莱姆病的防控

莱姆病是由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的人兽共患的一种蜱传自然疫源性传染病。该病分布广泛,能引起人体全身性感染。对莱姆病的病原、流行病学、临诊症状、病理变化、诊断及防控措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考。     

动物的莱姆病

莱姆病（ｌｙｍｅ　ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ）是一种新发现的人兽共患病。病原体为伯氏疏螺旋体（Ｂｏｒｒｉｌｉａ　ｂｕｒｇｄｏｒｆｅｒｉ），通常以硬蜱为传播媒介。在人和动物中广泛流行，属自然疫源性疾病。本文就莱姆病的病原、流行概况、传播媒介及动物感染、流行特点、临床症状、诊断、治疗及防制措施作了概述。１９７５年．Ｓｔｅｅｒｓ在美国康涅狄格州莱姆镇发现了一种儿童中罹患的特殊的关节炎．由于最初在莱姆镇发现，故名莱姆病［１］．１９８２年，Ｂｕｒｇｄｏｒｆｅｒｉ和Ｂａｒｂｏｕｒ从硬蜱体内分离出一株新的疏螺旋体，并证实为莱姆病的病原体［２］。此后，通过深入的调查和研究．发现该螺旋体对人不仅可引起关节炎症状，而且可致心脏、神经系统等一系列严重的全身症状。对动物可引起发热、跛行、神经机能障碍、流产、死胎等病症。莱姆病在世界各地均有发生，其存在的广泛性、复杂性和严重性引起了各国的极大关注。近年来，人莱姆病的研究进展很快，取得了显著的成就。动物莱姆病的研究也已广泛展开，且不断深入进行。莱姆病的研究已经成为人兽共患病的主要内容和重要课题。     

莱姆病的防控

莱姆病是由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的人兽共患的一种蜱传自然疫源性传染病.该病分布广泛,能引起人体全身性感染.对菜姆病的病原、流行病学、临诊症状、病理变化、诊断及防控措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考.     

动物莱姆病

莱姆病（Lyme disease LD）是由蜱叮咬传播的一种动物源性、自然疫源性疾病，是新发现的人畜共患传染病，其病原体为伯氏疏螺旋体（Borrelia burgdorferi）。1975年Strer在美国康涅狄克州莱姆镇从一些“少年红斑性关节炎”的儿童中发现了蜱传螺旋体感染性人畜共患病。1977年耶鲁大学的学者描述了该病的全部临床表现，1980年将该病命名为莱姆病。     

国内莱姆病研究进展

莱姆病是由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的,由蜱传播的自然疫源性疾病,是新发现的人兽共患传染病,主要经蜱叮咬人、兽而传播。该病分布广泛,全世界至今已有五大洲的70多个国家报告发现了该病,而且发病区域仍在继续扩大,发病率呈现上升趋势。我国自从1986年调查发现东北林区人群中存在莱姆病的发生和流行以来,现已证实29个省(市、区)的人群中存在莱姆病的感染,并从病原学上证实其中至少有19个省(市、区)存在该病的自然疫源地,人群中有莱姆病的发生和流行。对动物宿主的调查证实,牛、马、羊、狗、鼠等均存在莱姆病感染,不同地区及不同种动物莱姆病感染存在较大差异。论文从莱姆病的病原分类、流行病学、传播途径、传染源和分子生物学等几方面阐述了莱姆病在中国的流行情况,为进一步了解莱姆病的流行及有效防控提供参考。     

养狗要防莱姆病

莱姆病是由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的一种蜱媒螺旋体病。目前,已有19个国家发现该病流行。我国在山东、新疆、安徽、黑龙江等省区也发现了莱姆病患者。 以前认为蜱虫是莱姆病的主要传播者,近来,临床研究人员又发现狗和蝇类也能携带伯氏疏螺旋体而传播该病,而且狗感染伯氏螺旋体的的危险性更大。当携带伯氏螺旋体的蜱叮咬人时,寄生在蜱体内     

奶牛伊氏锥虫病的诊治

奶牛伊氏锥虫病是由伊氏锥虫侵入奶牛血液引起的鞭毛虫病。总结了该病的病原体、临床症状、诊断方法,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

鸡病毒性关节炎诊断方法研究进展

由禽呼肠病毒引起的鸡病毒性关节炎在我国广泛存在,给养禽业造成了巨大的危害。许多病原体都能引起鸡的关节炎,并且临床症状比较相似,国内外学者建立了多种方法用于该病的诊断。文章从病原分离鉴定、血清学试验和分子生物学手段3个方面对该病的诊断进行综述。     

蜱传性疾病--莱姆病螺旋体研究进展

莱姆病是一种蜱传性人兽共患病,在我国北方各省广泛流行,其病原体为伯氏疏螺旋体。莱姆病可使皮肤、心脏、关节和神经系统等多种组织器官受损。本文综述了莱姆病螺旋体的形态、种下分类、生化特征、传播媒介和贮存宿主等方面的研究进展"     

日本的野生动物与莱姆病

莱姆病为人畜共患传染病。野生动物是莱姆病病原体或传播媒介硬蜱的传播动物。因此我们对野     

Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis

OBJECTIVE: To develop a quantitative PCR assay for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues; compare results of this assay with results of immunohistochemical staining of tissues from seropositive dogs; and determine whether B burgdorferi DNA could be detected in renal tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme nephritis. DESIGN: Cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Archived tissue samples from 58 dogs. PROCEDURES: A quantitative PCR assay was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the dogs. Results were compared with results of immunohistochemical staining, B burgdorferi serostatus, clinical signs, and necropsy findings. RESULTS: 38 dogs were classified as having positive or equivocal results for Lyme borreliosis, and 20 were classified as having negative results on the basis of clinical signs, serologic findings, and pathologic abnormalities. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA was amplified from tissue samples from only 4 (7%) dogs, all of which had been classified as having positive or equivocal results for Lyme borreliosis and had signs of presumptive Lyme nephritis. Results of PCR assays of renal tissue were positive for only 1 dog, and there was no agreement between results of immunohistochemical staining (ie, detection of B burgdorferi antigen) and results of the PCR assay (ie, detection of B burgdorferi DNA) for renal tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that detection of B burgdorferi DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is feasible, but that intact B burgdorferi DNA is rarely found in tissues from naturally infected dogs, even tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis. Further, findings support the contention that Lyme nephritis may be a sterile, immune complex disease.     

莱姆病的现状及防治

莱姆病(lymedisease)亦称莱姆疏螺旋体病(lymeborreliosis),是20世纪70年代发现的以蜱作为传播媒介,由伯氏疏螺旋体(borreliaburgdorferi)感染所致的人畜共患传染病,其特征有慢性游走性红斑(ECA),同时伴随发热多汗、头疼、颈强直、肌疼、关节疼等症状。通过对该病的现状的分析,提出防治措施,开展有关疫苗的研究。     

Complete Heart Block in a Dog Seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi: Similarity to Human Lyme Carditis

Lyme disease has been recognized in humans since 1975 when it was associated with an outbreak of oligoarthritis in children in Lyme, Connecticut. Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is a clinical marker for the human disease, which usually appears within 3 to 32 days after an infected tick bite. Lyme disease is caused by spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is vectored by the hard ticks Ixodes dammini or Ixodes pacificus in the United States. In humans, Lyme disease has been found to cause a variety of clinical syndromes including cardiopathy, neuropathy, dermatopathy, and arthropathy. Human Lyme carditis is characterized by varying degrees of atrioventricular (AV) heart block that usually resolve regardless of therapy. Lyme disease has been reported in the dog as an arthropathy. This article reports a case of complete heart block and myocarditis in a dog with a positive titer for B burgdorferi, in which clinical and pathologic findings were similar to those seen in human Lyme myocarditis.     

Comparison of direct fluorescent antibody staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks.

Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent responsible for causing Lyme disease in humans and animals, is transmitted via the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks. Ticks removed from humans and animals are routinely tested by diagnostic laboratories to determine if they are infected with these bacteria. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 commonly used methods, direct fluorescent antibody staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for the detection of B. burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks. One hundred and twenty-seven adult I. scapularis ticks collected in Connecticut, a Lyme disease endemic area, were tested, and results were compared. Results showed 24.8% ticks tested positive for Borrelia spp. by fluorescent antibody testing and 32.5% ticks were positive for B. burgdorferi by real-time PCR testing. When ticks were grouped into categories by level of engorgement (unengorged, partially engorged, and fully engorged), 95% of unengorged ticks, 90.5% of partially engorged, and 86.8% of engorged ticks tested were in agreement. Ten of the 127 ticks examined were too dehydrated to be tested by the fluorescent antibody technique; half of these tested positive by PCR. Real-time PCR appears to be the better of these 2 methods for the diagnosis of this bacterial infection in I. scapularis ticks.     

Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review

This review discusses the literature on B. burgdorferi infections in view of the rising incidence of this infection in general and the increasing concerns of horse owners and equine practitioners. Lyme disease, the clinical expression of Borrelia infections in man is an important health problem. The geographic distribution of B. burgdorferi infections in equidae should resemble that of human cases because the vector tick involved, Ixodes ricinus, feeds on both species and, indeed, the infection has been established many times in horses. However, a definite diagnosis of the disease "Lyme borreliosis" in human beings as well as in horses and other animals is often difficult to accomplish. Although a broad spectrum of clinical signs has been attributed to B. burgdorferi infections in horses, indisputable cases of equine Lyme borreliosis are extremely rare so far, if they exist at all.     

Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs

From October 1982 to May 1984, we studied 34 dogs from the Lyme, Conn area that had a history of tick exposure and lameness associated with pain, warmth, and/or swelling in one or more joints. Large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen in Giemsa-stained smears of synovial fluid from 9 dogs, and spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) were found in 1 sample by darkfield microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. The geometric mean antibody titer to B burgdorferi in the 34 dogs was 1:2,700, compared with 1:285 in 43 clinically normal dogs from the same area (P less than 0.0001) and 1:50 in 29 dogs from an area in New Jersey that is not endemic for human Lyme disease (P less than 0.00001). We concluded that B burgdorferi in dogs may cause arthritis similar to that in human Lyme disease.     

Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review

Summary This review discusses the literature on B. burgdorferi infections in view of the rising incidence of this infection in general and the increasing concerns of horse owners and equine practitioners. Lyme disease, the clinical expression of Borrelia infections in man is an important health problem. The geographic distribution of B. burgdorferi infections in equidae should resemble that of human cases because the vector tick involved, Ixodes ricinus, feeds on both species and, indeed, the infection has been established many times in horses. However, a definite diagnosis of the disease "Lyme borreliosis" in human beings as well as in horses and other animals is often difficult to accomplish. Although a broad spectrum of clinical signs has been attributed to B. burgdorferi infections in horses, indisputable cases of equine Lyme borreliosis are extremely rare so far, if they exist at all.     

ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM diplomates on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs (canine Lyme disease). Clinical syndromes known to commonly be associated with canine Lyme disease include polyarthritis and glomerulopathy. Serological test results can be used to document exposure to B. burgdorferi but not prove illness. Although serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/indirect fluorescent antibody assay titers can stay positive for months to years after treatment, quantitative C6 peptide antibody paired tests need more study. Serological screening of healthy dogs is controversial because it can lead to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of normal dogs, most of which never develop Lyme disease. However, serological screening can provide seroprevalence and sentinel data and stimulate owner education about tick infections and control. Although it is unknown whether treatment of seropositive healthy dogs is beneficial, the consensus is that seropositive dogs should be evaluated for proteinuria and other coinfections and tick control prescribed. Tick control can include a product that repels or protects against tick attachment, thereby helping to prevent transmission of coinfections as well as Borrelia spp. Seropositive dogs with clinical abnormalities thought to arise from Lyme disease generally are treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h for 1 month). Proteinuric dogs might need longer treatment as well as medications and diets for protein-losing nephropathy. The ACVIM diplomates believe the use of Lyme vaccines still is controversial and most do not administer them. It is the consensus opinion that additional research is needed to study predictors of illness, "Lyme nephropathy," and coinfections in Lyme endemic areas.     

Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease in UK dogs

Lyme disease is a chronic, multisystemic, inflammatory disorder of man and animals associated with infection by the tick-borne spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease was recently reported for the first time in a dog in the UK (May and others 1990). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we have performed a serological survey to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to B burgdorferi in UK dogs. The survey has shown that dogs from many areas in the UK have serum antibodies to B burgdorferi, that the presence of serum antibodies is associated with known exposure to ticks and that some dogs seropositive for B burgdorferi have clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease. High levels of serum anti-Borrelia antibodies are not diagnostic for canine Lyme disease, but, in association with appropriate clinical signs, they help to confirm the diagnosis in suspected cases.     

Use of a C6 ELISA test to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-cell bacterin for the prevention of naturally transmitted canine Borrelia burgdorferi infection

A commercially available C6 ELISA kit was used to detect antibodies induced by natural infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs that lived in an area endemic for Lyme disease. Rates of infection were determined both for nonvaccinated dogs and those that had been vaccinated with a whole-cell B. burgdorferi bacterin (Lyme Vax, Fort Dodge Animal Health) before 6 months of age and were boostered annually. Vaccinated dogs had an infection rate of 5% (8 of 163), whereas 64% (25 of 39) of the non-vaccinated dogs were positive for B. burgdorferi antibodies. The preventable fraction, determined by comparing infection rates in unvaccinated and vaccinated dogs, was 92.2% (95% confidence interval: 84.3% to 96.3%). In addition, screening of nonvaccinated dogs at six Connecticut clinics (Middletown, Portland, Essex, Old Lyme, Durham, and Marlborough) with the C6 ELISA test revealed infection rates ranging from 41% to 73%, demonstrating a high level of infected dogs in the area. It was concluded that emphasis should be placed on vaccinating young dogs at risk for Lyme disease before they are exposed to infected ticks. Results of this study support the value of immunization with this whole-cell Lyme disease bacterin for dogs at risk for infection by B. burgdorferi.