近30年国家和湖南省审定的水稻品种白叶枯病抗性分析

总结了近30年参加国家和湖南省水稻区域试验品种的白叶枯病抗性情况,并对审定推广的抗病品种进行了分析,以为我国水稻白叶枯病抗性育种提供参考,减轻白叶枯病带来的危害。     

安仁基点水稻新品种抗白叶枯病研究进展

湖南省农科院水稻研究所安仁基点通过对水稻白叶枯病的多年研究,找到了水稻白叶枯病的发生规律,提出了以选用抗病、优质、高产品种为中心,以栽培管理为基础,药剂防治为辅的防治措施;鉴定了白叶枯病材料5万多份,筛选出高抗材料100多份,抗病材料500多份;在此基础上,选育出了一批多抗性品种在生产上应用,产生了很好的社会、经济及生态效益。认为筛选抗源、选育抗多种病、虫的抗性品种仍是今后育种的重要目标。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因的发掘及在育种中的应用

白叶枯病是水稻生产中最具危害性的病害之一。控制白叶枯病最有效的方式就是培育抗病品种。一直以来,生产中利用的抗白叶枯病品种其抗性基本上都是由主基因控制,然而由于白叶枯病菌的小种专化性,携有垂直抗性基因,特别是单基因的品种容易丧失抗性,所以只有采取基因轮换、多基因聚合等方式才能有效防止抗白叶枯病品种丧失抗性,而不断进行抗白叶枯病新基因的发掘则是开展相关工作的前提。本文对白叶枯病抗性基因的发掘、定位及分子标记开发的最新进展进行了概述;并介绍了国内外在分子标记辅助选择利用白叶枯病抗性主基因改良水稻抗白叶枯病方面的进展;最后鉴于目前在利用白叶枯病抗性主基因方面存在的问题进行了归纳,并提出了相应对策。     

杂交水稻白叶枯病抗性鉴定及利用

通过１０余ａ对１１２５份杂交水稻组合及其亲本材料用剪叶法接种白叶枯病菌的试验,鉴别杂交稻不同组合及其双亲间的抗性遗传模式,认为水稻的白叶枯病抗性种质通过亲子传递在杂交水稻上能够得到直接而有效的利用。同时,对杂交水稻白叶枯病抗性的利用以及抗性鉴定中的有关问题进行了讨论。     

103个杂交稻亲本白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性基因型检测

白叶枯病和稻瘟病是我国水稻生产的主要病害,选育抗病品种是一种经济有效的防治手段。明确抗性基因在水稻品种资源中的分布,将有助于应用分子标记辅助选择培育抗性品种。本研究针对13个重要抗病基因,包括8个白叶枯病抗性基因(Xa1、Xa4、xa5、Xa7、xa13、Xa21、Xa23和Xa26)和5个稻瘟病抗性基因(Pib、Pi2、Pi9、Pi25和Pita),应用这些基因的基因标记或连锁标记共29个,检测103份杂交稻亲本,初步确定了其等位基因分布和利用情况,为水稻基础材料的筛选及应用提供参考。     

中国杂交水稻白叶枯病抗性的遗传改良

 20世纪80年代,中国杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种进展迅速。在大面积种植的籼型三系和两系杂交稻中主要应用白叶枯病抗性基因Xa4,白叶枯病在生产中几乎“销声匿迹”了20年。但近年来,此病害却在长江流域一些种植新组合的稻田里又爆发了。什么原因引起它再度流行？品种的抗性是否还有效？抗病育种是否还是水稻改良的主要目标之一？通过哪些途径才能更有效地利用抗病基因培育出更为持久的抗性品种？为回答这些问题,就我国杂交水稻对白叶枯病抗性的改良,寄主与病菌群体的互动演变效应进行了分析,讨论了拓宽抗性遗传基础、白叶枯病菌毒性群体结构、基因轮换、合理利用基因等问题。 在采用了包括传统方法、分子标记辅助选择和转基因技术的综合策略后,杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种研究将出现新的局面。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性的遗传及改良

《水稻白叶枯病抗性的遗传及改良》集国内外学者一个多世纪来对水稻、白叶枯病抗性遗传改良的理解与认识，系统整理、分析和概括所积累的大量的从基础理论到对应策略的发展的论文和资料，对之进行了全面论述。     

水稻白叶枯病的发生危害与综合防治技术探讨

水稻白叶枯病近年来在仙居县呈上升流行态势,对水稻高产稳产构成极大威胁。为探索新的耕作栽培条件下水稻白叶枯病的发生流行规律与综合防治对策,笔者系统调查了水稻白叶枯病的发生危害、侵染循环和影响因素,探明了病害再度上升的主要原因,提出了病害防控的对策与综合防治技术。     

分子标记辅助选择改良Ⅱ-32B白叶枯病抗性

水稻白叶枯病是危害水稻生产的重要病害之一。以含抗水稻白叶枯病Xa23基因的IRBBL23为抗性供体,以感病Ⅱ-32B为轮回亲本,采用与Xa23基因紧密连锁标记CP02662检测后代单株。结果表明：通过田间抗性鉴定和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法,最终获得6个导入Xa23基因白叶枯病抗性单株,病斑长度为0.34~1.34 cm。利用均匀分布水稻染色体上的178对SSR引物,对入选单株的背景恢复率进行分析。结果表明,6个入选单株的背景恢复率为96％~100％,基本恢复为轮回亲本的遗传背景。     

分子标记辅助选择抗稻白叶枯病基因在选育水稻广亲和恢复系上的应用

 以IRBB21为Xa21基因供体,广亲和恢复系4183为受体，进行1次杂交并回交3次，逐代用分子标记检测手段，导入广谱抗白叶枯病基因Xa21,在保持广亲和恢复系4183优良经济性状的基础上，增强其抗白叶枯病的能力，育成抗白叶枯病的广亲和恢复系抗4183，其抗性达到了IRBB21的抗性水平，且保持了4183的广亲和性、恢复性及优良的经济性状。并就杂交水稻白叶枯病的抗性改良及育种对策进行了讨论。     

Identification of New Resistance Loci Against Sheath Blight Disease in Rice Through Genome-Wide Association Study

Sheath blight (SB) caused by the soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most serious global rice diseases. Breeding resistant cultivar is the most economical and effective strategy to control the disease. However, no rice varieties are completely resistant to SB, and only a few reliable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked with SB resistance have been identified to date. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SB resistance using 299 varieties from the rice diversity panel 1 (RDP1) that were genotyped using 44 000 high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Through artificial inoculation, we found that only 36.5% of the tested varieties displayed resistance or moderate resistance to SB. In particular, the aromatic and aus sub-populations displayed higher SB resistance than the tropical japonica (TRJ), indica and temperate japonica sub-populations. Seven varieties showed similar resistance levels to the resistant control YSBR1. GWAS identified at least 11 SNP loci significantly associated with SB resistance in the three independent trials, leading to the identification of two reliable QTLs, qSB-3 and qSB-6, on chromosomes 3 and 6. Using favorable alleles or haplotypes of significantly associated SNP loci, we estimated that both QTLs had obvious effects on reducing SB disease severity and can be used for enhancing SB resistance, especially in improving SB resistance of TRJ sub-population rice varieties. These results provided important information and genetic materials for developing SB resistant varieties through breeding.     

SSR标记在水稻抗稻瘟病研究中的应用

稻瘟病是水稻的主要病害之一,抗病品种的选育是防治稻瘟病的主要途径。微卫星DNA分子标记(简称SSR)为辅助选育抗稻瘟病水稻新品种和抗性鉴定提供了新的思路。通过介绍SSR的原理和方法,阐述SSR在水稻抗稻瘟病研究中的应用,为揭示稻瘟病的分子遗传机理奠定了基础。     

水稻纹枯病抗性基因定位及抗性资源发掘的研究进展

纹枯病是水稻三大主要病害之一。抗纹枯病品种的选育与推广对防治纹枯病具有决定性意义,而纹枯病抗性资源的发掘、抗性遗传、抗性基因定位及外源基因的利用是抗性品种选育的基础。综述了水稻纹枯病抗性基因的定位、纹枯病抗性QTL的潜在应用价值以及纹枯病抗性资源挖掘的最新进展,以期对纹枯病抗性育种提供帮助。     

Advances in Mapping Loci Conferring Resistance to Rice Sheath Blight and Mining Rhizoctonia solani Resistant Resources

Sheath blight (SB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the three major diseases of rice, and now has become the most severe disease causing rice yield loss in China. Breeding and use of varieties resistant to SB is crucial in controlling the disease, but the advances achieved have been limited due to the lack of highly SB-resistant rice germplasm. Genetic analysis revealed that the SB resistance in rice was a typical quantitative trait controlled by multi-genes. Although many QTLs conferring resistance t...     

Development of a formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens PfALR2 for management of rice sheath blight

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates that inhibited growth of Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen, were isolated from the rhizosphere of different crops. One of the most effective strains, PfALR2, was developed as an antibiotic resistant strain and a peat-based formulation was developed for this bacterium. The effective dose of a peat formulation was assessed for seed treatment, root treatment, soil application and foliar spraying. All individual treatments controlled the disease effectively. However, a combination of all four treatments resulted in the best sheath blight control in the greenhouse. In field trials, application of the peat-based formulation of PfALR2 effectively controlled the disease, increased yield, and efficacy was comparable to that of the commercially available fungicide, carbendazim.     

Genetic Improvement of Rice for Bacterial Blight Resistance: Present Status and Future Prospects

The production and productivity of rice has been challenged due to biotic and abiotic factors. Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the important biotic stress factors, which reduces rice production by 20%–50%. The deployment of host plant resistance is the most preferred strategy for management of BB disease, and breeding disease resistant varieties remains a very economical and effective option. However, it is difficult to develop rice varieties with durable broad-spectrum resistance against BB using conventional approaches alone. Modern biotechnological tools, particularly the deployment of molecular markers, have facilitated the cloning, characterization and introgression of BB resistance genes into elite varieties. At least 46 BB resistance genes have been identified and mapped from diverse sources till date. Among these, 11 genes have been cloned and characterized. Marker-assisted breeding remains the most efficient approach to improve BB resistance by introducing two or more resistance genes into target varieties. Among the identified genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 are being widely used in marker-assisted breeding and more than 70 rice varieties or hybrid rice parental lines have been improved for their BB resistance alone or in combination with genes/QTLs conferring tolerance to other stress. We review the developments related to identification and utilization of various resistance genes to develop BB resistant rice varieties through marker-assisted breeding.     

武运粳系列水稻品种对纹枯病的敏感性差异研究

通过分品种分小区种植、系统调查了水稻纹枯病的发生情况。结果表明,不同武运粳系列品种对纹枯病的敏感度有差异,武运粳21号、武运粳24号、武运粳27号在高温高湿条件下纹枯病发展蔓延较快,属感病品种;武运粳29号、武运粳30号、武运粳31号纹枯病发生较轻,属抗病品种;其余品种为中感品种。     

湖南省审定的水稻品种白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性分析

以湖南省水稻区试抗性鉴定结果为依据,对1985-2007年通过湖南省审(认)定的282个水稻品种(组合)进行了白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性分析.在审定的205个杂交稻组合中,表现抗或中抗白叶枯病的组合有30个,占14.6％,表现抗或中抗稻瘟病的组合有9个,占4.4％;在审定的77个常规稻品种中,抗或中抗白叶枯病的品种有23个,占29.9％,抗或中抗稻瘟病的品种有19个,占24.7％.说明湖南杂交水稻抗性育种水平急需提升.