samples of the rice crop growing on the 100 fields of this series were extremely and moderately deficient in K, respectively. The mean values of water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, lattice, and total K were 10.6, 30.3, 390.0, 8204, and 8635 mg kg^?1, respectively. In soils of this series, 0.123, 0.351, 4.517, and 95.009% of total K were found in water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and lattice K forms, respectively. On the other hand, long‐term farmers' practice of more application of P fertilizer in wheat crop has resulted in P buildup in the soils of the Berpura series. Olsen P in soils of farmers' fields of this series ranged from 9.0 to 153.0 mg kg^?1, with the mean value of 41.8 mg kg^?1. Eighty‐two percent of leaf samples of rice crops grown on this series without application of P fertilizer were sufficient in P. The analysis of soil and rice crops for P and K proved the suitability of 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and 1 N NH₄OAc for extracting available P and K, respectively, in alluvial soils of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains. The 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S in this soil ranged from 9.6 to 307 mg kg^?1 with a mean value of 34.6 mg kg^?1. Four and 26% of soil samples had low and medium, respectively, in 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S. S deficiency was recorded in rice crops, as 29% of the leaf samples were extremely deficient in S and 58% were moderately deficient in S. This indicated the unsuitability of the 0.15% CaCl₂ to extract available S from the Udic ustochrept utilized for cultivation of rice crops.     

Influence of nitrogen and elemental‐sulfur fertilization on sulfur oxidation and mineralization in relation to soil moisture on a calcareous soil of the Inner Mongolia steppe of China

Grassland‐livestock farming is the main agricultural activity in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. It has been estimated that more than 80% of the grasslands suffer from sulfur (S) deficiency in this region. In an incubation study and a greenhouse experiment with alfalfa, the influence of soil moisture (40% and 70% water‐holding capacity, WHC), nitrogen (0 and 200 mg N (kg soil)^–1 as NH₄NO₃), and elemental sulfur (eS; 0 and 300 mg S (kg soil)^–1) amendments on the apparent eS oxidation, eS‐oxidation rate, net S‐mineralization rate, and S uptake of alfalfa were studied. After 28 d of incubation, the eS‐oxidation rate was four times higher at 70% than at 40% WHC if no N was applied. With N application, soil moisture had only minor effects on eS oxidation during the whole incubation period. In the greenhouse experiment, lower values for eS‐oxidation rate and net S‐mineralization rate were found if no N was applied. Application of N and eS significantly increased alfalfa growth and S uptake. The results of both experiments suggest that combined N and eS applications are the best way to alleviate S deficiency on these calcareous soils.     

Lenacil degradation in the environment and its metabolism in the sugar beets.

14C-Lenacil photolysis and hydrolysis studies were conducted at 2 ppm in sterilized buffers at pH 5, 7, and 9 for up to 15 and 30 days, respectively. The degradation of (14)C-lenacil in three soils and in two sediments systems was monitored for up to 100 days. Residue level and metabolites were analyzed in sugar beets following the application of (14)C-lenacil at 4- and at 6-leaf stages at the rate of 204 g ai/ha and 321 g ai/ha, respectively. Lenacil was stable in the dark and at pH 5 and 7 under irradiation. At pH 9 under irradiation, the half-life (DT(50)) was 41 days. Lenacil DT(50) in three soils ranged from 81 to 150 days. The DT(50) in two sediments ranged from 32 to 105 days. In mature sugar beets, the total radioactive residue was 0.16 ppm in the tops and <0.03 ppm in the roots. The majority of lenacil metabolites identified were hydroxylated or oxidized products and their conjugates.