甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对蔬菜害虫的控制作用

0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂以药量10 mL/667 m²防治甜菜夜蛾的效果明显优于其2倍使用剂量的乳油,药后3～7 d,对苋菜上甜菜夜蛾的防治效果达到85%以上,显著优于1.8%阿维菌素乳油33.33 mL/667 m²防治效果;施药量8.33 mL/667 m²,药后7 d,对丝瓜上美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果达85%以上,与1.8%阿维菌素乳油50 mL/667 m²防治效果差异不显著。     

几种药剂对甘蓝上斜纹夜蛾的田间防效试验

田间试验结果表明,3.6％虫酰·苏+Bt(满贯)可湿性粉剂60 g/667 m²对斜纹夜蛾防治效果较好,防效为83.36O～87.36％,持效期为3～5 d,显著高于16 000 IU /μL苏云金杆菌(千胜)悬浮剂 50 mL/667 m²的62.56％～68.65％和4.5％高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂30 g/667 m²防效21.43％～44.54％,低于90％灭多威可溶性粉剂20 g/667 m²防效85.25％～97.44％。     

75%磺酰唑草酮干悬浮剂芽前防除蔗田杂草研究

75%磺酰唑草酮干悬浮剂分别以30、40、50、60g/667m²用量,芽前土壤处理防除蔗田马唐、牛筋草、狗尾草、香附子、胜红蓟、铜锤、苋菜等杂草。试验结果表明,药后30、60d株防效分别达73.1%～100.0%、66.7%～100.0%,总草防效分别为90.7%～98.7%、83.7%～97.6%;药后60d,鲜重防效达68.4%～100.0%,总草防效为87.8%～99.4%,对一年生单双子叶杂草表现良好的广谱性。药后30、60d总草株数和鲜重防效显著优于38%莠去津悬浮剂250g/667m²的效果。75%磺酰唑草酮干悬浮剂60g/667m²对甘蔗出苗和生长有一定的影响,但与其它处理无显著差异;50g/667m²增产率最高为12.79%;30g/667m²增产率最低,但也增产7.06%;其它处理增产均在9.05%以上,显著高于莠去津和人工除草。     

9%辣椒碱·烟碱微乳剂防治菜青虫和菜蚜效果试验

应用9%辣椒碱·烟碱微乳剂防治菜青虫和菜蚜田间试验结果表明 ,辣椒碱·烟碱微乳剂对菜青虫和菜蚜均有良好的防治效果。在菜青虫和菜蚜发生期应用9%辣椒碱·烟碱微乳剂50～60g/667m²喷雾防治 ,防效可达90%以上 ,持效期对菜青虫7d以上 ,菜蚜14d以上 ,是防治菜青虫和菜蚜可供选择的理想药剂。     

蔗田杂草发生危害及药剂防除

通过对广西东南部红黄壤区20个乡镇蔗田杂草调查明确,广西贵港蔗田杂草种类有152种,分属32科,其中菊科27种,占总数17.76％,其次是禾本科22种,占总数14.47％,其他依次为莎草科、苋科、大戟科、锦葵科等。蔗田杂草发生危害的特点是种类多、密度大、生长量大、前期生态控制作用小。药剂芽前土壤处理试验结果表明,F6285有效量30 g／667 m²、啶嘧磺隆3.3 g／667 m²、禾耐斯90 g／667 m²,药后40 d杂草株防效和鲜重防效均在86.5％以上,显著高于都尔、莠去津。药剂茎叶处理试验结果表明,阿·敌有效量140 g／667 m²、阿灭净有效量130 g／667 m²、啶嘧磺隆有效量3.3 g／667 m²+展着剂885.22.5 g／667 m²,药后30 d株防效和鲜重防效均可达到78.5％以上。     

0.38%苦参碱乳油防治茶尺蠖、菜青虫田间药效试验

利用0.38%苦参碱乳油防治茶尺蠖 ,用药量为30～50ml/667m²,稀释250～500倍 ,药后 5d防效均达93.4% ;防治菜青虫 ,用药量为30～80ml/667m²,稀释 500～750倍 ,药后3d防效为87.5%～92.1%。试验表明 ,0.38%苦参碱乳油具有广谱、高效、低毒、无残留特性 ,用于茶树、蔬菜前景广阔。     

防治稻纵卷叶螟的药剂筛选

应用目前市场上供应的 7种农药 ,在田间分别防治稻纵卷叶螟低龄期和高龄期幼虫。试验结果表明 :防治稻纵卷叶螟低龄期幼虫 ,以5%锐劲特悬浮剂50ml/667m²效果最佳 ,药后3d防效达100% ,药后10d防效仍维持在85.29% ,校正防效为86.11%。 75%乙酰甲胺磷可湿性粉剂50g/667m² 、40%毒死蜱乳油60ml/667m² 、78%精虫杀手可湿性粉剂均表现出较高速效性 ,药后 3d校正防效分别达96.56%、96.15%和92.73% ;防治稻纵卷叶螟高龄期幼虫 ,以75%乙酰甲胺磷可湿性粉剂药效最好 ,药后 3d防效和校正防效分别为88.9%和89.81%,其次为35%纵卷清可湿性粉剂80g/667m²和5%锐劲特悬浮剂50ml/667m²。     

阿维·高效氯氟氰菊酯3．5％微乳剂田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明阿维·高效氯氟氰菊酯3．5％微乳剂在15～25mL／667m^2的剂量下对甘蓝甜菜夜蛾具有良好的防效,药后10d 20～25mL／667m^2剂量杀虫效果达97％以上。     

38%阿维·毒乳油防治十字花科蔬菜害虫

应用38％阿维·毒乳油防治菜青虫、小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的效果试验表明,38％阿维·毒乳油对菜青虫和低龄斜纹夜蛾有很好的防治效果,其中用药量83.3 mL／667m²对菜青虫和低龄斜纹夜蛾3～7d的防效达98％,与氟虫腈、茚虫威无显著差异。     

40%氰津·乙悬乳剂防除棉花田杂草试验

田间试验表明40%氰津·乙悬乳剂对棉花田杂草具有良好的控制效果,200～250mL/667m2用药后50d对杂草株防效94%以上,鲜重防效94%以上。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。