Starter fertilizer effects on grain sorghum hybrids grown on a soil high in residual phosphorus in a no‐tillage environment

Conservation tillage crop production systems have become common in the central Great Plains because they reduce soil erosion and increase water‐use efficiency. The high residue levels associated with no‐tillage systems can cause soils to be cool and wet which can reduce nutrient uptake and growth of crops. Starter fertilizer applications have been effective in improving nutrient uptake even on soils high in available nutrient elements. Resent research indicates that corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids differ in their responses to starter fertilizer. No information is currently available concerning grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrid response to starter fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate grain sorghum hybrid responses to starter fertilizer in a no‐tillage environment on a soil high in available phosphorus (P). This field experiment was conducted from 1995 to 1997 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Belleville, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Pachic Arguistoll). Treatments consisted of 12 grain sorghum hybrids and two starter fertilizer treatments. Fertilizer treatments were starter fertilizer [34 kg nitrogen (N) and 34 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1] or no starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer was applied 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed at planting. Immediately after planting, N was balanced on all plots to give a total of 168 kg N ha^‐1. In all three years of the experiment, grain yield, total P uptake (grain plus stover), grain moisture content at harvest, and days to mid‐bloom were affected by a hybrid x starter fertilizer interaction. Starter fertilizer consistently increased yields, reduced harvest grain moisture, improved total P uptake, and reduced the number of days needed from emergence to mid‐bloom of Pioneer 8505, Pioneer 8522Y, Pioneer 8310, Dekalb 40Y, Dekalb 48, Dekalb 51, Dekalb 55, and Northrup King 524, buthadno effect on Pioneer 8699, Dekalb 39Y, Northrup King 383Y, and Northrup King 735. When averaged over the three years, starter fertilizer increased grain yield of responding hybrids (hybrids in which the 3‐year average grain yield was significantly increased by the application of starter fertilizer) by 920 kg ha^‐1. In responding hybrids, starter fertilizer reduced grain moisture at harvest by 54 g kg¹ and also shortened the period from emergence to mid‐bloom by five days. Starter fertilizer increased V6 stage aboveground dry matter production and N and P uptake of all hybrids tested. Results of this work show that in high residue production systems even on soils high in available P, starter fertilizer can consistently increase yield of some hybrids, whereas other hybrids are not affected.     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium nutrition on yield,rates of kernel growth and grain filling periods of two corn hybrids

Abstract

Depression of corn grain yields from nutrient stress has been studied extensively, but effects of nutrient stress on rates of corn development and yield determinants are less well understood. Nutritional effects on the number of kernels/unit area, growth rate/kernel, and duration of growth have implications concerning fertilization practices and yield potentials of crops. Two corn hybrids with equivalent silking dates but having different grain filling periods were grown in a field experiment. Fertility treatments consisted of a N series receiving 0, 112, or 336 kg of N/ha and a P‐K series receiving factorial combinations of 0, 22, or 112 kg of P/ha and 0, 56, or 224 kg of K/ha. Dates for grain initiation and maturity were determined for each plot along with tissue analyses of ear leaves, grain yields, and kernel weights. Concentrations of N and K in ear leaves generally corresponded to treatment levels of these nutrients, although Pioneer Hi‐bred 3390 appeared to be less efficient than Pioneer Hi‐bred 3334 in K uptake. Effects of nutrient stress on yield determinants depended on the determinant and nutrient under consideration. Severe N stress did not change length of grain filling periods, but decreased kernel numbers 30 to 70%. Stress for K, on the other hand, shortened grain filling periods about 13% and had only a slight effect on kernel number. Negligible P stress occurred in the experiment. The two hybrids produced equal quantities of grain/ha/day but the hybrid with a longer filling period (Pioneer 3334) filled many more kernels at a slightly slower rate and for a longer period of time to give a significantly greater grain yield compared to Pioneer 3390.     

Enhancing Corn Production Through the Use of Starter Fertilizer in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract

The northern portion of the Great Plains has environmental conditions that require unique management practices to ensure optimum corn (Zea mays L.) yield and quality. The objective was to investigate the effect of starter fertilizer on corn yield and quality under different soil management. A field experiment was established within a 2‐year corn/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] rotation. Whole‐plot treatments were tillage with split‐plot treatments of starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer treatments consisted of two nitrogen (N) sources, each at four rates, all contained phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). An additional treatment of no starter fertilizer was also incorporated into the experiment. There was a significant increase in yield with application of starter‐N for all years except 2002. The most dramatic yield increase was obtained with the comparison between the no starter (no N, P, or K) treatment and the P and K treatment (no N+P and K). Starter fertilizer with only P and K also increased yield, oil production, and N removal in all years compared with no starter fertilizer treatment. Application of starter fertilizer can have a significant positive impact on yield and quality of corn grown in the northern Great Plains.     

Grain yield and mineral composition of corn as influenced by endosperm type and nitrogen

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a major source of nutrition for humans and animals. Chemical and physical properties of corn endosperm vary among hybrids, are influenced by genotype and environment, and may affect the crop's response to nitrogen (N) fertilization. The objective of the study was to measure the responses of grain yield and grain N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), zinc (Zn,) and copper (Cu) concentration of different endosperm types to N fertilization. The study was conducted at two Ohio locations in 1988, where six endosperm types and two N rates (34 and 200 kg N/ha) were combined in a split plot arrangement. Nitrogen rate (main plots) had little effect on yield at either location, and the soft endosperm hybrid was the only hybrid to respond to N fertilizer. Within fertilizer level, hybrids differed in grain yield with the waxy hybrid out yielding the normal endosperm hybrid, and the hard endosperm hybrid out yielding the soft one at the 200 kg N/ha rate. Application of N fertilizer increased the grain N concentration of all hybrids. Grain of the waxy hybrid contained an equal or greater N concentration than the normal hybrid. In contrast, no difference in N level was found between hard and soft endosperm hybrids at either fertilizer level. Climatic conditions and soil fertility differences might have been partly responsible for location effects. Genetic make‐up could have been a factor in differing hybrid response since grain concentration of nutrients Varied by location, endosperm type, and N treatment.     

Root mass as a determinant of com hybrid response to starter fertilizer

Many studies have shown variable response to starter or row applied fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Field experiments with approximately 25 hybrids over three seasons showed that some hybrids responded to row applied fertilizer with large growth and yield increases while others did not respond. The objectives of this study were to compare root and shoot growth of responsive and non‐responsive corn hybrids to starter fertilizer and their uptake of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Two glasshouse experiments were conducted with hybrids from the field studies found to be most and least responsive to row applied fertilizers. In the first experiment, P was applied at levels of 0,10,20, or 30 mg kg^‐1 and was mixed with either 25 or 100% of the total soil volume (1.5 L). Nitrogen was mixed with the total soil volume in all treatments at a rate of 100 mg pot^‐1. Phosphorus rates in the second experiment were 0, 30, or 60 mg kg^‐1 and the N rate was 200 mg pot^‐1. Fertilizer N and P were mixed with total soil volume or banded 5 cm below the soil surface and 5 cm away from seed. The soil was obtained from the A horizon of Norfolk loamy fine sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudult). Time from seeding to harvest was 33 days for the first experiment and 41 days for the second. Root weight of the non‐responsive hybrid was 31 % higher in the first experiment and 48% higher in the second than of the responsive hybrid. Each hybrid responded similarly to starter P (62 to 78% increase in top growth). The responsive hybrid produced a significant (P 0.05) increase in top (92%) and root (76%) weight due to starter N, but the non‐responsive hybrid did not respond to N placement. The lack of response to starter N‐fertilizer was attributed to greater root growth in the non‐responsive hybrid because its top and root weight with broadcast N were about the same as those of the responsive hybrid with banded (starter) N. Since the hybrids differed only in response to starter N, a convenient method to classify corn hybrids with respect to starter fertilizer response is to measure top growth at six weeks after planting with banded versus broadcast N applied at planting.     

NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM NUTRIENT EFFECTS ON GRAIN FILLING AND YIELD OF HIGH-YIELDING SUMMER CORN

A three-site-year field experiment was conducted to determine nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer effects on grain filling dynamics and yield formation of high-yielding summer corn (Zea mays L.) in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn double crop cropping system. Application of combined NPK fertilizers resulted in the greatest grain yield, largest grain number and grain weight when compared with the treatments receiving N, NP, or NK. Grain filling rate and duration, grain volume, and grain yield increased with NPK rates; however, doubling the rate of 180 kg N ha^?1, 40 kg P ha^?1, and 75 kg K ha^?1 fertilizer only led to minimal increases in grain filling rate (0.8%), grain filling duration (1.6%), grain volume (1.3%) and grain yield (0.4%). Our results suggested that for the high-yielding summer corn, a combined NPK fertilization is required to enhance grain filling and yield, and that under well-fertilized circumstances, limited increases in both grain filling and sink capacity might be the main factor restricting further yield improvement.     

Starter fertilizer to spring barley and spring wheat in south-east Norway: Effects on growth and nutrient uptake

Abstract

Field experiments were carried out on three representative soils, to evaluate the effect of various starter fertilizers, together with different rates of band placed phosphorus (P), on nutrient uptake and yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The starter fertilizers were placed in the immediate vicinity of the seed, while the band placed P was placed at about 5 cm below the seeds and spaced at 25 cm between alternate seed rows. As starter fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium nitrate (CAN), ammonium nitrate (AN) and triple superphosphate (P20) were compared. In both species, effects of starter fertilizer on P uptake were most marked early in the growing season. At GS 13 application of 20 kg P ha^?1 as MAP increased the P uptake by 50% in barley and by 35% in wheat, compared to no seed-placed nutrients. For grain, the increase in P content was 8% for both species. The higher P uptake at GS 13 was supported by observations of higher plant vigour in the treatments with either P20 or MAP as starter fertilizer. The use of N only as starter fertilizer did not increase the vigour of the plants. Band placement of P also gave more vigorous plants in spring barley. The grain yield increased on the silty clay loam and on the silt soil when starter fertilizer was applied, especially with the use of MAP. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found when starter fertilizer was used on the loam soil. No delay or reduction of emergence was observed with starter fertilizer. Therefore, on soils where root growth or nutrient uptake becomes limited during the first weeks after sowing, application of starter fertilizer is recommended in Norway for both spring barley and spring wheat. Crops grown on silty soils seem to have an especially high demand for easily available P given as starter fertilizer.     

In-row tillage methods for subsoil amendment and starter fertilizer application to conservation-tilled grain sorghum

Acid subsoils and tillage pans limit crop yields on sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain of the United States. Studies were conducted for 3 years on two soils with acid subsoils and tillage pans to determine the effect of starter fertilizer (22 kg N, 10 kg P ha⁻¹ and fluid lime (1350 kg ha⁻¹) placement with in-row tillage methods on growth and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown in a conservation-tillage system. Fertilizer and lime were applied in factorial combinations in the in-row subsoil channel, in a narrow (4-mm) slit 18 cm below the tillage pan (slit-tillage), or 7 cm to the side of the row incorporated 7 cm deep. Slit-tillage was as effective as subsoiling in two of the four tests where plant growth and grain yield responded to deep tillage. Of the other two tests where there was a response to deep tillage, slit-tillage resulted in a 6% decrease in grain yield compared to subsoiling in one test, and an 8% yield increase in the other. Starter fertilizer placement was not critical, but response to starter fertilizer occurred only when deep tillage, either in-row subsoiling or slit-tillage, was used in conjunction with the fertilizer. Starter fertilizer consistently increased early-season plant growth; however, yield response to starter fertilizer was highly dependent on rainfall. Starter fertilizer application increased yield in only one of five tests. There was no benefit from injecting lime.     

Single vs. double cropping under two levels of fertilization with and without irrigation

Abstract

A corn‐small grain cropping sequence resulted in a greater total grain yield than corn or small grain alone or grain sorghum double cropped with small grain. Drought restricted yield responses to N, P and K in non‐irrigated plots but under irrigation grain yield for each cropping sequence was directly related to fertilizer applied. All fertilizer treatments increased soil acidity. Phosphorus and K applied at 26 and 50 kg/ha, respectively for each crop in the sequence maintained P and K levels in the soil. After three years, the high rate of fertilizer (87 and 166 kg/ha of P and K, respectively) resulted in greater soil P and K values than the low rate of fertilizer.     

No‐tillage corn response to placement of fertilizer nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium

Abstract

Fertilizer placement for corn (Zea mays L.) has been a major concern for no‐tillage production systems. This 3‐yr study (1994 to 1996) evaluated fertilizer phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) rates and placement for no‐tillage corn on farmers’ fields. There were two sites for each experiment involving fertilizer P or K. Treatments consisted ofthe following fertilizer rates: 0,19,and 39 kg P ha^‐1 or 0, 51, and 102 kg K ha^‐I. The fertilizer was broadcast or added as a subsurface band 5 cm beside and 5 cm below the seed at planting. Early plant growth, nutrient concentrations, and grain yields were measured. At the initiation of the study, soil test levels for P and K at the 0–1 5 cm depths ranged from optimum (medium) to very high across sites. Effects of added fertilizer and placement on early plant growth and nutrient concentrations were inconsistent. Added fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yields in two of twelve site‐years. Therefore, on no‐tillage soils with high fertility, nutrient addition, and placement affected early plant growth and nutrient utilization, but had limited effect on grain yield. Consequently, crop responses to the additions of single element P or K fertilizers under no‐tillage practices and high testing soils may not result in grain yield advantages for corn producers in the Northern cornbelt regardless of placement method.     

Root growth and mineral nutrition of corn hybrids as affected by phosphorus and lime

Abstract

The effects of triple superphosphate (TS) and liming on macronutrient accumulation and root growth of Pioneer 3072 and Cargill 505 corn hybrids were studied. Corn plants were grown up to 30 days in pots with 7 L of a dark red Latosol sandy loam (Haplortox). Lime was applied to raise base saturation to 30, 50, and 70%, in two levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization with TS (0 and 200 ppm P). There was an increase in root surface due to lime only in pots without TS, with no effects on plant growth or nutrition. Both corn hybrids responded to P fertilization, but Pioneer yielded more dry matter than Cargill. The roots of Cargill were thicker and, when in TS presence, were longer and had a larger surface than Pioneer. There was an increase in macronutrient uptake in the P fertilized pots. Pioneer required more nutrients and showed a higher efficiency in acquiring and utilizing the nutrients from the soil. A higher response of Pioneer in dry matter and nutrient acquisition was more related to the physiological efficiency than to root morphology.     

氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响

施用氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质有明显的影响。氮磷钾营养平衡施用(NPK)较不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)显著增加优质玉米产量,使高油玉米(农大115)分别增产15.9%、6.9%和12.1%,使高淀粉玉米(白玉109)依次增产20.3%、8.6%和12.7%。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量;施磷或施钾能增加高油玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量以及氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,而对高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质及其组分含量基本无或较小影响。施氮使高油玉米子粒氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量提高0.83和0.41个百分点,使高淀粉玉米提高1.18和0.36个百分点;施氮、施磷和施钾增加高油和高淀粉玉米淀粉总量和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量,使高油玉米分别增加0.83、0.41和0.30个百分点,使高淀粉玉米分别增加0.34、0.18和0.13个百分点,而施磷或施钾对两品种子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量的影响不明显。     

Corn yield and shifts among corn quality constituents following application of different nitrogen fertilizer sources at several times during corn development

Corn plants grown under higher nitrogen (N) fertility have a higher grain protein concentration. However, it is not known whether the increased protein concentration is due to decreases in the concentration of non‐structural carbohydrate (energy content approximately equal to protein), lipid (energy content approximately 2.5 times that of protein), or other components (largely structural carbohydrate). An increase in protein concentration that results in a decrease in lipid concentration will decrease the energy content per unit dry weight of grain corn. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted at four locations in Eastern Canada to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer source, application rate, and application time on the yield and quality of corn (Zea mays L.). Ammonium nitrate, urea, and calcium ammonium nitrate were applied at rates of 90 and 180 kg N/ha. The N fertilizer was applied as a) a single application: entirely pre‐plant incorporated (PPI), b) in two applications: 1/2 PPI and 1/2 when corn plants were 15 cm tall, and c) in three applications: 1/3 PPI, 1/3 when plants were 15 cm tall, and 1/3 when plants were 90 cm tall. Corn grain protein concentration increased with N application in all the location‐years; the average increase was 8.40%, with the application of N fertilizers as compared to the control. The protein content (nig) per kernel increased with N application in half the cases. Both corn grain protein concentration and content were not different among the three N application timings in most location‐years. The lipid concentration of the grain was not affected by any N treatment indicating that the increase in protein concentration did not decrease in energy concentration. However, the concentration of remaining grain components (largely fibre and cellulose) decreased as the protein concentration increased, so that high N fertility may have increased both protein and energy concentrations of the grain. Grain yield increased with increasing N fertilizer application rate, and it was generally not significantly affected by the number of the N application times. Neither corn yield nor corn quality were affected by the different N sources.     

Effects of Rhizobial inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nodulation of common bean

A two‐year field experiment was conducted to determine if using mixed strains of Rhizobium inoculant and starter nitrogen (N) fertilizer could improve yield and nodulation of four common bean varieties on a Vertisol at Alemaya, Ethiopia. A granular mixed inoculant of CIAT isolates 384, 274, and 632 and a starter N fertilizer at a rate of 23 kg N ha^‐1 (50 kg urea ha^‐1) were applied separately at planting. Inoculation with mixed strains and starter N fertilizer gave a significantly higher grain yield, nodule number, and dry matter yield for most varieties used. Both grain yield and dry matter yield showed a significant correlation (r=0.93 and r=0.87; P<0.05 for grain yield and dry matter yield, respectively, for 1991 crop season and r=0.90 and r=0.86; P<0.05 for grain yield and dry matter yield, respectively, for 1992 crop season) with nodule number. It is recommended that resource‐poor farmers adopt the practice of using a Rhizobium inoculant or starter N to improve common bean yields in the Hararghe highlands, Ethiopia.     

Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000-2002

Fumonisins were monitored in corn grain collected from Bt hybrids grown in 107 locations across the United States in 2000-2002. Bt corn hybrids contain the Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis that controls European corn borers and other stalk-boring pests. Fumonisin levels were frequently lower in grain from Bt hybrids grown in field trials under conditions of natural (FACT trials) or manual insect infestation (university trials). Over three years of FACT trials, there were 126/210 comparisons when fumonisin levels in grain from control hybrids were >2 ppm, exceeding U.S. FDA guidance levels of 2 ppm for human food. Grain from Bt hybrids was at or below 2 ppm of fumonisins for 58 of the 126 comparisons. The use of Bt hybrids can increase the percentage of corn grain that would be suitable for use in food and feed.     

Impact of ozone on grain sorghum yield

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) is an important animal feed crop, and it is sometimes planted as a substitute for field corn. Although sorghum is grown in areas of the central and southern U.S. where potentially damaging concentrations of O₃ exist, no data are available regarding the sensitivity of grain sorghum to O₃. Plants of grain sorghum (DeKalb A28+ ) were field-grown in open-top chambers and exposed to O₃(7-hr day^?1 seasonal mean concentrations of 0.016, 0.040, 0.059, 0.078, 0.102, and 0.129 ppm) for 85 days to determine the impact of O₃ on grain yield. A randomized complete block design incorporated three replicates of all treatments. Foliar injury was noted at the two highest 03 treatments. Analysis of variance of the data indicated highly significant O₃ effects on overall grain yield. There was a general decrease in yield as O₃ increased, and the overall grain yield reductions were caused primarily by reductions in individual seed weight. Quadratic, Weibull, and plateau-linear models all adequately described the response of grain sorghum to O₃. Yields were not markedly affected at O₃ concentrations below the 0.10 ppm treatment, and the predicted yield loss of 15% at a seasonal 7-hr mean O₃ concentration of 0.13 ppm indicates that grain sorghum exhibits considerable tolerance to O₃.     

Phosphorus relationships in no‐till small grains

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations for no‐till small grain production are poorly defined. These studies were conducted to determine small grain‐P response relative to the Olsen‐P soil test and compare P‐fertilizer placements with the seed and banded below and to the side of the seed under no‐till field conditions. Phosphorus rates of 0 to 26 kg P/ha were evaluated on seven spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 11 spring wheat, and six winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) locations in central and northcentral Montana between 1986 and 1990. Grain yield, grain protein, test weight, above‐ground crop yield, plant P concentration at maturity, and P uptake were measured. One winter wheat location had a significant yield response to P; all other locations had non‐significant yield responses. Grain protein, test weight, P concentration, and P uptake were all unaffected by P rate or P placement. Both the ANOVA and paired t‐test were used to analyze the P‐placement data and were all nonsignificant. Slopes of grain yield response (grain yield for each P rate minus the grain yield without P), P concentration, and P uptake versus P rate were analyzed with the t‐test; none of the P‐response slopes were greater than zero. The P responses by individual crop were regressed against P rate, Olsen‐P soil test, available soil water at planting, and pH. Phosphorus rate was not a significant factor in any of the equations. Significant and useful predictive equations for grain yield response could not be generated; however, equations predicting P concentration and P uptake were developed. The Cate‐Nelson graphical analysis was unsuccessful in estimating an Olsen‐P soil test critical level. All attempts failed to relate grain yield or grain yield response to the Olsen‐P soil test and/or P rate. When P soil tests are higher than 12 mg/kg, no‐till grain growers should consider applying a maintenance level of P fertilizer, about 5 to 10 kg P/ha either banded below or with the seed, to maintain soil P levels.     

不同氮肥减施量下玉米针叶豌豆间作体系的产量及效益

  【目的】  通过探讨河西绿洲灌区氮肥减施对玉米针叶豌豆间作体系产量及肥料贡献率的影响,为玉米针叶豌豆间作体系氮素资源高效管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  研究基于2011年设置在武威绿洲灌区的玉米间作针叶豌豆长期田间定位试验。不施肥和习惯施肥 (N100) 处理为单作玉米,施用习惯氮肥量95%、90%、85%、80%和0%处理为玉米间作针叶豌豆。调查了2014—2019年玉米针叶豌豆间作体系产量、产量构成要素、经济效益、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥肥料贡献率。  【结果】  玉米针叶豌豆间作种植具有明显的增产优势,而且这种增产优势随种植年限的延长呈增加趋势。在85%常规氮肥用量条件下,玉米籽粒产量与N100基本相当,差异不显著,虽然玉米株高和茎粗会受到明显抑制,穗位和穗位比下降明显,但是成穗数、穗粒数和百粒重却无明显变化,同时因为增收了1419 kg/hm2针叶豌豆干草和1637 kg/hm2针叶豌豆籽粒,合计收益增加3813元/hm2,增幅明显,而且氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率显著提高,氮肥肥料贡献率除2019年显著降低外,其余年份无明显变化。在80%常规氮肥用量条件下,玉米籽粒产量显著降低,降幅达8.77%,但是同样因为可以增收1438 kg/hm2针叶豌豆干草和1569 kg/hm2针叶豌豆籽粒,合计收益增加2098元/hm2,增幅明显,氮肥偏生产力显著提高,增幅达14.04%,氮肥农学利用率无明显变化,但是玉米的成穗数、穗粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、穗位、穗长、穗粗、氮肥肥料贡献率等降幅均达到显著水平。  【结论】  在河西绿洲灌区,长期进行玉米间作针叶豌豆,在玉米季减少15%的化学氮肥施用量不会造成玉米减产,由于同时收获了针叶豌豆干草和籽粒,整个体系收益提高,氮肥效率显著增加。在玉米季减少20%的化学氮肥施用量虽然会造成玉米减产,氮肥肥料贡献率下降,但是同样因为增收了针叶豌豆干草和籽粒,整个体系收益提高,氮肥偏生产力显著增加。     

Corn and Soybean Grain Phosphorus Content Relationship with Soil Phosphorus,Phosphorus Fertilizer,and Crop Yield

Most fertilizer phosphorus (P) rate recommendations for the north-central United States are based on combination of a critical soil-test P value and a mass-balance calculation of fertilizer P required to maintain critical soil-test P. Accurate estimates of grain P removal are an essential component of P mass-balance calculation. Current north-central extension service guidelines recommend that estimates of corn and soybean grain P removal should be calculated using constant grain P concentrations. We reviewed research from the north-central region to determine the extent to which variation in grain P concentration accounts for differences in crop P removal and to determine whether predictions of grain P concentration can be improved through consideration of soil-test P, crop yield, and fertilizer P application. We found that soil-test P, grain yield, and fertilizer P are predictor variables that may significantly improve estimates of grain P concentration for corn and soybeans.     

不同株高类型杂交高粱产量、养分吸收及品质对氮肥的响应

  【目的】  生产中我国杂交高粱品种株型差异较大。研究不同株高类型高粱产量、品质和养分利用效率对氮肥的响应,为高粱优质高效生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用田间试验方法,供试作物为我国不同生态区具有代表性的不同年代育成的40个杂交高粱品种。根据株高将40个杂交高粱品种分为矮秆 (<1.3 m)、中秆 (1.3～1.6 m) 和高秆 (>1.6 m),每个品种均设置不施氮 (N0) 和施N 150 kg/hm2 (N150) 两个处理。高粱成熟期调查地上部生物量、产量及产量构成,分析高粱地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮吸收与利用效率,测定籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及单宁含量。  【结果】  随株高增加,高粱地上部干物质累积量和籽粒产量明显增加,但对收获指数没有显著影响。施氮显著提高了中秆和高秆高粱品种的产量和穗粒数,但降低了千粒重,而施氮对矮秆品种的产量及其构成没有显著影响。同一氮处理条件下,高秆和中秆品种的籽粒产量、穗粒数及地上部氮累积量没有显著差异。高秆品种的磷、钾累积量最高,矮秆最低,施氮提高了3个株高品种的磷钾累积量,特别是矮秆品种的磷钾累积量。3个株高品种的氮吸收效率相当,为25.5%～30.4%,但高秆和中秆品种籽粒氮利用效率显著高于矮秆品种。株高与高粱籽粒淀粉含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关,与单宁含量无显著相关性。相同氮处理下,高秆和中秆品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量相当。施氮降低了所有品种籽粒淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量,且对矮秆品种的影响大于中秆和高秆品种。  【结论】  不同株高类型杂交高粱品种的收获指数和氮吸收效率没有明显差别,高秆和中秆高粱品种具有较高的穗粒数、籽粒产量、淀粉含量及氮利用效率,中秆品种的氮磷钾养分需求量低于高秆品种。施氮降低了籽粒淀粉含量,提高了中秆和高秆品种的穗粒数进而提高产量,但矮秆高粱产量及其构成对氮不敏感。综合考虑产量、肥料利用效率和满足高粱机械化收获对株高的要求,建议生产中优先考虑株高为1.3～1.6 m的杂交高粱品种。