低压重力渗灌系统渗灌的特性

为合理设计温室内低压节水灌溉系统,探讨低压重力渗灌时的渗灌特性,设置以土壤初始含水量、土壤初始容重、供水高度和渗灌管埋深为主要调控因子,通过试验模拟分析低压重力灌溉条件下渗灌管的渗流规律及土壤水分的入渗特性。试验结果表明：渗灌管出流量与时间符合幂函数,渗水速率与时间符合三次方程;渗灌条件不同,灌后土壤湿润区以及湿润区土壤含水量的分布显著不同;渗灌湿润区水分分布受供水高度、土壤初始含水量、土壤初始容重及渗灌管埋深等因素的影响;通过显著性分析,4个单因素对渗灌管出流量影响程度由大到小依次为供水高度、土壤初始含水量、土壤初始容重及渗灌管埋深,且除埋管深度外,其他三因素交互作用显著。     

地下渗灌研究进展

地下渗灌是一种地下微灌方法,通过埋设于地下的渗灌管将灌溉水引至地面下一定深度的土壤中,再利用土壤毛细管作用实现对作物根区直接供水,该灌水方法与“地下滴灌”的灌水过程实质相同。地下渗灌可有效改善土壤环境质量,利于作物生长,是一项发展前景广阔的高效节水灌溉技术,开展地下渗灌的研究对于推动高效节水农业发展具有重要意义。从地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律、灌水技术参数、灌溉制度、渗灌管堵塞的影响及调控等方面,对相关研究进展和存在问题进行综述,提出了今后的研究方向,供节水灌溉研究领域的学者参考。综述认为,与地下渗灌技术的生产实践相比,对其机理方面的研究相对滞后,限制了该技术的深入推广应用,主要表现在：地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律尚不够清晰;堵塞问题依然是目前阻碍地下渗灌技术应用与发展的限制性因素;地下渗灌配水系统优化设计问题尚需进一步研究。建议今后开展各种不同渗灌条件下的水分入渗数值模拟分析;选取合适的处理水平,研究渗灌灌水效果的主要影响因素,寻求最优灌水技术参数组合;针对地下渗灌条件下作物灌溉制度开展研究,形成一套合理完善的灌溉制度与试验方法;对于渗灌管出流规律、堵塞机理以及进入地下渗灌系统时...     

磁化水灌溉对番茄生长及生理特性的影响

通过日光温室试验,研究磁化水灌溉对番茄幼苗期和开花期生长性状与生理特性的影响,为磁化水灌溉在蔬菜生产中的应用提供依据。试验设置2个处理:磁化水灌溉、普通水灌溉（CK）。试验结果表明:与普通水灌溉相比,磁化水灌溉处理的番茄植株株高增长15%、茎粗增长8.2%;磁化水灌溉处理后的幼苗期番茄叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增长22%、44.4%、18.4%,开花期番茄叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性分别增长15.8%、21.5%、48.3%;磁化水灌溉处理后的开花期番茄根系活力增长56%。磁化水灌溉能有效提升番茄生长性能、酶活性和根系活力,可为绿色、无公害蔬菜生产技术的应用提供参考。      

极端干旱区成龄葡萄深层坑渗灌技术研究

针对吐哈盆地葡萄的灌溉,在调研国内外果树灌溉方法基础上,提出了小管出流结合坑灌的葡萄深层坑渗灌技术,对葡萄深层坑渗灌的技术要素包括灌水器管径、埋深、间距和灌水定额及小管供水流量进行了初步研究.结果表明,灌水器的埋设深度主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土壤质地和灌水定额;灌水器管径和间距主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土...     

变频磁化水灌溉技术应用效果

磁化水技术应用在农业生产上在国内外已经有相当多的案例,并逐渐被国内外农业科技工作者广泛关注,而且开展了大量磁化水灌溉对植物生长影响的理论研究。变频磁化水灌溉技术是在磁化水灌溉技术的基础上又进行了进一步的研究应用,提高了磁化水灌溉的增产效果。     

温室集雨及低压自渗灌溉可行性研究

通过温室棚面集雨试验,及室内模拟渗灌试验,将温室棚面收集的雨水汇于地上蓄水池,利用池中水面与地下渗灌管的相对高差作为供水压力,探讨了对温室作物根区土壤进行低压微渗灌溉的可行性.结果表明,棚面径流系数fmk达0.898 9,集雨量基本上能满足温室一年三茬作物种植的需水量;在蓄水箱所能提供的供水压头范围内,基本能满足均匀供水的需要.     

不同节水灌溉技术模式对保护地番茄产量和节水效果的影响

通过采用渗灌、滴灌、沟灌3种节水灌溉技术模式进行试验,分析不同节水灌溉技术模式对保护地番茄产量、耗水量、生育时期根层土壤水吸力和灌溉用水效率的影响。试验结果表明:从番茄产量来看,滴灌>渗灌>沟灌;从节水效果来看,渗灌>滴灌>沟灌;从灌溉水分利用效率大小来看,渗灌>滴灌>沟灌。在沟灌、滴灌和渗灌这3种节水灌溉技术中,番茄生产应首选滴灌技术,其次为渗灌技术。     

供水压力对节点渗灌管出水孔工作压力影响的研究

用土槽模拟试验的方法,对渗灌灌水时供水压力与节点渗灌管出水孔的水压关系进行了试验研究,结果表明:水源供水压力越大,水头损失越大,水头对渗灌管出水均匀效果产生影响,节点式渗灌灌水时供水压力以100cm水柱左右为宜.     

不同方式加气灌溉对温室芹菜生长及产量的影响研究

【目的】探明不同地下灌溉方式加气灌溉对温室芹菜生长及产量的影响。【方法】采用温室小区试验,设计了2种不同地下灌溉方式(地下滴灌D和地下渗灌S),每种灌溉方式均设加气灌溉A和不加气灌溉N,以畦灌(CK)作为对照,共5个处理,研究了不同处理对温室芹菜生长发育、产量、土壤水分分布及灌溉水生产效率的影响。【结果】渗灌较地下滴灌有明显增产效果,不加气情况下显著增产10.6%;加气灌溉有一定增产效果,但与不加气灌溉下产量差异不显著。与常规地下滴灌不加气处理相比,渗灌加气灌溉增产12.8%,达到显著性水平(p0.01)。从土壤水分分布来看,在相同灌溉量情况下,渗灌0~20 cm土壤含水率较地下滴灌显著提高9.6%(p0.05),而20~40 cm土层则较地下滴灌土壤含水率降低12.9%(p0.05),地下渗灌的土壤水分分布更适合浅根性的温室芹菜根系水肥吸收。渗灌与地下滴灌的产量差异主要是株高差异所致,与芹菜的单株叶柄数关系不大。【结论】渗灌较地下滴灌显著提高灌溉水生产效率,且以渗灌加气灌溉的水分生产效率最高,渗灌结合加气灌溉可以实现温室芹菜节水高产。     

磁化水灌水量对滴灌棉花生长发育及灌溉水利用效率的影响

磁化水技术是一种能够提高资源利用率的物理辅助技术措施。为确定南疆绿洲灌区滴灌棉花增产增效的最佳磁化水灌溉量,为磁化水灌溉在棉花生产上的应用提供依据,试验通过设置5个灌水量处理(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5),研究了灌水量对滴灌棉花生长发育及磁化水利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生长发育因灌溉定额的不同而呈现明显差异,其株高、叶面积指数均随着灌水量的增加而增加;T4处理全生育期干物质的积累速率和累积量最大,分别达到3.35 g/d和78.35 kg/hm~2,生物产量的磁化水利用效率为5.55 kg·hm~2/m~3,经济产量的磁化水利用效率的为1.77 kg·hm~2/m~3。综上所述,本地区磁化水灌溉制度的最佳灌溉量为3 360 m~3/hm~2,具有较好的节水稳产效果。     

Minimisation or remediation: A cost benefit comparison of two approaches for managing irrigation-induced deep percolation

We compare the net present costs of two approaches for managing irrigation-induced deep percolation under border-check irrigated pasture: (1) conversion from border-check irrigation to sprinkler irrigation to minimise deep percolation and (2) installation of a subsurface drainage system to extract excess deep percolation under the existing border-check system. Results for a dairy farm in northern Victoria, Australia, show that conversion to sprinkler irrigation is the more cost-effective approach. The net present cost of the second approach varies across an irrigation landscape, depending on the most suitable subsurface drainage and disposal system that can be used for a particular location. Where an aquifer is high yielding and of low salinity and thus drainage water is suitable for reuse on farm, tubewell drainage and farm reuse of drainage water provides a viable alternative to conversion from border-check irrigation to sprinkler irrigation. Where tubewell drainage or farm reuse is not feasible, sprinkler irrigation is more cost-effective than border-check irrigation with subsurface drainage.     

Numerical evaluation of subsurface trickle irrigation with brackish water

In this study, an assessment for a proposed irrigation system in the El-Salam Canal cultivated land, Egypt, was conducted. A numerical model (HYDRUS-2D/3D) was applied to investigate the effect of irrigation amount, frequency, and emitter depth on the wetted soil volume, soil salinity levels, and deep percolation under subsurface trickle irrigation (SDI) of tomato growing with brackish irrigation water in three different soil types. The simulations indicated that lower irrigation frequency increased the wetted soil volume without significant increase in water percolates below the plant roots. Deep percolation decreased as the amount of irrigation water and emitter depth decreased. With the same amount of irrigation water, the volume of leached soil was larger at lower irrigation frequency. The salinity of irrigation water under SDI with shallow emitter depth did not show any significant effect on increasing the soil salinity above tomato crop salt tolerance. Based on the results, it appears that the use of SDI with brackish irrigation water is an effective method for growing tomato crop in El-Salam Canal cultivated land especially with shallow emitter depth.     

北运河流域典型区污灌条件下氮素渗漏模拟及灌溉模式优选

为了揭示北运河流域农田氮素的渗漏迁移特征,为该流域水资源总体规划和非点源污染综合整治提供指导,以北运河流域武清区为研究对象,采用改进的SWAT模型对16种不同灌溉模式下农田氮素的渗漏特征进行模拟分析。结果显示,随着污灌次数的增加,氮素渗漏量也相应增加,但3次以下污灌,其变化不明显。在污灌次数相同,且连续污灌或者污灌间隔...     

低压滴灌条件下提高系统灌水均匀度的途径探讨

低压滴灌是一种高效节能型灌水技术,采用低压滴灌不仅可以减少灌溉系统建设成本,而且可以降低系统运行成本,因此低压滴灌将是今后滴灌技术发展的一个重要方向。然而在灌水器工作压力小于5 m的低压条件下,采用现有的滴灌设备将会由于水力环境的变化引起毛管输水量和滴灌管(带)的有效铺设长度减小,降低滴灌系统的灌水均匀度和灌水质量等问题,为了不以牺牲灌水质量换取成本降低,通过分析低压滴灌的工作特点,提出了改进和提高低压滴灌灌水均匀度的方法和途径。     

Assessing basin irrigation and scheduling strategies for saving irrigation water and controlling salinity in the upper Yellow River Basin, China

Water saving in irrigation is a key concern in the Yellow River basin. Excessive water diversions for irrigation waste water and produce waterlogging problems during the crop season and soil salinization in low lands. Supply control and inadequate functionality of the drainage system were identified as main factors for poor water management at farm level. Their improvement condition the adoption of water saving and salinity control practices. Focusing on the farm scale, studies to assess the potential for water savings included: (a) field evaluation of current basin irrigation practices and further use of the simulation models SRFR and SIRMOD to generate alternative improvements for the surface irrigation systems and (b) the use of the ISAREG model to simulate the present and improved irrigation scheduling alternatives taking into consideration salinity control. Models were used interactively to define alternatives for the irrigation systems and scheduling that would minimize percolation and produce water savings. Foreseen improvements refer to basin inflow discharges, land leveling and irrigation scheduling that could result in water savings of 33% relative to actual demand. These improvements would also reduce percolation and maintain water table depths below 1 m thereby reducing soil salinization.     

The Eritrean spate irrigation system

Eritrea’s coastal zone has been identified as an area of substantial development potential. About 14,000 ha of this 5 million ha area (i.e. <0.3%) has already been developed under a form of spate irrigation known locally as jeriff. This is a water diversion and spreading technique in which wadis (ephemeral streams), springing from Eritrea’s Central Highlands are diverted to irrigate land in the coastal plains. The system as it is applied in Sheeb, an area north-east of Asmara, characterised by agro-pastoral spate irrigation, is described. Under spate irrigation, crop growth is entirely dependent on the residual soil moisture stored in the soil profile. If the basin fields are flooded adequately, the resulting residual soil moisture is sufficient for two or sometimes three crop harvests. The spate irrigation system builds up land by depositing rich sediment on the fields, but therefore, the elevation of the irrigated lands rises every year. Moreover, the system requires huge numbers of trees annually for constructing diversion structures which are subsequently often washed away by heavy floods. In general, the overall irrigation efficiencies of spate schemes are only about 20% because of the difficulty of controlling floods and because water is lost by percolation, seepage and evaporation. Suggestions are made to improve the system and make it more sustainable: permanent flood diversion and distribution structures should be built to effectively divert the floods and to reduce water loss through percolation and seepage, and the basin fields should be properly levelled to distribute the floodwater uniformly over the entire field.     

Irrigation management for groundwater quality protection

Deep percolation flow below agricultural and can transport nitrate and pesticide residues to underlying groundwater. Irrigated agriculture in dry climates can also contaminate groundwater with salt from irrigation water and with trace elements such as selenium leached from the vadose zone. Groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals can be minimized by using best management practices (BMPs) for crop production (including low-input sustainable agriculture or other source control) and for irrigation. Irrigation systems should be designed and managed for zero or minimum deep percolation during the growing seasons to keep fertilizer and pesticides in the root zone as long as possible. At other times, irrigation efficiencies can be lower to produce enough deep percolation water for leaching salts out of the root zone. Because of spatial variability and preferential flow, however, some deep percolation and movement of chemicals may still occur, even if the irrigation efficiency is 100%. BMPs should be developed to minimize such deep percolation flow.     

On-farm performance evaluation of improved traditional small-scale irrigation practices: A case study from Dire Dawa area, Ethiopia

Field evaluation of surface irrigation systems play a fundamental role to determine the efficiency of the system as it is being used and to identify management practices and system configurations that can be implemented to improve the irrigation efficiency. This study evaluated the performance of an ‘improved’ traditional small-scale irrigation practice at Adada, a representative small-scale irrigation practice in Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia. In order to determine numerical values of performance measures, certain parameters were measured/observed before, during and after an irrigation event while farmers are performing their normal irrigation practice. These parameters include: irrigated crop, irrigation method, stream size, cutoff time, soil moisture deficiency, and field size, shape and spacing. The results showed that the irrigation water applied to a farmer's plot during an irrigation event/turn was generally higher than the required depth to be applied per event. Since the irrigation method used was end-dyked, the major cause of water loss was due to deep percolation. The deep percolation loss was 32% in sorghum, 57% in maize, and 70% in tomato and potato fields. The type of irrigation system used, the ridged irrigation practice and the poor irrigation scheduling in the study sites were the main problems identified in the management and operations of the schemes. The following corrective measures are recommended to improve the system: (1) farmers should regulate the depth of irrigation water they apply according to the type of crop and its growth stage, change the field irrigation system and/or configuration especially for shallow rooted row crops, to furrow system, (2) guidance and support to farmers in developing and introduction of appropriate irrigation scheduling, and (3) future development interventions towards improvement of traditional irrigation practices should also focus in improving the on farm irrigation systems in addition to improving physical infrastructure of the scheme.     

冬小麦田间根层中氮素迁移转化规律研究

在冬小麦生长期田间试验的基础上，建立了土壤──作物系统中水分运动及不同形态氮素迁移转化的数学模型，该模型考虑了有机氮的矿化、铵氮的硝化与挥发、硝态氮的反硝化以及土壤吸附、作物吸收等多种影响因素，利用溶质扩散──对流方程模拟了冬小麦生长期田间水分、铵氮、硝态氮含量及其分布的变化。模拟模型计算结果与田间试验结果比较说明，数学模型能较好地模拟田间的实际情况。模型计算结果表明，在不同灌水定额情况下，６０ｍｍ／次的灌水量就能基本满足作物生长的需要，而且几乎不造成深层渗漏。增大灌水定额，作物吸收水量的增加十分有限，却可能导致大量水的深层渗漏损失，溶解在土壤水中的硝态氮亦随土壤水往深层移动，作物吸收的氮量有所减少，并且随土壤水的下渗，硝态氮的深层渗漏损失显著增加。     

Guilan,a successful irrigation project in Iran

This rapid appraisal study compares the actual and projected performance of a large, rice monoculture irrigation project in the humid climate of the Caspian Sea in Iran. The uniqueness of this project is the co-existence of East-Asia rice farming techniques with advanced technologies of automatic water control found generally in the Mediterranean countries. The paper emphasizes the need to do field tests at the design stage in order to make realistic assumptions on water efficiency and deep percolation. The study confirms that the advanced water control technologies are appropriate for small farm irrigation projects in the humid tropics, a conclusion often debated among experts. The Guilan project now provides some evidence to support that conclusion.