水稻配方肥田间校正试验报告

基于赣榆县试验地块土壤养分测试结果,根据水稻需肥规律和肥料效应,设计出适应不同地块的2种配方肥料。为验证2种配方肥的田间使用效果,于2012年度进行了田间校正试验。结果表明,水稻配方施肥较常规施肥区产量均有所增加,增产率分别为8.32%、11.97%,分别增收172.34元/667 m2、266.13元/667 m2。肥料农学效率、配方肥产投比较好。因此,试验结果进一步表明,根据测土结果和水稻需肥规律拟订的施肥配方较为科学、合理。     

不同施肥方案在小麦上的效果比较研究

通过对农民习惯施肥、技术部门推荐施肥、小麦专用配方肥等几种施肥方案对鄂北岗地冬小麦生长和产量影响的研究,筛选出适宜的肥料,为小麦科学施肥提供依据。大田试验结果表明,与农民习惯施肥相比,宜施壮小麦专用肥平均增产1050 kg/hm~2,增产率达17.7%;农技部门推荐施肥平均增产690 kg/hm~2,增产率11.6%;当地小麦专用肥平均增产260 kg/hm~2,增产率4.4%;不施肥的明显减产52.9%。经济效益分析结果表明,与农民习惯施肥相比,宜施壮小麦专用肥增加纯收益1893元/hm~2,农技部门推荐施肥和当地小麦专用肥分别增加纯收益516、112元/hm~2。宜施壮小麦专用配方肥显著提高小麦产量,增加经济收益,施用效果最好,可推广应用。     

配方施肥对单季稻产量及经济效益的影响

[目的]为配方施肥技术推广应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用田间多点试验研究了配方施肥对单季稻产量、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响.[结果]结果表明,与常规施肥比,施用配方肥处理水稻的产量增加了3.33％.配方施肥处理的N、P、K肥当季肥料利用率分别提高了12.13％、8.61％和10.47％.配方施肥处理的纯收入比常规施肥增加了511.4元/hm2,增幅达到4.85％.[结论]配方施肥技术值得在当地进行推广应用.     

不同减肥技术对马铃薯养分高效利用的影响

马铃薯是一种对肥料较敏感的高产作物,合理施肥能够增加马铃薯产量,提高品质,降低成本。然而,目前马铃薯种植中普遍存在施肥量较高的问题。通过马铃薯减肥增效田间试验,研究了不同减肥技术对马铃薯产量、养分累积分配及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)处理N、P、K养分总量减少20%,马铃薯产量提高6 075 kg/hm~2,增产率为13.8%;推荐施肥(专用肥)处理肥料利用率均高于习惯施肥,N、P、K肥料利用率分别为39.28%、22.60%、53.85%,相比习惯施肥N、P肥料利用率分别增加13.93和13.43个百分点,K肥利用率差异不显著。相比推荐施肥(专用肥),在专用肥减量的同时配施几种新型肥料(中微量元素肥、腐植酸水溶肥、生物有机肥)均能达到减肥稳产的效果,且专用肥减施30%的同时配施生物有机肥的马铃薯产量最高,与推荐施肥(专用肥)相比增产1 913 kg/hm~2,增产率为3.8%,氮肥利用率提高4.83个百分点,磷肥利用率提高7.70个百分点,钾肥利用率提高14.17个百分点。综上所述,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)的施用能够有效提高马铃薯产量,增加养分累积量,提高肥料利用率;专用肥配施其他新型肥料可在减肥的基础上进一步增加马铃薯产量,提高肥料利用率,其中配施生物有机肥效果最优。     

水稻配方肥肥效试验

通过对吉林市世纪田王生物肥有限公司生产的水稻配方肥应用效果的研究,验证其与当地常规施肥效果的差异,完善水稻配方肥的配方。结果表明,配方肥肥效同当地常规施肥肥效相比可增产380 kg/hm2,增产率为3.7%,且比空白对照增产5 465 kg/hm2,增产率为108.2%,效果显著,肥效可靠。     

菜用脱毒马铃薯测土配方施肥肥效研究

[目的]采讨类似贵州肖毕节市生态环境下获得较高产量的最佳施肥配比，建立施犯指导数学模型[方法]通过菜用脱毒马铃薯宣薯3号“3414”测土配方施肥肥效试验，分析最佳施肥配比。[结果]中肥力试验施N肥210.3kg/hm^2、P肥36.3kg/hm^2、K肥413.1kg/hm^2,可获得马铃薯18 146.1kg/hm^2；低肥力试验施N肥117.15kg/hm^2、P肥79.8kg/hm^2、K肥191.55kg/hm^2,可获得马铃薯18 610.35kg/hm^2的较好产量；高肥力试验地块由于基础肥力较高，土壤中含N量也能满足马铃薯生长阶段对N元素的需求，故不需要再施用，其最佳施肥量为施P肥242.7kg/hm^2、K肥522.3kg/hm^2,可获得马铃薯18 648.15kg/hm^2的产量[结论]研究结果为大田生产提供了指导。     

赣北彭泽县配方施肥在棉花上应用效果

在棉花需肥规律和彭泽县棉区耕作土壤供肥能力条件下,研究配方施肥与常规施肥、不施肥对棉花的增产增效作用。结果表明:与常规施肥和不施肥比,配方施肥有增加植株高度,减少蕾铃脱落,增多果枝层数的作用;产量结果显示,配方施肥较常规施肥增产率达6.9%,较不施的增产率达63.8%,在当前肥料成本和棉花市场销售价格的条件下,配方施肥较常规施肥增收1442.4元/hm~2,节本843.5元/hm~2,比不施肥增收7188.7元/hm~2,但增加肥料投入成本4149.0元/hm~2。     

鄂中地区水稻配方施肥的农艺和生态效果研究

通过多点田间试验,研究了当前生产条件下施用配方肥对水稻产量、养分积累、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥相比,尽管配方施肥处理增加了肥料投入(N、P2O5、K2O分别增加48、7.5、30 kg/hm2),但平均增产691 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O积累量分别增加17.3%、15.1%、14.4%,肥料贡献率和农学效率增加7.8个百分点和1.0 kg/kg,纯收入增加1 257元/hm2。     

微生物肥料在小白菜上的应用肥效研究

[目的]探讨微生物肥料在小白菜上的应用肥效。[方法]针对几种微生物肥料在小白菜上应用的实际效果进行试验。[结果]结果表明,与常规施肥方式相比,施用了微生物肥料的小白菜株高和单株重明显增加;产量明显增加,增产率不等。[结论]小白菜生产过程中施用微生物肥料可取得明显增产增收效果,值得推广。     

夏玉米配方肥肥效校正研究

[目的]探讨夏玉米最佳的施肥配方。[方法]在多年试验的基础上,进行夏玉米配方肥肥效校正研究。[结果]2013年在高温干旱气象条件下,配方肥的肥力优势依然较为明显,其结实率、百粒重等产量结构尤为突出,分别提高15%~20%、12%~22%,玉米籽粒产量提高525~600 kg/hm2,增产收益增加1 050~1 350元/hm2。[结论]研究结果为夏玉米生产提供了技术参考。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.