Evaluation of impact of Khushab sub surface pipe drainage project in Pakistan

This paper describes the essential contents of research at a recently completed subsurface pipe drainage project located in the Khushab district of Pakistan. The paper explores the need and decision by Government of Pakistan to install a Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project near Khushab where an old Surface Drainage System was already installed by the Provincial Irrigation and Power Department, Government of Punjab, Pakistan, since 1960. The new Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project’s planning and executing agency M/S Euro-Consultant used existing Surface Drains with remodeling for to carry the additional drainage effluent of newly constructed sump pumps of the pipe drainage system connected to the old drains by means of small outfall drains. Until now the new system is working well in lowering the water table as well as increasing the agro-socio-economic status of the local population.     

Modeling subsurface drainage for salt load management in southeastern Australia

Subsurface drainage has been implemented in irrigation areas of South-eastern Australia to control water logging and land salinisation. Subsurface drainage has been identified as a major salt exporter from irrigated areas. The water table management simulation model DRAINMOD-S was evaluated to simulate daily water table depth, drain outflow, and salt loads by using experimental field data from a two year field trial was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area South-eastern Australia to study different options for subsurface drainage system design and management to reduce salt load export. Three subsurface drainage systems were modeled, deep widely spaced pipe drains, shallow closely spaced drains and deep pipe drains that were managed with weirs to prevent flow when the water table fell below 1.2 m. The reliability of the model has been evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values. Good agreement was found between the observed and simulated values. The model confirmed the field observations that shallow drains had the lowest salt load and that by managing deep drains with weirs salt loads could be significantly reduced. This work shows the value of the DRAINMOD-S model in being able to describe various drainage design and management strategies under the semi-arid conditions of South-eastern Australia. The model can now be used to investigate design and management options in detail for different site conditions. This will assist decision makers in providing appropriate subsurface drainage management policies to meet drainage disposal constraints within integrated water resources management planning.     

Drainage design practices in France

Subsurface drainage annual rate boomed in France in late 70s and reached a steady rate of 130 000 hectares in 1982. As a consequence, better knowledge of drainage requirements, techniques and effects on farm management is requested. Emphasis has been put on preliminary survey planning. First of all extension and location of areas to be drained is determined with the help of farmers and local representatives within so-called “local juries”. Secondly, drainage recommandations are derived using the so-called “soil reference area” method. Drainage criteria and design methods are discussed on the basis of recent field experimental results. Drain spacing computation is related to tail recession stage; soil hydraulic properties are measured in situ using Guyon's pumping test. Subsurface and arterial drainage design rate are related to discharge exceedance duration curves and annual level of protection.     

An assessment of project management software as a decision support system for irrigation management in Morocco

The characteristics and potential of project management software as a tool for improved planning and management of on-going irrigation operations are assessed. A commercially available package was tested through use for the simulated planning of the close season maintenance campaign of major pump stations at a large scale irrigation scheme in Morocco. The software was found to be well suited to this planning activity and successfully helped resolve conflicts in terms of time and resources available. Its potential as a tool for sensitivity analysis and for monitoring and control was clearly demonstrated. The exercise had an immediate effect on management decision making and managers concerned have adopted the software for further trials. The approach is recommended as a means to enhance planning, communication and teamwork for suitable irrigation management operations, but will be most effective with the development of supporting databases to enhance the quality of planning data used.     

采用GIS系统集成技术建立流域水资源管理信息系统

采用PowerBuilder数据库开发平台与Maplnfo地理信息系统集成设计完成了新疆玛纳斯河流域水资源信息管理系统。利用GIS提供的OLE自动化混合编程技术开发了基于GIS的数据录入与修改、流域水资源调度管理、水资源优化配置模型模型分析、灌区综合信息查询等功能。同时使用Spatialware for sql server作为网络空间数据库插件，实现了空间数据网络共享、数据库管理系统和空间数据库的无缝集成。     

农田除涝排水技术研究综述

从农田涝灾风险评估、农田除涝排水工程技术、农田除涝排水管理3个方面入手,综述了近年来国内外取得的相关研究成果,并对农田除涝排水技术研究的未来发展进行了展望.明确指出未来的重点方向是：研究变化环境下的农田涝灾演变规律,构建人工-自然复杂条件下的农田涝灾预测评估技术与方法;研究满足作物产量需求和环境保护要求的农田涝灾综合控制标准,提升传统农田除涝治理技术水平与管理模式,探讨现代化除涝技术与传统除涝技术相结合的技术体系;重视农田排水资源的高效利用,研究适宜不同类型区的节水灌溉与控制排水相结合、灌溉排水与沟塘湿地调蓄净化相结合、排水资源循环灌溉再利用与除涝抗旱相结合的农田排水管理模式.     

Drainage Properties and Ammonia Emissions in Slatted Floor Systems for Animal Buildings

Drainage properties of and ammonia emissions from slatted floors and drainage channels were investigated using a laboratory arrangement development for the purpose. The arrangement consists of a steel-framed box with two levels in order to simulate different slatted floor systems. The slatted floor under test is laid on the top level and manure is dropped on to it from various heights. The lower level consists of a drainage channel, the top of which is covered by a lid perforated with holes of different shapes.Drainage experiments on slatted floors for cows with slits from 30 to 45 mm wide showed an average total drainage value for faeces and urine of 72% and an average urine drainage value of 82%. Drainage experiments on slatted floors for pigs showed results varying between 38 and 46% for total drainage depending on different drainage arrangements. The best drainage capacity was obtained when the drainage channel cover had holes giving a large drainage area.The ammonia experiments on slatted floors for cows with 2 and 30 mm spacing showed an accummulated ammonia emission of about 8 and 3 g respectively, during the 20 h testing period. On slatted floors for fattening pigs, the accumulated ammonia emission was calculated to be about 2 g during the 20 h testing period. These ammonia emission results are related to the mass quantities and the nitrogen contents of faeces and urine, which normally are dropped to slatted floor surfaces in animal buildings.     

Cautionary notes on the use of pedotransfer functions for estimating soil hydraulic properties

The performance of published pedotransfer functions was evaluated in terms of predicted soil water content, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes for a layered profile. The pedotransfer functions developed by Vereecken et al. (1989), Vereecken et al. (1990) were used to determine parameters of the soil hydraulic functions θ(h) and K(h) which were then used as input to SWATRER, a transient one-dimensional finite difference soil water model with root uptake capability. The SWATRER model was used to simulate the hydraulic response of a multi-layered soil profile under natural climatic boundary conditions for a period of one year. The simulations were repeated by replacing the indirectly estimated water retention characteristic by (1) local-scale, and (2) field-scale mean observed θ(h) relationships. Soil moisture contents and pressure heads simulated at different depths in the soil profile were compared to measured values using these three different sets of hydraulic functions. Drainage fluxes at one meter below ground surface have also been simulated using the same three sets of hydraulic functions. Results show that simulations based on indirectly estimated moisture retention characteristics (obtained from pedotransfer functions) overpredict the observed moisture contents throughout the whole soil profile, but predict the pressure heads at shallow depths reasonably good. The results also show that the predicted drainage fluxes based on estimated retention functions are about four times as high compared to the drainage fluxes simulated using measured retention curves.     

农田排水面临的形势、任务及发展趋势

排水系统不完善或排水不当会引起土地退化。不仅湿润地区需要排水,即使在世界上需要灌溉的半干旱和干旱地带,排水也不容忽视。因为由灌水产生的局部潮湿环境,亦需要通过人工排水来改善。从世界范围来看,农田排水尚不能适应农业的发展,在除涝防渍和盐碱土改良方面仍任重道远。农田排水技术从应用基础研究、排水方式、工程材料、施工与管理的手段等方面在迅速发展,应努力缩小我国同世界发达国家的差距。     

Time-dependent drainage from root zone and drainage coefficient under different irrigation management levels for subsurface drainage design in Egypt

Drainage water from the lower boundary of the root zone is an important factor in the irrigated agricultural lands for prediction of the water table behavior and understanding and modeling of water and chemical movement in the soil profile. The drainage coefficient is an important parameter for the design of subsurface drainage. On a 33,138 ha of the Nile Delta in Egypt, this study is conducted using 90 irrigation periods over a 3-year crop rotation to estimate the time-dependent drainage from the root zone and the design subsurface drainage coefficient with different cropping seasons and irrigation management levels.The results showed that the cropping seasons and the irrigation management levels as indicated by different irrigation efficiency are significantly affected the drainage rate from the root zone and the design value of subsurface drainage coefficient. Drainage rates from the root zone of 1.72 mm/d and 0.82 mm/d were estimated for summer and winter seasons, respectively. These rates significantly decreased in a range of 46% to 92% during summer season and 60% to 98% during winter season when the irrigation efficiency is increased in a range of 5% to 15%. The subsurface drainage coefficient was estimated to be 1.09 mm/d whereas the design drain pipe capacity was estimated to be 2.2 mm/d, based on the peak discharge of the most critical crop (maize), rather than 4.0 mm/d which is currently used. A significant decrease of the drainage coefficient and the drain pipe capacity ranges from 18% to 45% was found with the increase of irrigation efficiency in a range of 5% to 15%. The leaching requirement for each crop was also estimated.     

叶尔羌平原绿洲盐均衡及旱排的初步分析

利用监测资料对叶尔羌平原绿洲监测区及分区的盐均衡和排出盐分的组成进行了分析。通过平原绿洲内部水分迁移, 不同土地利用类型土壤盐分特点和典型洼地蒸发耗水的分析, 论述了绿洲的内排水及旱排作用。旱排在内陆干旱区是一重要的排水方式, 在进行水资源合理配置时,应重视盐分的宏观运贮规划     

Drainable surplus assessment in irrigated agriculture: field application of the groundwater approach

To assess the drainable surplus of an irrigated area, a methodologybased on a groundwater-balance approach was developed and appliedin Schedule I-B of the Fourth Drainage Project near Faisalabad inPakistan. To determine the seasonal net recharge in this area, anumerical groundwater model was run in inverse mode. The data inputfor the model consisted of the geometry of the aquifer system, theaquifer parameters, and historical watertable elevations. The seasonalnet recharge values, calculated from the individual recharge anddischarge components, were tuned with the results of the inversemodelling. The advantage of such an integrated approach is that allthese components are linked. The design net recharge was estimatedfrom the historical net recharge of the wettest monsoon in the studyperiod. Its rainfall recharge values were then substituted for those of adesign monsoon. In this substitution procedure, the rainfall rechargemethodology and parameters were adopted from the tuning procedure.From this design net recharge, estimates could be made of the requireddrainable surplus, with and without drainage simulation.     

大沟蓄水对农田水资源综合调控研究分析

以大沟蓄水技术的农田水资源调控技术研究为技术支撑,从大沟控制系统的规划设计、蓄水控制方案、对地下水的调控方案以及管理运行规则,将农田灌溉、排水、水资源高效利用和改善农田生态环境有机结合起来,应用于淮北平原试验区。统计分析试验区监测数据,结果表明,大沟蓄水是解决区域灌溉水资源短缺、调控水资源的时空分配和改善农田生态环境的一项有效措施。     

信息化测绘在土地开发管理中的应用

我国进入快速发展阶段之后，城市化进程也在进一步加快，而在这一段时间之中出现的土地资源紧缺的问题就浮现出来，并逐步发展成寸土寸金的局面。土地管理部门需要准确地把握土地实际情况，这样才可以实现土地资源的合理开发与设计。在规划之中，土地测绘作为其技术支持，在信息化技术普及的过程中，让测绘技术获取准确的数据支持。因此，就信息化测绘在土地开发管理之中的应用进行分析，以满足土地的开发管理需求。      

An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies I: Model development

In this paper an integrated modelling framework for water resources planning and management that can be used to carry out an analysis of alternative policy scenarios for water allocation and use is described. The modelling approach is based on integrating a network allocation model (REALM) and a social Cost Benefit economic model, to evaluate the physical and economic outcomes from alternative water allocation policies in a river basin or sub-basin. From a hydrological perspective, surface and groundwater models were first applied to assess surface and groundwater resource availability. Then an allocation model was applied to reconcile the calculated surface and groundwater resources. From an economic perspective initially the value of water allocated to different uses in each demand centre within the system was estimated. These values were then placed in a social Cost Benefit Analysis to assess the economic consequences of different allocation scenarios over time and space. This approach is useful as it allows policymakers to consider not only the physical dimensions of distributing water, but also the economic consequences associated with it. This model is considered superior to other models as water is increasingly being seen as an economic good that should be allocated according to its value. The framework outlined in this paper was applied to the Musi sub-basin located in the Krishna Basin, India. In applying this framework it was concluded that competition for Musi water is very high, the transfer of water from agriculture to urban users is likely to grow in future and the value of water used in different agricultural zones is very low.     

水资源信息管理系统架构与设计要素

水资源信息化是我国水利“十五”计划中 ,调整从工程水利向资源水利转变 ,建立实施的五大水利信息系统重点之一。根据水资源信息采集的特殊性、管理需求的实用性、资源发展过程中的动态性与水资源需求的可持续性 ,论述了水资源 MIS的可行性框架结构、支撑平台和工具技术等设计要素。可供水资源 MIS管理信息系统方案规划和实现参考     

关于新疆叶尔羌河灌区排水问题的认识

以叶尔羌河灌区为对象, 讨论了内陆干旱区绿洲灌区排水的条件和特点。对内陆干旱区排水的重要特点即旱排与生物排水作出估计, 提出努力实现“水盐平衡”是排水的目标, 在进行排水规划同时也应作出排盐规划     

基于3S的草场牧户管理信息系统的研究

以东乌珠穆沁旗道特淖尔镇为例,建立草场牧户管理信息系统,实现草地资源空间数据、属性数据的统一存储和管理.系统以SuperMap作为开发平台,VB语言作为开发工具,用SQL作为数据库.草场牧户管理信息系统不仅能够提供调查数据的电子档案,还能提供图文一体化的查询、管理功能,以及统计报表和基层单位需要的各类专题图;具备多期数据同时管理分析和数据的编辑、查询、更新等功能,为草地资源的管理、综合评价、规划提供辅助决策支持,对典型草原保护提供技术平台.     

Economic and agronomic strategies to achieve sustainable irrigation

The achievement of sustainable irrigation in arid regions requires greater attention to waterlogging, salinization, and degradation of ground and surface waters, which are among the problems that continue to threaten productivity and degrade environmental quality. We consider sustainability to be achieved when irrigation and drainage are conducted on-farm, and within irrigation districts, in a manner that does not degrade the quality of land, water, and other natural resources, either on-farm or throughout an irrigated region. Sustainability may also be described as maintaining the productive resources required for irrigation, so that future generations may have the same opportunity to use those resources as we do. Given the increasing importance of irrigated land for food production, the time has come when it is vital to intercept, reuse, and isolate drainage waters within the regions in which they are generated. Adoption of this strategy can be enhanced by policies that require farmers, and irrigation districts, to consider the off-farm impacts of irrigation and drainage. Such policies include linking water rights with salt rights to require the monitoring and management of both irrigation water and the salt loads in drainage waters. We review the knowledge gained since the early 1970s regarding the economic and agronomic aspects of irrigation and drainage, with a focus on drainage water reduction and sequential reuse of drainage water on salt-tolerant crops. Economic incentives that motivate farm-level and district-level improvements in water management are also reviewed. We conclude that adequate knowledge exists for implementing strategies that focus on water use and salt disposal within irrigated regions, and we recommend policies that will motivate improvements in productivity and enhance the likelihood of achieving sustainability.     

纵向岭谷区农业水管理调控措施

为实现纵向岭谷区农业水管理调控,宏观上以流域水资源综合规划为基础,从需求入手,采取强化节水措施,提高水的利用效率,抑制需水的不合理增长,到2030年农田有效灌溉程度达到32%,灌溉水利用系数提高到0.581,农业灌溉需水总量控制在89.8亿m3,需水年均增长率仅0.52%,以MKIE BASIN模型的配置结果显示,各规划水平年能达到水资源供需平衡;微观上应建立数字流域工程,提高对流域雨水工情的实时监测.推行农业高效节水灌溉制度,建立和完善包括实时灌溉预报、渠系动态配水、实时信息采集和预报修正、灌区空间信息管理等内容的流域单元农业灌溉用水及水资源的实时调度系统,利用水资源配置成果与短期实时调度相结合,实现流域单元的农业高效用水调控.